7. Romance of Rural MedicineRomance of Rural Medicine
• Driving
• I operate in 2 rural
hospitals and have
clinics in 4 other
smaller towns from
McBride BC to
Nakusp BC
• So far never a bad
day on the road
8. Romance of Rural MedicineRomance of Rural Medicine
• Rural Canadian
SAFARI
• Be careful out there
10. Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• By the end of this
session you should
be able to intelligently
discuss the
classification and
internal fixation
options for this
periprosthetic fracture
• NOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!
14. Digital X-rays allow easy consultDigital X-rays allow easy consult
• If in doubt, always call
your friendly local
orthopaedic surgeon
• Please don’t mention my name!
15. Variety of OpinionVariety of Opinion
• Orthopaedic surgeons
are like farmers
arguing over the best
farming methods
• THIS IS WHAT I DO
ON MY FARM
17. Regarding distal radial fracturesRegarding distal radial fractures
Which one is false?
1. Casting does not hold reduction
2. Locking plates can hold reduction
3. In elderly (60 plus), the outcome of these
is equal whether treated with cast or
plate.
4. These fractures can be treated by a rural
family doctor
18. How would you immobilize this?How would you immobilize this?
1. Thumb spica cast
2. Refer for surgery
3. Below elbow cast
4. Splint
19. Watson’s test is:Watson’s test is:
1. Clinical test for shoulder instability
2. A clinical test for Achilles tendon tear
3. A good way to test the scaphoid
4. Sherlock Holmes’ partner’s test
20. What is true of this FXWhat is true of this FX
• Monteggia fracture
DL
• Called fracture of
necessity
• Can be treated by
rural family physician
• Named after famous
British surgeon
21. Messing up on fracture can end upMessing up on fracture can end up
giving you a criminal chargegiving you a criminal charge
• Yes
• No
22. Comprehensive Fracture CareComprehensive Fracture Care
• Treat the Whole Patient
• Identify and prioritize other injuries ATLS
• Always check neurovascular status of the
fractured limb
• Then
23. Treat the FractureTreat the Fracture
• Decision to refer
• Or treat the patient at
your own location
• What is this injury?
25. FRACTURE SAFARIFRACTURE SAFARI
• SAFARI takes you on
a tour where you see
and learn about many
different animals
• Fractures are as
varied and interesting
as animals on a safari
• MNEMONIC
26. Principles of Fracture ManagementPrinciples of Fracture Management
SET the fracture
ARREST (immobilize)
FOLLOW-UP
ACTIVATE
REHABILITATE
INVESTIGATE
I
27. 1. Set (reduce) the Fracture1. Set (reduce) the Fracture
• Start with a straight
bone
• Alignment never
improves with follow-
up!!!
28. What is acceptable angulationWhat is acceptable angulation
• Acceptable angulation
is where you END UP
• Most fractures wander
a bit in casts
• Patients have little
tolerance for acceptable
angulation
29. 2. Arrest (immobilize)2. Arrest (immobilize)
Surgeons arrest
(immobilize) with
internal fixation
1. In your rural
hospital you will
use a cast or splint
31. 3. Follow-up of Fractures3. Follow-up of Fractures
• In adults and
adolescents TAX
weekly for most
• In small children TAX
every 3 to 4 days
(they heal fast)
• Follow until healing
prevents
displacement
32. 3. Followup fractures3. Followup fractures
• Always check the X-
ray yourself or get a
verbal report
• Never rely on the
written report
33. 4. Activate the limb4. Activate the limb
• Start activation of the
limb on your first
follow-up visit
• Helps prevent CRP
syndrome
34. 4. Activation of the Limb4. Activation of the Limb
• Start immediate ROM of
restricted joints
• Weekly TAX sessions a
good opportunity to
monitor limb condition
and encourage ROM
and strengthening
35. 5. Rehabilitate5. Rehabilitate
• Healing comes from
within, therapist is
motivator but has
special techniques
that can help
• Always offer some
physio
• Be aware of third
party issues
36. 6. Investigate6. Investigate
• 6. Determine the
need for investigation
of the cause of the
fracture, i.e.
osteoporosis, child
abuse, balance
disorders, etc.
37. Principles of Paediatric fracturesPrinciples of Paediatric fractures
• Fractures In growing
bones
• From birth
38. Principles of Paediatric FracturesPrinciples of Paediatric Fractures
• Until the growth
plates close
• This patient has
almost mature bones,
but the rest of him…?
41. Children's Fractures NAIChildren's Fractures NAI
• Most commonly in
ages less than 3
• Most specific
fractures are
• 1. Metaphysial corner
or bucket handle
fractures
• (almost diagnostic for
NAI)
45. TAKE HOME MESSAGE NAITAKE HOME MESSAGE NAI
Have high index of
suspicion for non
accidental injuries
Get social worker
involved early
Treat parents with
dignity
Eg medicolegal case
52. Premature physial closurePremature physial closure
• Complication of
growth plate injuries
• Common in tibia and
femur (even in grade
1 and 2 injuries)
53. Premature physial closurePremature physial closure
• Distal radius fractures
• Less common than
lower limb
• Angular deformity
better tolerated in
upper limb
54. Premature physial closurePremature physial closure
• Reduction restores
alignment, but does
NOT change the
incidence of
premature physial
closure
• Journal Ped.
Orthopaedics 2013
55. TAKE HOME MESSAGETAKE HOME MESSAGE
• Treat as any other
fracture (SAFARI)
• Always mention
premature physial
closure to parents
• Follow-up for 6
months at least post
fracture
56. Principles of CastingPrinciples of Casting
• Good casting is an art
form
• You can use plaster
but fiberglass is
lighter and lasts
longer
• Plaster casts get wet
and soft and have to
be replaced
59. Principles of CastingPrinciples of Casting
• Cast is like a form for
hardening cement
• The form comes off
when the concrete
sets
60. How long for the castHow long for the cast
• Until fracture heals
enough to hold
alignment
• 2 yo 2 weeks
• Metaphyseal fractures
heal faster than
diaphysis
• Adult 6 plus weeks
61. Comprehensive Care of FracturesComprehensive Care of Fractures
• S
• A
• F
• A
• R
• I
65. Metacarpal Fractures: X-raysMetacarpal Fractures: X-rays
• True lateral
• Oblique view
increases apparent
saggital deformity
because the 5th
metacarpal is a
slightly curved bone
66. Acceptable AngulationAcceptable Angulation
of Metacarpal Fracturesof Metacarpal Fractures
• Up to 40 degrees metacarpal neck 5
• More proximal fracture creates more
deformity, accept less deformity
• Metacarpals 2 and 3 accept little, 5 to 10
degrees of deformity
• Rotational deformity not acceptable
67. Metacarpal # ReductionMetacarpal # Reduction
• Easy to straighten the
bone with Marcaine
block around fracture
• Use Marcaine with
epi and a long 25
needle
• Easier a few days
after injury
68. Metacarpal # ImmobilizationMetacarpal # Immobilization
• Ulnar gutter is
traditional
• Gives comfort to the
patient and comfort to
the doctor
• Doesn’t hold
alignment
69. Pedestal CastPedestal Cast
• Holds wrist in
GENTLE extension
with moulding under
metacarpal head
• Effective to displaced
fractures after
reduction
70. Metacarpal Fractures: RxMetacarpal Fractures: Rx
• Because the wrist
wants to fall into
relative flexion, there
is always pressure on
the metacarpal head
74. Metacarpal Fractures: FollowupMetacarpal Fractures: Followup
• Now just follow with
weekly X-rays for 4 to
5 weeks and take the
cast off and start
range of motion of the
MCP joint
• Results good if
patient compliant
75. Reasons for ReferralReasons for Referral
• Open injuries
• Rotational deformity
• Multiple unstable
fractures
• Patient demand
87. Casting scaphoid fractureCasting scaphoid fracture
• The new (Schramm
2007)
• The thumb can be left
free at the MCP joint
• Much more functional
cast
• Much happier patient
89. Scaphoid Fractures: RxScaphoid Fractures: Rx
• X-rays are not
conclusive to prove
healing
• Once you are fairly
sure it is healed, put
in a splint and
arrange a CT scan
90. Scaphoid Fractures: SurgeryScaphoid Fractures: Surgery
• Some subspecialty
papers point to the
advantage of fixing all
scaphoid fractures
• Same healing time,
but less time in a cast
and less time off work
91. Scaphoid SurgeryScaphoid Surgery
• However, most larger
reviews and
metanalyses show no
benefit of surgery for
undisplaced fractures
of the scaphoid
• Always some
complications with
surgery
92. Scaphoid FracturesScaphoid Fractures
• Indications for referral • 1. Displaced
fractures more than
1mm
• 2. Proximal fractures
• (60 to 70 % healing in
a cast)
• 3. Patient and
Surgeon preference
97. Distal Radial FracturesDistal Radial Fractures
• Usual deformity is
dorsal angulation and
radial shortening and
radial fall-off
• Talking about Dorsal
angulated fractures
98. Goal of ReductionGoal of Reduction
Poor outcome related to
1. Intra- articular step
deformity > 2mm
2. > 11 degrees of
dorsal angulation
3. >3 to 4 mm of radial
shortening
99. Goal of ReductionGoal of Reduction
• Younger adults should be restored to as
anatomical as possible
• Older adults should be reduced to at least
neutral on the lateral film and try to
minimize radial length loss
100. Cycling of Ortho opinionCycling of Ortho opinion
• 5 years ago ortho
trauma wrist
specialists were
saying these all
should be plated
101. Distal Radial FractureDistal Radial Fracture
• Arora 2009
• Dr. Geoff Johnstone in Saskatoon followed 400
cases and found same results in casting or
surgery 2014
• Anatomic plating gives no better function and
patient satisfaction than cast treatment in older
patients (over 70 years of age)
• Regardless of the X-ray!
102. Distal Radial # ReductionDistal Radial # Reduction
• Anesthesia can be
achieved with a
hematoma block
• Or conscious
sedation
103. Distal Radial Fractures:Distal Radial Fractures:
ReductionReduction
• Reduction is achieved
by milking the
fragments with
traction on the thumb
and radial fingers
104. Distal Radial Fractures:Distal Radial Fractures:
ReductionReduction
• Patient laying on
stretcher
• Have plaster or
fiberglass with warm
water ready to go
105. Distal Radial # ImmobilizationDistal Radial # Immobilization
• Start below elbow
• Pad above elbow
• Mold as the cast
hardens
• CASTING IS SAFE
AND BETTER THAN
SPLINT
106. Distal Radial Fx: CastingDistal Radial Fx: Casting
• Cast is not too tight
• Just 3 point molding
• Below elbow
• Send home with
analgesics, elevation
and ice
107. Distal Radial Fx: CastingDistal Radial Fx: Casting
• Always leave the
fingers free at the
MCP joints
• Encourage ROM
• Elevation always
• Pain control
112. Goal of Severely displacedGoal of Severely displaced
fracturesfractures
• By improving the
position of the
fracture, you take the
neurovascular
structures out of risk
and reduce the need
for urgent surgery
113. Distal Radial Fx: Follow-upDistal Radial Fx: Follow-up
• TAX weekly
• Any fall off that is
significant for the age
should be referred
• Cast removal at 5
weeks and start
physio
114. Surgery Distal radial fracturesSurgery Distal radial fractures
• Indications
• 1. Unacceptable position for age and
activity level of patient
• 2. Smith’s fracture
• ALWAYS REFER EARLY ENOUGH FOR
SURGERY (2 WEEKS OR LESS)
116. Surgery distal radiusSurgery distal radius
• Locking plate
• Screws thread into
the plate
• Holds the fracture at
the set angle
117. Surgery Distal Radial #Surgery Distal Radial #
• Locking plate gives
early stability
• American surgeons
fix all of these
fractures
• Complication rate
20% in most studies
118. Answer Pre Test distal radiusAnswer Pre Test distal radius
• 1. Casting can hold fracture position
acceptable
• 2. Plating very good at holding reduction
• 3. In patients over 60 long term results
same in casting versus plating
• 4. Rural family doctors can treat many of
these fractures successfully
119. END SESSION ONEEND SESSION ONE
• FRACTURE SAFARI
ONLY HALF DONE!
• Questions about first
half?
120. Session two Fracture SafariSession two Fracture Safari
• Thankyou for
returning
121. Forearm # AssessmentForearm # Assessment
• This is the fracture
highly associated with
COMPARTMENT
SYNDROME
• Think of this in your
assessment
• Let pain be your
guide
122. Forearm # Acceptable anglesForearm # Acceptable angles
Age less than 6 --25
degrees
Age 6 to 10--15 degrees
Age 10 to 12—10
degrees
Rotation 30 degrees
END UP HERE
Adult - anatomic
123. Forearm # ReductionForearm # Reduction
• Conscious sedation
• Reduce with thumb
pointing towards the
apex of the fracture
• ie. Pronate with volar
apex, supinate with
dorsal apex
126. Forearm # follow-upForearm # follow-up
• Forearm (diaphysial)
fractures heal slower
than metaphysial
fractures
• Continue casting, first
long arm then short
arm until solidly
healed 8 weeks
minimum
127. Forearm # internal fixationForearm # internal fixation
• Any displaced adult
fracture
• Proximal fractures in
children >6 years old
• Distal fractures when
less than 2 years of
growth left
137. Paediatric Elbow #Paediatric Elbow #
• Radial head always
Lines up with the
Capitellum
Anterior humeral line
Passes through
Middle third of
capitellum
138. Elbow Fat pads:Elbow Fat pads:
• Visualization of the
_____? pad can be
normal
• Visualization of the
______? pad is
always pathological
140. Paediatric Elbow FracturesPaediatric Elbow Fractures
• These fractures are
very unforgiving
• Recognize all
• Refer all
• Except the
undisplaced supra-
condylar fracture
142. Type 3 Supra-condylar #Type 3 Supra-condylar #
• Brachial artery may
be damaged or
blocked by the distal
humeral fracture
• Urgent referral
• Reducing in flexion
may bring back pulse
149. Radial head fracturesRadial head fractures
• There are several
degrees of
displacement
• Most minimally
displaced
150. Radial Head FracturesRadial Head Fractures
• Pass xrays by your
friendly local
orthopod
• Treat with early range
of motion
• See weekly, xray in 3
and 6 weeks
151. Radial Head FracturesRadial Head Fractures
• Orthopedic surgeon
may elect to fix or
replace more severe
fractures
152. Questions forearm and ElbowQuestions forearm and Elbow
fractures?fractures?
• S
• A
• F
• A
• R
• I
153. Humeral shaft FracturesHumeral shaft Fractures
• Torsional force
causes oblique
fracture
• Direct blow causes
transverse fracture
154. Humeral # assessmentHumeral # assessment
• Neurovascular Check
• Always check the
radial nerve!
• No wrist, finger or
thumb extension
156. Humeral Shaft # ImmobilizationHumeral Shaft # Immobilization
Definitive conservative
care is best with the
Sarmiento humeral
fracture brace.80 to
90% heal with
conservative care
158. Humeral shaft # FollowupHumeral shaft # Followup
• X-ray every 2 weeks
• Average 8 to 10 week
healing time
159. Surgical RX Humeral Shaft #Surgical RX Humeral Shaft #
• Proximal oblique
fractures
• Other shaft fractures
with poor apposition
and alignment
160. Update ORIF humeral fracturesUpdate ORIF humeral fractures
• Better surgical
equipment and
specialized skills are
becoming an option
for care of this
fracture
• Patient factors and
decisions
162. Humeral shaft # surgeryHumeral shaft # surgery
• This one treated in a
Sarmiento splint for 3
months
• Smoker
• No callous
163. Humeral shaft # surgeryHumeral shaft # surgery
• Plate fixation is the
standard for fixing
these fractures
• IM nailing only for
pathological fractures
165. Clavicle Fracture Follow-upClavicle Fracture Follow-up
• X-ray every 2 weeks
• Don’t expect healing
for at least 6 weeks
• Refer for delayed and
non unions
166. Displaced Clavicle FracturesDisplaced Clavicle Fractures
• Multicentre Canadian
study changed the
management of some
of these fractures
• McKee et al 2007
• I had this # in 1993
and saw 3 surgeons
to get it plated
168. Clavicle FracturesClavicle Fractures
• More recent review of
clavicle fractures
• Operative treatment
no benefit over non
operative treatment
• Cochrane review
2013
169. Clavicle FracturesClavicle Fractures
• McKee et al 2012
• ORIF can shorten
disability time and
reduce the incidence
of symptomatic non
union but little
evidence to show that
long term function
improved with ORIF
170. Clavicle # variety of opinionClavicle # variety of opinion
• Dr. Roy Sanders
(high level US trauma
surgeon)
• He had displaced #
clavicle (his own rx
non op)
• Does not operate
primarily on clavicle #
171. Recent summary Clavicle #Recent summary Clavicle #
• Refer those at risk of
delayed/ non union
• 2cm displacement
• Female
• Smokers?
• Patient demand
172. Clavicle # ImmobilizationClavicle # Immobilization
• Traditional figure of 8
• Like many of our
traditional practices
this has no proven
benefit . Let the
patient use what is
most comfortable eg.
sling
180. Proximal Humeral X-raysProximal Humeral X-rays
• Axillary view
• X-ray techs can be
difficult to convince
but will comply if
instruction understood
• Legal liability to treat
without this view
181. Proximal Humeral Fractures:Proximal Humeral Fractures:
Displacement CriteriaDisplacement Criteria
• > 45 degrees of
angulation
• Displacement greater
than 1 cm of parts
(head, GT,LT and
shaft)
183. Proximal HumeralProximal Humeral
Fractures: RxFractures: Rx
• Undisplaced (80%)
need shoulder
immobilizer
• Weekly X-ray
• NO PHYSIO UNTIL
SIGNS OF HEALING
on X-ray
• Usually 4 to 5 weeks
187. Reverse Shoulder ReplacementReverse Shoulder Replacement
• New kid on the block
• For shoulder arthritis
with absent rotator
cuff OR
• Comminuted
proximal humeral
fractures OR
• Malunited fractures
188. Proximal Humeral FracturesProximal Humeral Fractures
• Hot off press
• In elderly, surgical vs
conservative care all
displaced 3 and 4 part
fractures had equal
outcome!
• Jawa et al AAOS
2014
190. Proximal Humeral surgeryProximal Humeral surgery
• Your reduce it and
now you have this
• 20% of dislocations
with greater tuberosity
fractures have
undisplaced surgical
neck fractures
191. Questions humerus and clavicleQuestions humerus and clavicle
fracturesfractures
• S
• A
• F
• A
• R
• I
192. Subcapital Fracture HipSubcapital Fracture Hip
• These fractures are
the most important
ones for you because
the undisplaced ones
are , like a scaphoid
fracture, difficult to
diagnose
• Medico-legal issues
193. Subcapital Fracture HipSubcapital Fracture Hip
• Injury, followed by hip
pain and difficulty
bearing weight is a
fracture until proven
otherwise
• MRI best, CT second
best, bone scan not
great
• Keep patient non wt
bearing
194. Sub capital fracture hipSub capital fracture hip
• Undisplaced fractures
can be
percutaneously
pinned a 20 minute
operation
195. Displaced Subcapital Hip #Displaced Subcapital Hip #
• In patients under the
age of 55 or so this
should be pinned with
the hope to save the
hip. Risk of
avascular necrosis
• THIS IS THE ONLY
EMERGENCY HIP
FRACTURE
196. Displaced Subcapital # hipDisplaced Subcapital # hip
• Arthroplasty for older
people
• Either bipolar or total
hip replacement
200. Hip Fractures FollowupHip Fractures Followup
• This is your job in a
rural community
• X-ray every 4 weeks
• The surgeon did the
SA
• You do the FARI
201. Hip Fracture Weight BearingHip Fracture Weight Bearing
Internally fixed fractures are
very variable, most with
good fixation can walk
weight of leg
Arthroplasty can weight
bear early just like a total
hip
Always ask surgeon!
202. Hip # AnticoagulationHip # Anticoagulation
• Most health care
organizations
recommend 14 to28
days average for
chemical
anticoagulation
203. Hip # InvestigationHip # Investigation
• Over 80 % of older
hip fracture patients in
a Seattle study had
deficiency of VIT D
and Calcium
• You may need to do
densitometry
204. Femoral Shaft FracturesFemoral Shaft Fractures
• When the only tool
you have is a
hammer, then every
problem starts to look
like a nail
205. Femoral shaft fractureFemoral shaft fracture
• This is the standard of
care in the older child
and the adult patient
209. Patellar Fractures UndisplacedPatellar Fractures Undisplaced
Reduction not needed
Immobilization –
cylinder cast or a
brace to hold in
extension(more
comfortable)
Follow-up – weekly
Start physio after 3 to 4
weeks and dc cast or
splint
212. PRIZE QUESTION, what is thisPRIZE QUESTION, what is this
• Hint, pediatric
• Can’t extend knee
213. Tibial Shaft FracturesTibial Shaft Fractures
• Acceptable angulation
in both adults and
children
• Rotary or angular
deformity < 5 degrees
• < I cm of shortening
• 10 degrees anterior
angulation in children
215. Tibial Shaft# follow-upTibial Shaft# follow-up
• Weekly X-ray
• encourage non weight
bearing
• Patellar tendon
bearing cast as soon
as some healing on
X-ray
216. Tibial shaft # adult displacedTibial shaft # adult displaced
• Most of these are
nailed
217. Ankle FracturesAnkle Fractures
• Need an X-ray to
make diagnosis
• Ottawa’s rules help
Ottawa to save
money
• Lawyers’ rules are
different
218. Ankle fracture assessmentAnkle fracture assessment
• Routine history
• Physical should look
for pulses as
chronically ischemic
feet are a
contraindication for
surgery
• Always examine for
medial and lateral
tenderness
220. Ankle fracture undisplacedAnkle fracture undisplaced
• Lateral view helps
decide whether
operative or not
• Less than 3 to 4mm
displacement on the
lateral view
acceptable for cast or
roboboot
221. Ankle Fracture immobilizationAnkle Fracture immobilization
• Roboboot is much
better than a cast
• Should be in your
emergency rooms
cost about 100$
• Weight bearing
depends on fracture
222. Ankle Fracture followupAnkle Fracture followup
• X-ray weekly for 4 to
5 weeks
• Watch for talar shift
• Or fibular
displacement
223. Talar ShiftTalar Shift
• Lateral shift of the
talus
• Where is the patient
tender
• What is the treatment
224. Talar Shift: RxTalar Shift: Rx
• Tell the orthopod that
this patient needs a
syndesmosis screw
• Orthopods generally
don’t like being told
what to do so you
now really have
his/her attention
225. Ankle Fractures: DisplacedAnkle Fractures: Displaced
• Almost all of these
displaced fractures
need to be reduced
and fixed
234. Ankle fracture negative x raysAnkle fracture negative x rays
• Ankle X-ray can show
a lateral process talar
fracture
235. Lateral Process Fracture of theLateral Process Fracture of the
TalusTalus
• Snowboarder’s
fracture
• Easily missed
• Prognosis is not great
• Particularly with any
displacement
236. Foot FracturesFoot Fractures
• The foot is famous for hiding midtarsal
and tarsal fractures on X-rays
• Have a high clinical suspicion and a very
low threshold to order a CT scan and refer
the patient
237. Foot FracturesFoot Fractures
• Calcaneal Fractures
• Complex decisions if
displaced
• Treat undisplaced
with NWB and
monthly x rays
239. Foot fractures LisfrancsFoot fractures Lisfrancs
• Even minimal
displacement of the
midtarsal joints can
give permanent
disability
240. ALERT LISFRANCS INJURYALERT LISFRANCS INJURY
• Now most commonly
missed msk injury
• High medicolegal risk
• Clinical exam of foot
always
• If unsure put on
crutches and reasses
in a few days
• Weight bearing view
241. Foot fracturesFoot fractures
• Metatarsal fractures
• Treat with cast or
roboboot if well
aligned.
• Refer if significant
misalignment
242. Base of 5Base of 5thth
metatarsal fracturemetatarsal fracture
• Common
• Fix only those with
marked displacement
• SAFARI