explains about good and bad fat..

1. DIETARY FAT

2. Fat requirements
• In developed countries dietary fats
provide 30 to 40 per cent of total energy
intake. The WHO Expert committee on
Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
has recommended only 20 to 30 per cent
of total dietary energy to be provided by
fats. At least 50 per cent of fat intake
should consist of vegetable oils rich in
essential fatty acids.

4. Fatty acid content of different
fats
• Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated
• Fats fatty acids fatty acids fatty acids
• Coconut oil 92 6 2
• Palm oil 46 44 10
• Cotton seed oil 25 25 50
• Groundnut oil 19 50 31
• Safflower oil 10 15 75
• Sunflower oil 8 27 65
• Corn oil 8 27 65
• Soya bean oil 14 24 62
• Butter 60 37 3

6. • vegetable fats are rich sources of essential
fatty acids which are needed by the body for
growth, structural integrity of the cell
membrane and decreased platelet
adhesiveness.
• Diets rich in EFA have been reported to
reduce serum cholesterol and low-density
lipoproteins.
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors
of prostaglandins.

7. Essential Fatty Acids
The Essential Fats are a group of fatty acids
that are essential to human health.
• Omega-3 (3) – Linolenic acid
• Omega-6 (6) – Linoleic acid

8. Structure of EFAs
LINOLEIC ACIDS (Omega 6)
Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that
contain two double bonds.
• 18:2 (9,12)
– LINOLENIC ACIDS (Omega 3)
Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that
contain three double bonds
18:3 (9,12,15)

9. Function of EFAs
• Formation of healthy cell membranes
• Proper development and functioning of the brain
and nervous system
• Production of hormone-like substances called
Eicosanoids
–Thromboxanes
–Leukotrienes
–Prostaglandins
Responsible for regulating blood pressure, blood
viscosity, vasoconstriction, immune and inflammatory
responses.

10. Omega-3s
• Sources:
Walnuts
Wheat germ oil
Flaxeed oil/canola oil
Fish liver oils/Fish eggs
Human Milk
Organ meats
Seafood/Fatty fish
- albacore tuna
- mackerel
- salmon
-sardines

11. Benefits of Omega-3s
• Lower PG2s
• Anti-inflammatory
• Lower triglyceride and
cholesterol levels
• Cancer prevention
• Renal maintenance
• Increase insulin sensitivity
• Enhance thermogenesis and
lipid metabolism
• Benefits vision and brain
function
• Decrease Skin inflammation
• Inhibit platelet adhesion

12. Platelet aggregation, cardiovascular
diseases, and inflammation
Sources:
Corn oil
Peanut oil
Cottonseed oil
Soybean oil
Many plant oils
Omega-6s

13. Benefits of Omega-6s
Specifically, omega-6 fatty
acids with a high GLA
content may help to:
• Reduce inflammation of
rheumatoid arthritis
• Relieve the discomforts of
PMS, endometriosis, and
fibrocystic breasts.
• Reduce the symptoms of
eczema and psoriasis.
• Clear up acne and rosacea.
• Prevent and improve
diabetic neuropathy.
• Excessive amounts of
omega-6 (PUFA) and a very
high omega-6/omega-3 ratio
has been shown to promote
the pathogenesis of many
diseases:
-cardiovascular disease
-cancer
-Inflammatory and
autoimmune diseases

14. Essential Fatty Acid
Deficiency Side Effects
• hemorrhagic dermatitis
• skin atrophy
• scaly dermatitis
• dry skin
• weakness
• impaired vision
• tingling sensations
• mood swings
• edema
• high blood pressure
• high triglycerides
• hemorrhagic folliculitis
• hemotologic disturbances
(ex: sticky platelets)
• immune and mental
deficiencies
• impaired growth

15. Dermatitis, Atopic in an Infant
and on a Young Girl's Face

16. Differing characteristics -3 and -6
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiencies
Omega-3 (-Linolenic Acid) Omega-6 (Linoleic Acid)
Clinical
Features
Normal skin, growth, reproduction
Reduced learning
Abnormal electroretinogram
Impaired vision
Polydipsia
Growth retardation
Skin lesions
Reproductive failure
Fatty liver
Polydipsia
Biochemical
markers
Decreased 18:3 -3 and 22:6  -3
Increased 22:4 -6 and 22:5  7
Increased 20:3 -9(only if  -6 also low)
Decreased 18:2 -6 and 20:4 -6
Increased 20:3 -9 (only if  -3 also
low)

17. Who are at risk for deficiency?
• Long-term TPN patients
without adequate lipid
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Low Birth Weight Infants
• Premature infants
• Severely malnourished
patients
• Patients on Long-term
MCT as fat source
• Patients with fat
malabsorption
• Acrodermatitis
Enteropathica
• Hepatorenal Syndrome
• Multisystem neuronal
degradation
• Crohn’s disease
• Cirrhosis and
alcoholism
• Reye’s Syndrome
• Short bowel syndrome

18. Recommendations: Adults
• Requirements for EFAs
are 1 to 2% of dietary
calories for adults.
AI for Adults
Men
19- >70 yrs 1.6 g/day of a-linolenic acid
1.7 g/day of linoleic acid
Women
19- >70 yrs 1.1 g/day of a-linolenic acid
1.2 g/day of linoleic acid
 Recommended 0.2% to
1% of total calories
should be provided by
omega-3 fatty acids.

19. Recommendations: Infants &
Children
• The American Academy
of Pediatrics recommends
that infant milk formula
should provide at least
2.7% of total kilocalories
in the form of linoleic
acid.
• Of note, human milk
provides 3.5% to as high
as 12% of total kilocalories
in the form of linoleic acid
depending on the fat
composition of the
maternal diet.
AI for Infants and Children
0-6 mos 0.5 g/day of n-3 PUFA
7-12 mos 0.5 g/day of n-3 PUFA
1-3 yrs 0.7 g/day of -linolenic acid
4-8 yrs 0.9 g/day of  -linolenic acid
Boys
9-13 yrs 1.2 g/day of  -linolenic acid
14-18 yrs 1.6 g/day o -linolenic acid
Girls
9-13 yrs 1.0 g/day of  -linolenic acid
14-18 yrs 1.1 g/day of  -linolenic acid
)

20. Obesity
• How do we define obesity?
–By culture
–By science

21. OBESITY
• Prevalence in US: 33% of adults and 25%
of children are obese
• Risks associated with obesity: diabetes,
hypertension, stroke, heart disease, elevated
total cholesterol, low HDL-cholesterol,
certain types of cancer, gallbladder disease

22. What Causes Obesity
• 3 major factors contribute to the development of
obesity
– 1) Genetic background
• Heredity may account for approx. 25-40% of obesity
but this is very poorly understood
• Effects on metabolism (rare); traits that predispose
(common)
– 2) Dietary intake
– 3) Physical activity

23. Measuring Body Fatness
• Body Mass Index (BMI)- widely used
– Calculated by dividing body weight (in kg)
by height (in meters) squared
• 19-25 is considered acceptable
• overweight is btw. 25-30
• > 30 obesity

24. We Do Need Body Fat
• For survival we need:
– 3-5% for men
– 10-12% for women
• Low body fat associated with
– Delayed physical maturation during adolescence
– Infertility
– Accelerated bone loss

25. Body fat location is important
• Apple = Abdomen
• Pear =
Hips & thighs
• Apple -> risk of heart
disease
• waist/hip ratio:
>0.8 F, > 0.95 M
indicates apple shape

26. Limitations of BMI
Both men have a BMI of 31

28. CLASS OVER…