Sustainable Consumption and Radical Ecological Democracy (English / Chinese)
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Humanity is overstressing the earth (the only one we have) and one major reason is overconsumption and consumerism. We need to set a Sustainable Consumption Line .... and to move towards a radically different vision of well-being that is ecologically sustainable and socially equitable. Radical Ecological Democracy is one such vision arising from onground practices and conceptual breakthroughs in India and other parts of the world.
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Sustainable Consumption and Radical Ecological Democracy (English / Chinese)
- 1. Sustainable Consumption and Radical Ecological Democracy Ashish Kothari, Kalpavriksh (translation: Doris, Wen) 可持续消费与激进生态民主
- 2. This presentation… •The problem: overproduction & overconsumption •Roots of problem: ‘developmentality’, inequities •Towards solutions: Sustainable Consumption Line (SCL) •Framework for future: Radical Ecological Democracy 演讲内容包含： • 问题 - 过度生产与过度消费 • 问题根源 - Developmentality(发展心态) • 解决对策 - 可持续消费曲线（SCL） • 未来框架 - 激进生态民主
- 3. The problem • Ecological limits breached – biodiversity loss, climate crisis – decline of productivity on land & water • Continued human deprivation: – poverty, hunger, homelessness, ill-health, joblessness (e.g. >70% Indians) 问题 • 生态极限已被突破 ——生物多样性丧失，气候危机 ——土壤及水源生产力下降 • 持续的人类褫夺现象 ——贫困，饥饿，无家可归，疾病，失业
- 4. The problem … • Increasing, shocking inequalities: – consumption levels, income, access • Rich wantonly unsustainable, poor wanting same lifestyles 问题 … • 渐增的，令人震惊的不均等现象 ——消费水平，收入，通路 • 富者自愿 选择不可持续发展的方 式，而贫者被迫或者渴望以这种 方式生存发展
- 5. Roots of the problem • Economic: ‘Developmentality’ based on economic growth fetish & consumerism • Political: state or private corporation dominated, weak democracy 问题根源 • 经济角度 ——基于对经济增长率的迷信与消费者至上 主义的“developmentality”（发展 心态） • 政治角度 ——国营企业或私营企业占主导地位 ——弱势的民主政治
- 6. Roots of the problem • Social: increasing individualisation, breakdown of the commons • Cultural: alienation from nature, deep spiritual crisis 问题根源 • 社会角度 ——与日俱增的个性化 ——公共意识的瓦解 • 文化角度 ——人类与自然关系的疏离 ——深层的精神危机
- 8. Consumption: towards solutions … • Sustainable Consumption Line (SCL): individual and collective (community, village/city, country, humanity) • Justification: one’s overconsumption = someone deprivation • Counterpart to minimum well-being standard (e.g. India’s Below Poverty Line) 解决对策 • 可持续消费线（SCL）：针对个人 针对集体（社区、乡村/城市、国家、人类） • 理由: 某个人的过度消费=其他人的资源匮乏 • 与最低健康标准相对应 例如印度的绝对贫困线（BPL）
- 9. • Source: Kate Raworth, Oxfam The doughnut of ‘safe & just space for humanity’ “安全与合理的人类生存 空间”圆环图
- 10. Minimum socio-economic standards 最低社会经济标准 Sustainable Consumption Level 可持续消费水平
- 11. Setting the SCL • Determining maximum individual and collective consumption of: – Energy – Water – Food – Space – Materials … 建立SCL • 确定个人以及群体的最大消费量： 能源 水资源 食物 空间 材料……
- 12. Setting the SCL • Complexities: – How much of what is sustainable? How to measure? (Ecological footprint, other methods…) – How to factor in existing inequities? – How to accommodate special needs? 建立SCL • 复杂情况 ——何种资源的何种消费量是可持续的？ ——如何将现存的不均等作为因素计入？ ——如何适应特殊需求？
- 13. Implementing the SCL • Regulatory measures, e.g. prohibitions on luxury consumption, punishing violations • Heavy taxes on consumption beyond needs But … 实施SCL • 出台监管措施 例如：禁止奢侈消费 惩罚违规行为 • 对超过需求量的消费高额税 • 但是……
- 14. Consumption deeply cultural …. (so) • Public awareness of impacts of overconsumption • Curbing ‘creators of demand’, esp. corporations & corporate advertising • Culture of ‘enoughness’ & ‘voluntary simplicity’ (like many cultures in past … aparigraha) … making it ‘cool’ to have sustainable lifestyles 消费观根植于文化之中—— • 提升公众对于过度消费影响的认知 • 抵制“creators of consumption”（消费的创造者），尤 其是企业与企业广告 • 宣扬诸如“Enoughness”（满足）与“自愿朴素”的文化 观念会使可持续消费的方式成为一种风尚
- 15. Other steps… • Upper limits to salaries • Empowering ‘source & sink’ communities to say ‘no’ to extraction and dumping (e.g. Indian tribe vs. Vedanta mining) 其他方法： • 制定工资上限 • 授权“source & sink”（源汇）社区对开采资 源和废弃物倾倒说“不”
- 16. Larger context • Sustainable consumption one part of solution … action needed on: – Global patterns of production, ownership, control, use (e.g. food) … who controls, what production design … – Global trade, long-distance consumption – Patterns of settlement and transportation: cities built for long- distance travel by private car – Rich can eat expensive ‘organic’ food, poor have to eat cheap junk 广义上—— • 可持续性消费是解决途径的一个方面，以下问题需解决： ——生产、占有、控制、使用的全球模式，例如食品与农业 ——全球贸易，长距离消费 ——定居与交通模式：为长途自驾旅行而建的城市 ——富有者可以食用昂贵的有机食品，而贫穷者只能吃便宜的垃圾食 品
- 17. Larger context (contd) • Jevon’s paradox vs. technological optimism • Inadequacy of market mechanisms (rich hiding behind the poor) 广义上—— • Jevon 悖论与科技乐观主义 • 市场机制的不足
- 18. Alternative initiatives for well-being … thousands in India Water Crafts Shelter Food Energy Governance Livelihoods Conservation Village revitalisation Urban sustainability Learning Health Producer companies
- 19. Similar movements in other countries •Upsurge of people’s voices … to be part of decision-making •Promotion of peoples’ collectives and communities as third alternative to nation-state & private corporation •Ecology, social equity, justice at core of many movements Alternative movements: Buen vivir, Degrowth, Solidarity economies, Localisation …. Leading to alternative framework of well-being … 其他国家相似的运动 •人民的声音高涨——渴望成为决策的参与者 •推行人民群体和社区使其成为民族国家与私营企业以外的第 三条替代路径 •生态、社会公平、正义是许多运动的核心 指向创造福祉的另一种架构——
- 20. Radical ecological democracy (Radical = going to the roots, challenging the conventional) 激进指追本溯源、挑战传统。 achieving human well-being, through pathways that: – empower all citizens to participate in decision-making – ensure equitable distribution of wealth – respect the limits of the earth and the rights of nature 激进生态民主 • 通过以下途径达到人类福祉： ——授权所有市民参与决策 ——保证财富分配的均衡 ——尊重地球的极限与自然的权利
- 21. Radical ecological democracy Pillars: – A new politics – A new economics – A just society – Culture and knowledge 激进生态民主支柱 - 新政策 - 新经济 - 社会公正 - 新的知识文化与文化知识 激进生态民主
- 22. Radical Ecological Democracy: Pillar 1. A NEW POLITICS Direct democracy: power emanating from grassroot rural and urban communities (Mendha-Lekha, India: “in Delhi is our elected government, in our village we are the government”) … swaraj (self- rule) 激进生态民主支柱一：新政策 直接民主 发动来自农村草根与城市社区的力量。（印度的Mendha- Lekha说: “在德里，掌权的是选举政府，在我们的村庄里， 我们才是政府。”）
- 23. Pillar 1. A NEW POLITICS … Embedded democracy, ensuring accountability of representatives / delegates at larger levels through right to recall, citizens’ charters, public hearings, social audits, right to participation Ecoregional decision-making … political boundaries aligned with ecological and cultural ones … cutting across nation-state boundaries? 新政策 … • 嵌入式民主 通过撤回权、公民宪章、公开听证、社会审计、参与权确保代表在 更大程度上承担应尽责任 • 区域生态决策 政治分界线 与生态、文化分界线相协调
- 24. Radical Ecological Democracy: Pillar 2. A NEW ECONOMICS Mindful of ecological limits and need for humanity to downsize its impact (‘global degrowth’) Localisation: self-sufficiency/sovereignty in basic needs in local bioregion Production & consumption locally controlled, linked into wider landscape relations, clear feedback loops, cradle to cradle designs 激进生态民主支柱二： 新经济 注意生态极限以及人类缩减其影响的需要（全球逆生长） 本土化：在本地生态区保证基本需要的自给自足/独立
- 25. Pillar 2. A NEW ECONOMICS … Facilitation of local currencies and non-monetised exchanges Well-being indicators as alternatives to GDP: basic needs, happiness, social relations 新经济 … 本土控制生产与消费，与更广的地域相联系，明晰的 反馈循环 引导本国货币流通与非货币化交换
- 26. Radical Ecological Democracy: Pillar 3. A JUST SOCIETY Towards equity amongst: classes; castes; women and men; ethnic groups; abled and ‘disabled’ Towards rights-based approaches, with responsibilities 激进生态民主支柱三：社会公正 平等 ——阶级平等 ——社会地位平等 ——男女平等 ——民族平等 ——健全人与残疾人平等 基于权利的方法
- 27. Radical Ecological Democracy: Pillar 4. A NEW CULTURE OF KNOWLEDGE, AND KNOWLEDGE OF CULTURE Relinking with rest of nature: humans as part of nature, inherent rights of nature Mix of best of tradition and modernity 激进生态民主支柱四：新的知识文化与文化知识 •重新连接与自然的关系：人类是自然的 一部分，自然固有的权利 •融合传统与现代最好的部分
- 28. Pillar 4. A NEW CULTURE OF KNOWLEDGE, AND KNOWLEDGE OF CULTURE •Learning through doing and experience, not only textbooks … and from ‘barefoot’ teachers as much as from PhDs! •Democratising R&D and technological development •Opportunities for spiritual/ethical growth (not=religious fundamentalism) 新的知识文化与文化知识 •从实践与经验中学习而不仅限于书本知识，同等地向博士 与赤脚老师学习 •使研究开发（R&D）与技术进步大众化 •精神与伦理的发展机会（并不等同于宗教性的 基要主义 ）
- 29. Values & principles…. • Diversity (of ideas, knowledge, ecologies, economies, polities, cultures…) • Self-reliance for basics • Cooperation and ‘commons’ • Rights with responsibilities • Dignity of labour • Respect to subsistence • Qualitative pursuit of happiness • Equality and equity • Simplicity (lifestyles) • Respect for all life forms • Reciprocity and gift culture • 多样性（观点、知识、生 态、经济、文化等） • 基础性的自力更生 • 合作与“commons” • 权力与责任 • 尊重劳动 • 尊重生存 • 追求质的幸福 • 朴素 • 尊重所有的 生命 • 互惠互利 价值标准与原则
- 30. Glocalisation … •Global connections based on local self-governance and self-sufficiency •Free exchange of cultures, ideas, knowledge, materials, and people…. Not of predatory finance and homogenous models! •Regional and global peoples’ assemblies, reducing/balancing role of nation-state 地方特色的全球化 • 基于本地自治与自给自足的全球联系 • 文化、观点、知识、材料的自由交换，但排除掠夺性金融 与同质模型 • 以地区性与全球性的人民集会弱化或平衡民族国家的 作用
- 31. • http://radicalecologicaldemocracy.wordpress.com • www.alternativesindia.org For more information…. Email: chikikothari@gmail.com 更多信息见——