emotion-psychology topic including neurobiology

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2. 1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORIES OF EMOTION
3. NEUROBIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS
4. PHYSIOLOGY OF SPECIAL EMOTIONS
5. CLINICAL CORRELATION
6. TESTS AND TOOLS FOR EMOTIONS
7. MANAGEMENT OF EMOTIONS
8. SUMMARY
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OVERVIEW

3. • Aristotle: People are THINKING ANIMAL. What makes people special
is they can overcome their brutish emotions.
• Rousseau: Emotions are what makes people special and gives us a
reason for living.
• Hippocrates: Brain is the site of emotion.
• The word emotion derived from the Latin word EMOVERE which
means to stir up to get agitated
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1.INTRODUCTION

4. • Emotion is a stirred-up state caused by physiological changes
occurring as a response to some event and which tends to maintain or
abolish the causative events.
• It is a complex feeling state with psychic, somatic and behavioural
components
• They are central to human experience; can activate and direct
behaviour and are typically triggered from outside(external
circumstances)by a wide variety of stimuli
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5. • MEDITATION
• CULTURE
• STRESS
• ENVIRONMENT
• IP RELATIONSHIP
• SOCIAL
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• GENETIC
• COGNITION
• HEALTH
• CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
• AGE
• GENDER
• PERSONALITY
FACTORS AFFECTING EMOTIONS

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Emotions
Physiological
Behavioral
Cognitive
COMPONENTS OF EMOTION
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7. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE
In psychology emotion is considered a response to stimuli that are characterized
by autonomic nervous system such a
The cognitive component is how we interpret certain situations or stimulations.
This determines which emotion our body will feel.
• Increase in pulse rate
• Rise in body temperature
• Change in breathing
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COGNITIVE CHANGES

8. BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE
• This component has been called the outward expression of our
emotions
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• Body gestures
• Facial expression
• Tone of voice

9. HOW WE PERCEIVE EMOTION?
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• What is said & way in which it is said
• VOICE-the channel of emotional expression
• NON VERBAL BODY CUES-
a. facial expression(primary emotion)
b. gestures, eye movements, head movements, posture change
Learning can alter primary emotion. As face is the most expressive
part but can also easily be controlled

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12. BASIC AND ADVANCED
EMOTION
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• Robert Plutchik created a wheel
of emotions in 1980 which
consisted of 8 basic emotions
and 8 advanced emotions each
composed of 2 basic ones.
• He said that all other emotions
are assumed to be a variations of
these eight basic emotions

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• JOY
• TRUST
• FEAR
• SURPRISE
• SADNESS
• DISGUST
• ANGER
• ANTICIPATION
BASIC EMOTION

14. ADVANCED EMOTION
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OPTIMISM ANTICIPATION + JOY
LOVE JOY + TRUST
SUBMISSION TRUST + FEAR
AWE FEAR + SURPRISE
DISAPPOINTMENT SURPRISE + SADNESS
REMORSE SADNESS + DISGUST
CONTEMPT DISGUST + ANGER
AGGRESSIVENESS ANGER + ANTICIPATION

15. EMOTION AND MOOD
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EMOTION MOOD
Clear cause(someone/something) Free floating & diffuse affective states
Brief-seconds to mins Last longer-hours/days
A multi system component Salient, only at subjective level
Conceptualized into discrete
categories like fear,anger,joy,interest
Conceptualized as varying dimensions
pleasantness and arousal level

16. EMOTION AND MOTIVATION
• there is only a thin line between emotions & motives.
• Almost all our sustained & goal directed behaviour is emotionally
toned & that it is emotional tone which provides motivation for long
sequences of behaviour.
• Tomkins stated that our emotions provide motivations.
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17. AROUSAL
• Part in many emotions.
• Due to the activation of
ascending reticular activating
system (ARAS)
• Fundamentally involved in
keeping awake, alert and
conscious
• Indicator is EEG, HR, BP,
Breathing rate and depth,
pupil size & skin conductance
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Arousal in short spurts is adaptive.
We perform better under moderate
arousal performance varies with task
difficulty.

18. THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
• Defined as a series of stages the body goes
through when exposed to stressful
situations.
• The alarm stage is the initial stage where the
body prepares for attack—either
psychological or physical
• The second stage is called the stage of
resistance. The body uses up a great amount
of energy to prepare for the stressor.
• The third stage is exhaustion. It is marked by
body exhaustion and health problems.
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Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

19. 1.COMMON SENSE THEORY
• Emotion arousing stimulus leads to a conscious feeling
(fear, anger) and a physiological response.
• Seeing an angry dog triggers feelings of fear and physical
responses such as trembling.
2.THEORIES OF EMOTIONS
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20. 2.JAMES-LANGE THEORY
• William James and Carl Lange
proposed an idea that was
diametrically opposed to the
common-sense view.
• It proposes that physiological activity
precedes the emotional experience.
William James
1842-1910
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Carl Lange
1834-1900

21. 3.CANNON-BARD THEORY
Walter B. Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the
James-Lange Theory and proposed that an
emotion triggering stimulus and the body's
arousal take place simultaneously.
Walter B Cannon
1871-1945
Phillip Bard
1898-1977
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22. 4.TWO-FACTOR THEORY
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed
that our physiology and cognitions create
emotions.
Emotions have two factors–physical arousal and
cognitive label.
Stanley Schachter
1922-1977
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Jerome Singer
1934-2010

23. 5.COGNITIVE-APPRAISAL THEORY
• Richard Lazarus and co:
• Memories of past encounters with similar situations,
dispositions to respond in certain ways & consideration of the
consequences of actions that might result from the emotional
state enter into the appraisal.
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6.PULTCHIK’S THEORY OF EMOTION
• This theory proposes that primary emotions are derived from
evolutionary process and these can be arranged in an orderly
way to bring out similarities & differences among them.

24. THEORIES
1.Common sense theory Stimulus cause a conscious feeling 1st
and then physiological response
2.James-lange theory 1st physiological response then creates
emotion
3.Cannon-bard theory Stimulus  emotion and physiological
response simultaneously
4.Two-factor theory Physiological response + cognitions=
emotion
5.Cognitive-appraisal theory Memories of past encounters
6. Pultchik’s Theory Of Emotion Primary emotions are from evolutionary
process
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25. 3.NEUROBIOLOGY
OF EMOTION
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26. • The division of the peripheral
nervous system that controls
the glands and muscles of the
internal organs
• Monitors the autonomic
functions
• Controls breathing, blood
pressure and digestive
processes
Autonomic Nervous System
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27. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sympathetic System
• arouses the body to deal with
perceived threats
• Fight or flight response
Parasympathetic System
• calms the body
• Brings the body back down to a
relaxed state
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SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Activates striped muscles of body-changes in breathing, muscle
tension and posture

28. FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
• The brain appraises a situation as threatening and
dangerous.
• The lower brain structure secretes a stress
hormone that signals the adrenal glands to secrete
adrenaline.
• This causes the muscles to tense, the heart to beat
faster, and the liver to send out sugar to be used in
the muscles.
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Sequence of Steps in the Fight or Flight Behaviors

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Flight or fight response
• Somatic and sympathic system
• HR,BP ,muscle tension,
hormones
• Pupil dilate
Relaxation response
• Somatic and sympathic system
• parasympathetic

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EMOTIONAL PROCESSING & THE BRAIN
The biological basis of emotion
• Right cerebral hemisphere plays important role in emotional
functions. Right hemisphere is specialized for processing emotional
information as activation is associated with negative affect.
• Activation of the left cerebral hemisphere is associated with
positive affect.
• Activation of anterior portion of both hemisphere is associated with
valence (pleasantness/unpleasantness) of emotion while the
posterior portion is with arousal- the intensity of emotion.

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Modern affective neuroscience focuses on the four brain
regions in the regulation normal emotion
• The prefrontal cortex.
• The anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)
• The hippocampus.
• The Amygdala.
EMOTION & BRAIN(CONT..)

32. THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX(PFC)
• It represents goals & appropriate responses
to obtain these goals. Such activities are
particularly important for multiple
conflicting behavioural responses or
overriding the affective arousal.
• Like left sided PFC activation increases goal
directed activities whereas right sided PFC
activation causes avoidance behaviour.
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EMOTION & BRAIN(CONT..)

33. THE ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX
• Functionally it has two parts- ventral &
dorsal.
• Ventral part : It connects prefrontal area
with different areas of limbic system. It
contains the most important area of reward
system -Nucleus Accumbans.
• Doral part: It is mainly important for
emotional processing & responding
appropriately to stimuli.
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EMOTION & BRAIN(CONT..)

34. THE HIPPOCAMPUS
• It is most clearly involved in various form of learning &
memory, including fear conditioning as well as
inhibitory regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-
adrenal(HPA) axis activity.
• Emotional or contextual learning appears to involve
direct connection between the hippocampus and
amygdala.
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EMOTION & BRAIN(CONT..)

35. THE AMYGDALA
• It is responsible for
processing novel stimuli of
emotional significance &
organizing cortical
responses.
• It is also associated with
responding to fearful or
painful stimuli.
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EMOTION & BRAIN(CONT..)

36. PAPEZ CIRCUIT
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37. 4.PHYSIOLOGY OF SPECIAL EMOTIONS
FEAR
• The hypothalamus & amygdaloid nuclei
• Amygdaloid nuclei are concerned with the encoding
memories that evoke fear.
EFFECT OF LESION
After destruction of amygdala, the fear reaction & its
autonomic and endocrine manifestation are
absent;there are deficient fear responses to auditory
and visual stimuli.
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38. ANXIETY
• Anxiety is normal emotion in appropriate
situation, but excessive anxiety & anxiety
inappropriate situation can be disabling.
Site:
It is associated with a bilateral increase in
blood flow in a discrete portion of the
anterior end of each temporal lobe.
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39. RAGE & PLACIDITY
• Rage:- Extreme form of anger.
• Placidity:- Calm & peaceful.
Site:- Neocortex, ventromedial hypothalamic
nuclei.
Facts:-
Human maintain a balance between rage &
placidity. Major irritation make normal
individual “loose their temper” but minor
stimuli are ignored.
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40. DISGUST
Site: -
Amygdala, putamen & insula
Fact: -
A patient with selective lesion of the left
insula & putamen had difficulty in
recognizing disgust in the face or in the voice
of people, patient met.
E.G. Patient with Huntington's disease have
similar symptoms & damage in the similar
area.
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41. 5.CLINICAL CORRELATION
1.SCHIZOPHRENIA:
• In schizophrenia self and nonself originated intentions become
indistinguishable, & deficit understanding of the behaviour of others.
• impaired emotional & cognitive processing – as they misidentify the
normal stimulus as more threatening or fear producing
• Leads to poor social functioning.
• Positive correlation between emotion recognition & symptomatology and
chronicity of illness.
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42. Symptoms experienced are irritability ,destructibility & emotional
lability associated with impaired emotional processing, including
experience of emotion of inappropriately high in relation to the
context in which they occur & inability to regulate the mood.
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2. BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE DISORDER
3. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
Patients with MDD, generalized & specific impairment in the
identification of emotional stimuli,negative emotional biases &
negative or reduced positive attention biases during facial expression
identification is observed.

43. Lesion: Bilateral destruction of amygdala
and hippocampus
• It is not afraid of anything.
• Extreme curiosity.
• Forgets rapidly.
• Tendency to place anything in mouth.
• Hyper sexuality.
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4. Kluver-bucy syndrome

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45. • Extreme fear & urge to flee as well as
intense autonomic arousal involving a
wide variety of symptoms. The
symptoms occur spontaneously.
• Panic attack may be due to
hypersensitive autonomic nervous
system.
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5. PANIC ATTACKS & AGORAPHOBIA

46. 6. FRONTAL LOBE SYNDROME
• Emotional lability
• Impairment of recent memory.
• poor judgment and insight
• distractibility
• Disinhibited & impulsive behaviour.
• Euphoria
• Apathy.
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47. 6.TESTS AND TOOLS FOR EMOTIONS
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OBSERVATIONAL METHODS:
1. Facial Action Coding System (FACS): Analyzes facial expressions to identify specific emotions.
2. Behavioral Observation of Students in Schools (BOSS): Observes and rates students' emotional and
behavioral responses in a school setting.
PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES:
1. Electrodermal Activity (EDA): Measures changes in skin conductance in response to emotional stimuli.
2. Heart Rate Variability (HRV): Analyzes variations in the time intervals between heartbeats, reflecting
autonomic nervous system activity.

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PROJECTIVE TESTS:
1. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): Presents ambiguous pictures to elicit stories, revealing underlying
emotions, thoughts, and attitudes.
2. Rorschach Inkblot Test: Uses inkblots to assess how individuals project their thoughts and emotions
onto ambiguous stimuli.
COGNITIVE ASSESSMENTS:
1. Emotional Stroop Test: Measures the impact of emotional stimuli on attention and cognitive
processes.
2. Dot-Probe Paradigm: Assesses attentional biases towards emotional stimuli.
TESTS AND TOOLS FOR TESTING EMOTIONS(cont.)

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EMOTION RECOGNITION TASKS:
1. Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET): Assesses the ability to recognize emotions
based on images of the eye region.
2. Facial Emotion Recognition Tasks: Participants identify and label emotions displayed in
facial expressions.
NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES:
1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): Measures brain activity in response to
emotional stimuli.
2. Electroencephalogram (EEG): Records electrical activity in the brain, providing insights into
emotional processing.
TESTS AND TOOLS FOR TESTING EMOTIONS(cont.)

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Implicit Association Tests (IAT): Measures the strength of associations between
concepts and evaluations, providing insights into implicit attitudes and emotions.
Emotional Intelligence Assessments: Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence
Test (MSCEIT): Measures different aspects of emotional intelligence, including
perception, facilitation, understanding, and management.
Virtual Reality (VR) Experiences: Virtual Reality Environments: Simulate real-life
scenarios to evoke and assess emotional responses in a controlled setting.
TESTS AND TOOLS FOR TESTING EMOTIONS(cont.)

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• Polygraphy: Measures physiological
responses of the autonomic nervous
system in an attempt to detect the
feelings of anxiety that often
accompany deception
• While emotions and physiological
responses are interconnected, the
application of polygraphy to measure
deception based on emotional
arousal is a subject of ongoing
debate.
• Emotional arousal=physiological
response +/- counter measures

52. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
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• Intelligence=abstract intelligence + mechanical intelligence + social
intelligence.
• Mayer and Solovey(1990) “Emotional Intelligence”, a form of social
intelligence.
• It involves the manipulation of emotions and emotional content. It
determines our potential for learning the practical skills based on the five
elements: self awareness, motivation, self regulation, empathy and
adeptness in relationships.
• Emotionally intelligent people know when it is right to control their
emotions and when it is right to be controlled by them.
7.MANAGEMENT OF EMOTIONS

53. EQ
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• IQ vs EQ

54. EMOTIONAL COMPETENCIES
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• Emotional Competencies are job skills must be learned. An underlying
Emotional Intelligence is necessary to manifest competency in
Emotional Intelligence domains.
• It is the learned capability based on emotional intelligence that results
in outstanding performance at work.
1. Adequate Depth of Feeling
2. Adequate Expression and Control of Emotions
3. Ability to Function with Emotions
4. Ability to cope with Problem Emotions
5. Encouragement of positive Emotions

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• The most important aspect of managing emotions primarily focuses
on the emotional intelligence of the individual and to become
emotionally competent.
1. Identify the emotion which you are feeling at the moment.
2. Accepting the emotions without denying them
3. Not hanging on too much by thinking excessively about the
unpleasant emotions if being experienced.
4. Sharing the feelings with some one whom you trust rather than
piling up them within one self.
MANAGEMENT OF EMOTIONS

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5. Expressing out your emotions when you
experience them.
6. Cultivate regular habits of exercising, taking
good diet.
7. Think optimistically always and do not forget to
laugh.
8. Change the things which you can change.
9. Identify the things which you can change and
which you cannot change by knowing the
difference between these two
MANAGEMENT(Cont..)

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8.SUMMARY
• Cognition, conation, affect & physical changes are integral
part of emotion.
• Various theories are associated with emotion.
• Basic emotions are universal.
• PFC, limbic system, cingulate cortex, hypothalamus are
associated with emotion.
• Emotion can have effect in different systems of human
body and alteration in neurotransmitter s of brain.
• Altered emotion are is seen in many psychiatric condition.
• Polygraphy, fMRI, EEG etc measures physiological
responses of the autonomic nervous system.

58. REFERENCES
• Clifford Morgan ,Richard King ,John Weisz ,John Schopler.
Introduction To Psychology.7th edition
• Smith, Edward & Nolen-Hoeksema;ATKINSON AND HILGARDS
Introduction to Psychology;15th edition
• Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer; Introduction to Psychology: Gateways
to Mind and Behavior;12th edition
• Lorraine Bell, (2003) . Managing Intense Emotions and Overcoming
Self Destructive Habits. Hove:New York.
• Jason Yuan, Dr Kim E. Barrett, PhD, Susan M. Barman; Ganong's
Review of Medical Physiology;24th edition
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THANK YOU