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Hellenistic Warfare & Warships
- 2. Sources: Parker, Victor. A History of Greece : 1300 to 30 BC. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. Accessed June 20, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central. Image: Mark, Joshua J. "Alexander the Great." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified November 14, 2013. https://www.ancient.eu/Alexander_the_Great/.
- 3. Sources: LENDON, J. E. "hellenistic Warfare (323–31 Bc): Competition, Combat, and Innovation." In , 140: Yale University Press, 2005.
- 4. Strategy Equipment Tactics Professionalism Defense Weapons Training Source: Sabin, Philip, Hans Van Wees, and Michael Whitby. The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Volume I Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome 2007.
- 5. Source: Sabin, Philip, Hans Van Wees, and Michael Whitby. The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Volume I Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome 2007. Image: Hughes, Tristan. "How Philip II's Reforms Revolutionised Warfare." Battles of the Ancients. December 05, 2018. Accessed June 20, 2019. http://turningpointsoftheancientworld.com/index.php/2018/07/05/macedonian-reforms-philip-infantry/.
- 6. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. "Military Forces." In . Vol. 1, 325-367. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- 7. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. "Military Forces." In . Vol. 1, 325-367. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- 8. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. "Military Forces." In . Vol. 1, 325-367. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Prodromoi Thureophoroi Horse-Archers Tarentine Cataphract
- 9. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. “War." In . Vol. 1, 368-398. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. LENDON, J. E. "hellenistic Warfare (323–31 Bc): Competition, Combat, and Innovation." In , 140: Yale University Press, 2005.
- 10. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. “War." In . Vol. 1, 368-398. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. LENDON, J. E. "hellenistic Warfare (323–31 Bc): Competition, Combat, and Innovation." In , 140: Yale University Press, 2005.
- 11. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. “War." In . Vol. 1, 368-398. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Distribution of Power Treason
- 12. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. “War." In . Vol. 1, 368-398. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- 13. Source: Murray, William M. "Hellenistic and Roman Republican Naval Warfare Technology." In . N - New ed., 471: Boydell & Brewer, 2017.
- 14. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. "Military Forces." In . Vol. 1, 325-367. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 Images :Ancient Greek Fashion. Accessed June 20, 2019. http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Ancient/en/Fashion2.html. Cartwright, Mark. "Trireme." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified May 31, 2012. https://www.ancient.eu/trireme/.
- 15. Images: "Ship Gallery." The Lost Treasure Chest. August 07, 2017. Accessed June 20, 2019. https://thelosttreasurechest.wordpress.com/ship-gallery/#jp-carousel-2645
- 16. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. "Military Forces." In . Vol. 1, 325-367. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 Images :Ancient Greek Fashion. Accessed June 20, 2019. http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Ancient/en/Fashion2.html. Capacity Steadiness Resistant
- 17. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. "Military Forces." In . Vol. 1, 325-367. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 Murray, William M. "Hellenistic and Roman Republican Naval Warfare Technology." In . N - New ed., 471: Boydell & Brewer, 2017. Images :"Τα μεγάλα πολεμικά πλοία της ελληνιστικής περιόδου." Pronews. September 25, 2017. Accessed June 20, 2019. https://www.pronews.gr/istoria/222215_ta-megala-polemika-ploia-tis-ellinistikis-periodoy.
- 18. Source: Murray, William M. "Hellenistic and Roman Republican Naval Warfare Technology." In . N - New ed., 471: Boydell & Brewer, 2017. Images: Theodoulou, T. and C. Memos. "A Voyage to Ancient Greek Harbours on Board Limenoscope." Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 7, no. 1 (2007): 253-260
- 19. Source: Murray, William M. "Hellenistic and Roman Republican Naval Warfare Technology." In . N - New ed., 471: Boydell & Brewer, 2017. Geanina, Staicu and Nedu Decebal. "an Aspect regarding the Naval History of the Hellenistic World: The Fleets of Agathocles." Universitatii Maritime Constanta. Analele 14, no. 19 (2013): 69. Images: Heifetz, Danny. "Why Didn't Cersei Just Kill Everyone on 'Game of Thrones'?" The Ringer. May 06, 2019. Accessed June 20, 2019. https://www.theringer.com/game-of-thrones/2019/5/6/18531162/game-of-thrones-last-of-the-starks-cersei-daenerys-standoff. Clarendon, Dan. "Game of Thrones Recap of Season 7 Episode 4, "The Spoils of War"." Wetpaint. August 07, 2017. Accessed June 20, 2019. http://www.wetpaint.com/game-of-thrones-recap-season-7-episode-4-1608891/.
- 20. Source: Murray, William M. "Hellenistic and Roman Republican Naval Warfare Technology." In . N - New ed., 471: Boydell & Brewer, 2017.
- 21. Source: Murray, William M. "Hellenistic and Roman Republican Naval Warfare Technology." In . N - New ed., 471: Boydell & Brewer, 2017.
- 22. Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. “War." In . Vol. 1, 368-398. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- 23. Personal Fighting of Elite Aggressive strategically Strick ritual calendar Used brutality of War Demoralizing Enemies Enslaved & took prisoners Source: Sekunda, Nicholas and Philip De Souza. “War." In . Vol. 1, 368-398. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Image: The Success of the Roman Republic and Empire. Accessed June 20, 2019. https://sites.psu.edu/successoftheromans/the-rise-of- rome/.
Editor's Notes
- To understand Hellenistic Warfare – Important to know timeframe Define Hellenistic – Greek meaning “To imitate Greeks” Near East & Southwest Asia after Alexander/Persian Empire Alexander encouragement of cultural exchange Death – Start of a new age Emerged different Hellenistic kingdoms: Greece, Egypt, Middle East and Persia. Hellenistic elite – rulers imposed of Greek culture – Greek language Resettling Greek people into communities in conquered lands – renamed to Greek standards Coexistence between Greek and tradition local cultures End – Egypt – Battle of Actium – Roman Empire
- Change to Hellenistic rulers = Change to other elements of society General’s competed in tactics and planning = experimenting Hellenistic war culture open to foreign idea’s Not ashamed to giving up old methods Hellenistic military = adaptable
- Transition to this change in warfare Started with King Phillip II of Macedon Military Reforms a move to new and bolder type of strategy, innovations in equipment and tactics the increasing use of mercenaries a heightened sense of military professionalism improvement in methods of fortification experimentation in innovation weapons the development of military training manuals 5. Macedonian phalanx
- Infantry formation developed by Phillip II Used by Alexander the Great 2. sarrisa, huge pike about four to six meters with sharp arrow head. 3. kopis, close quarters 4. Similar to hoplite armor, expect wore Thracian helmet Protecting peaks over the eyes and large cheeks pieces 5. Smaller than hoplite shield 6. Used to hold enemy while cavalry struck from behind -first 5 rows lower spears (wall of spears); other ranks held sarrisas up to deflect incoming arrows 7. Lack of mobility - Vulnerable on flanks and behind
- File = sixteen men commanded by a decurion Lochos = 32 files formed a pike-block of 512 men. Term changed to define infantry company or battalion during 3rd and 2nd centuries. 3. a. Hoplites – heavily armored infantrymen, wearing helmets, cuirasses (mid-area) and greaves (shin) b. Pelte- other regiments that carried smaller shields. c. Thureophoros – not added until early 3rd century, appeared after Italian campaigns of Pyrrhus. -Carried oval-shaped shield. Main function was defense of border areas Rapid mobility. Far range weapon: javelin Close range weapon: thureoi Disadvantage facing heavily armed troops closeup
- Mercenaries became key part of military systems. Not mainly composed of mercenaries Supply specialist units to supplement the main force. Suited for plundering to prevent counterattack on main body Either direct individual recruitment Or Treaty of alliance with a city or nation -outlined circumstances under which the king could ask for military contingent -Also detailed service conditions, including pay 7. The cretan archers that Hellenistic armies enlisted and formed unit of troops equipped in the Cretan mannder
- Strike force of armies were elite heavy cavalrymen helmets, and cuirasses (mid-area) but not greaves -Wore boots to prevent horse’s rough hair from effecting legs (No Saddles) 3. Cavalry spear fitted with both head and butt Used by Alexander’s comrades and Hellenistic successors 4. 3rd century added round cavalry shields of Celtic type. 5. Eventually adopted Iranian development of full armor for both horse and rider Other Groups Consisted of: Cataphract – horses and rider covered in full battle rattle Prodromoi – used for scouting and flanking the enemy during battle Thureophoroi – light cavalry that carried long shields to protect rider and horse. Horse-archers – name explains its function. But likely supplied with non-Greeks Tarentine – mounted javelin men that throw from afar, sometimes dismounted for close quarter combat 6. The amount of resources that went into supplying cavalry was high. -By the 3rd century, cavalries began to decline in both size and quality
- Philip II & Alexander redefined the meaning of being a soldier Complete reform of warfare and military within society Transferred to Hellenistic perspective. Created the professional soldier (Paid Career) Warfare as a special skill Rose importance of engineering and logistics Training Manuals & Standards First understanding of Classical tactics and strategy Rather simple: Armies would march directly to enemy Either engage in battle on an open field Or surround the city 3. Smaller Armies -Consist of regular citizens that had to buy own equipment -Once campaign ended, returned back to their farms or wherever they came from 4. Military became focal point in society 5. Communal competitions centered around military skills 6. Training was made more regularly available - Better quality and disciplined Soldier
- As wars became more broad and competitive – required better strategic thinking To be at top of food chain – think outside the box Exchange and combining of different cultural war tactics Two examples of this comes from contact with Celtic and Phoenician military Celtic – Promoted increase use in sword; possibly intergraded new type of saddle Phoenician – Siege equipment and tactics; Combined forces (heavy and light infantry and cavalry). 5. Multiple military operations occurring simultaneously -new communication methods would have been developed 6. Is war, campaigning or battle worth the risk? 7. Affect something or someone remote from the area of operations
- 1. Loss calculations influenced decisions. - Focusing on profit, instead of revenge 2. Maintain loyalty from own army & preventing treason. 3. To much power for generals could led to civil fighting for power. 4. Can a fight be avoided? -Expense of soldiers and resources -Instead, gain strategic advantage (Ex. Economic blockage) 5. Consider backlash from civilian or prisoner populaton Limit amount of damage done on enemies property and people 6. Use treason to capture cities
- Philip II reformed logical innovations and methods of carrying supplies along with military Ships were used to transport supplies However, ships were large consumers of resources as well -building and maintaining 4. Oversea supply became more advanced -Planning and choosing certain places to store supplies -Cyprus, position made it essential to supporting operations in East 5. Philip II – Portable mills -grinding grain into flour -norm for Hellenistic and Roman armies 6. Lack of planning or low resources caused problems -Alexander ran into supply problems at times. -areas with little cultivation, he routinely broke his army into smaller units to fix this.
- Going into the Hellenistic Age, Naval technology improved drastically. Aspects that makes Hellenistic different from before: Increased complexity of warships including rowing systems Increase in hull dimensions Weight Structure Crew size 3. Source of change: Late 4th and early 3rd centuries New goal: capture and defense of coastal cities
- ‘three’ Oarsmen along side of ship were seated at three levels, one above the other Not as sturdy
- Idea of three levels of oarsmen
- Warship that developed in 4h and early 3rd centuries Did not add more levels of oarsmen – three was maximum to be effective rather increased number of files of oarsmen Purpose: Not necessarily for attacking enemy ships. Advantages: Capacity: Broader beams could hold larger numbers of marines on fighting platform Desks higher, offering more space to throw missiles by hand or catapults Steadiness: difficult for smaller ships to attack Ideal for throwing missiles Resistant to damage when rammed
- Alexander the Great, nor successors, experienced issues controlling large naval operations Smaller political entities did not attempt to increase to large fleets Special operation teams were created for naval attacks on cities.
- Improvements in coastal cities defense had to be done to counter attacks Designed city walls and harbor entrances to withstand attacks Positioned artillery towers to provide fire along both landward and seaward approaches to gates and weak sectors of walls Towers armed with catapults to hinder attacks of an enemy’s naval siege unit Note: specialized training for working catapults and operating fighting towers
- Spurs used to damage enemy ships when ramming into it Hooks used to immobilize enemy ship so that marines can pass from deck to deck Reminds me of wall at kings landing on game of thrones
- Engineers needed to development advancements Skilled engineers, resources, carryout experiments, observations, new designs Development during Hellenistic age took off, after Alexander; especially naval technology Battles perfect place to test new weapons and technology Phillip II: first torsion catapults and helepolis; large mobile siege towers Dionysius I: hand-held patapults
- Comes along with war Both soldiers and civilians were prone to get injured or killed Improvements in assaulting cities led to this: missiles, storming parties Naval: increased. Storms could wipe out entire ships or fleets Thousands of deaths Treatment of wounded. Could treat some battle injuries but not stop massive bleeding Lack of knowledge allowed infections to run normal course; thought it was natural Other factors:
- Treatment of prisoners = culturally bound Rules of War established during Hellenistic period By 4th century, Greeks against ‘barbaric’ activity Barbaric to massacre women and children Better treatment of Greek prisoners However, were still capable of cruelty against Greeks Less restraint shown to non-Greeks
- The Roman republic military was also developing at same time Differences: Roman generals did not fight personally, which extended their lives and value to state =A function of a system that rewarded military success both socially and economically Followed organized ritual calendar which also included war elements Understood the psychological effect brutality had and took advantage of that during war Incident of throwing a leaders head into enemies camp Sold or consigned to work in mines