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HenryAngelo-409-Mid-Report
- 3. ! 3!
Abstract*
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The!Vino!is!a!compact,!crossover!hybrid!SUV!designed!to!compete!with!the!
Kia!Soul,!a!competitor!in!its!class.!!The$goal$of$the$design$was$to$create$a$sporty,$fun$
car$with$strong$fuel$economy$thanks$to$a$hybrid$powertrain.!!The!design!process!for!
the!Vino!began!with!simple!drawing!and!dimensioning.!!From!the!dimensioning,!the!
power!required!from!the!car!(as!a!function!of!speed)!could!be!calculated.!!From!
powerIrequired!curves,!the!needed!maximum!power!from!the!engine!and!motor!
was!found!to!be!159.2!hp.!!!The!next!step!in!the!design!process!was!the!powertrain.!!
For!the!powertrain,!a!parallel!system!was!selected.!!The!components!for!the!
powertrain!(the!engine,!motor,!and!battery)!were!also!selected.!!!After!this!step!was!
the!drivetrain.!!A!5Ispeed!gearbox!with!an!overdrive!gear!along!with!engine!and!
motor!power!profiles!were!created.!!Calculating!energy!usage!of!the!powertrain!
components!was!the!next!phase!of!the!designing!process.!!This!was!accomplished!
through!the!usage!of!the!engine’s!BSFC!chart!and!a!mission!scenario!table.!!!From!
the!mission!scenario!table,!it!was!determined!that!a!17.7Igallon!gas!tank!was!
needed,!along!with!78.5!kg!of!battery!cells.!!In!addition,!the!mile!per!gallon!rating!of!
the!Vino!was!found!to!be!23.0.!!Using!all!the!information!gathered!about!the!
powertrain!and!drivetrain,!an!energy!schematic!diagram!was!made.!!The!last!thing!
done!was!comparing!the!Vino!to!its!competitor,!the!Kia!Soul!(the!2015!base!model,!
specifically).!!It!was!found!that!the!Vino!was!superior!to!the!Soul!in!performance,!
providing!more!power!and!torque!and!a!faster!0I60!time.!!However,!the!Vino!fell!
short!in!two!main!areas.!!The!first!was!with!fuel!efficiency,!the!second!with!
dimensioning!(the!Soul!has!more!headroom!and!cargo!space).!!Those!two!areas!are!
what!need!to!be!addressed!in!a!redesign.!!!
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- 4. ! 4!
Introduction*
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Today’s!auto!manufacturers!face!the!daunting!challenge!of!creating!viable!
cars!for!everyday!usage!while!limiting!environmental!impact.!!Over!the!last!several!
years,!global!warming!has!gained!the!public’s!attention.!!According!to!a!recent!
Gallup!poll,!50%!of!those!surveyed!believe!global!warming!poses!a!critical!threat!to!
the!United!States!over!the!next!10!years![1].!!!Cars,!which!primarily!use!internal!
combustion!engines,!are!one!of!the!fundamental!contributors!to!this!phenomenon,!
emitting!carbon!dioxide,!a!gas!that!prevents!outgoing!radiation!from!escaping!the!
earth.!!In!addition,!cars!emit!nitrous!oxide!and!unburned!hydrocarbons.!!These!
agents!react!to!light!and!other!particulate!matter!in!the!atmosphere,!producing!
smog.!!Smog!is!a!dark!colored!haze!that!poses!a!health!risk!to!the!elderly,!the!young,!
and!those!with!lung!diseases!such!as!asthma.!!!Before!the!advent!of!unleaded!fuels!
and!government!organizations!to!regulate!emissions!like!the!Environmental!
Protection!Agency!(EPA),!smog!was!a!severe!problem!in!large!U.S.!cities!such!as!Los!
Angeles.!
!
Over!the!last!couple!decades,!auto!manufacturers!have!begun!looking!to!
alternate!technologies.!!One!technology!is!100%!electric!vehicles!(EVs).!!!EVs!
maintain!three!key!advantages!over!internal!combustion!engine!powered!cars.!!!The!
first!and!foremost!advantage!for!consumers!is!that!EVs!cost!on!average!about!half!as!
much!to!drive!according!to!U.S.!Energy!Department!studies![2].!!!The!second!
advantage!is!they!produce!35I60%!less!carbon!dioxide![3].!!!The!third!is!that!with!
batteries!and!motors,!there!are!far!fewer!losses,!resulting!an!efficiency!of!about!90%!
compared!to!around!20%!for!an!internal!combustion!engine,!which!loses!a!
significant!amount!of!energy!due!to!heat![4].!!!The!big!drawback!on!EVs!however!is!
that!battery!packs!are!store!far!less!energy!per!unit!weight!than!gasoline.!!For!
instance!a!gallon!of!gas,!which!weighs!about!2.7!kg,!has!the!same!amount!of!energy!
as!340!kg!worth!of!lithiumIion!battery!packs.!!As!a!result,!EVs!are!often!limited!in!
range!to!less!than!100!miles![5].!!In!addition,!there!is!some!downtime!required!to!
charge!the!battery!packs,!which!can!be!on!the!order!of!hours!depending!on!the!
charging!station.!!!
!
Another!technology!that!has!gained!some!interest!is!fuel!cell.!!Fuel!cell!
powered!vehicles!run!on!hydrogen!gas!and!produce!no!harmful!tailpipe!emissions!
like!electric!vehicles.!!The!hydrogen!gas!is!mixed!with!oxygen!from!the!air!and!sent!
to!a!fuel!cell!stack![6].!!A!catalyst!cell!strips!electrons!from!hydrogen!atoms,!forming!
a!current!that!powers!an!electric!motor![6].!!The!electrons!eventually!recombine!
with!the!hydrogen!atoms!and!oxygen!to!form!water!as!a!byproduct![6].!!Compared!
to!EVs!however,!fuel!cell!is!far!less!ready!for!the!consumer!market.!!One!problem!is!
the!cost,!in!particular!with!the!fuel!cell!stack.!!The!catalyzing!cell!in!the!stack!
requires!platinum,!an!element!that!is!more!rare!than!gold.!!In!addition,!there!remain!
safety!concerns!over!the!storage!and!transportation!of!hydrogen!gas,!which!is!
known!to!be!extremely!reactive.!!!
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- 5. ! 5!
Due!to!the!drawbacks!of!electric!and!fuel!cell!vehicles,!the!consumer!market!
cannot!completely!abandon!internal!combustion!engines!just!yet.!!The!best!possible!
solution!right!now!is!to!mix!the!usage!of!electricity!and!gasoline!as!energy!sources.!!!
This!is!better!known!as!hybrid!vehicle!technology.!!In!hybrid!vehicles,!an!electric!
motor!and!an!internal!combustion!engine!are!used!to!power!the!car.!!!The!motor!
may!be!used!exclusively!in!low!speed!cruising!or!in!tandem!with!the!engine!for!
acceleration.!!With!hybrid!technology,!fewer!onboard!battery!packs!are!required!
compared!to!electric!vehicles.!!Consequently,!there!is!no!down!time!needed!for!
charging.!!When!the!engine!is!only!being!used,!the!motor!acts!as!a!generator!to!
recharge!the!packs.!!!Regenerative!breaking!also!supplements!charging!capabilities.!
Using!a!gasoline!engine!also!extends!the!range!and!power!output!of!the!vehicle.!!All!
these!advantages!make!hybrids!far!more!practical!for!consumers!than!the!other!two!
technologies.!
!
Thus!for!the!Vino,!a!hybrid!gasolineIelectric!motor!configuration!was!chosen.!!
For!the!Vino,!prescribed!sets!of!minimum!design!requirements!were!created.!!The!
car!must!have!a!zero!emission!cruise!mode!where!it!can!travel!at!60mph!on!only!
electricity!for!30!minutes.!!The!objective!of!this!requirement!is!to!emphasize!the!
potential!environmental!benefits!of!the!car!with!consumers.!!On!a!full!tank,!it!must!
have!a!driving!range!over!300!miles.!!In!terms!of!fuel!efficiency,!the!Vino!must!
exceed!20!miles!per!gallon.!!These!two!goals!ensure!the!car!is!practical!and!
affordable!for!daily!use.!!Performance!requirements!were!factored!into!the!design!
process!to!allow!the!Vino!to!be!competitive!with!sportIoriented!cars!on!the!market.!!
The!car!must!have!a!0!to!60!time!less!than!7!seconds!and!have!a!top!speed!of!120!
mph.!!Lastly,!the!total!weight!of!the!rechargeable!battery!packs!should!be!less!than!
100!kg!since!there!is!limited!storage!space!within!the!car.!
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- 6. ! 6!
Style*and*Design*
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The!Vino!is!a!compact!crossover!SUV!marketed!at!the!young!goIgetters!of!the!
world,!i.e.!the!18I24Iage!bracket.!!It!contains!the!grit!and!tenacity!you!have!come!to!
expect!from!larger!sport!utility!vehicles.!!It!is!a!car!you!can!take!offIroading!and!up!
mountains!on!the!weekends.!!!At!the!same!time,!it!has!the!compactness!and!handling!
of!a!hatchback,!making!it!ideal!for!navigating!around!town!on!the!weekdays.!!This!
vehicle!will!seat!up!to!five!passengers!comfortably.!!With!LED!matrix!head/tail!
lights,!sporty!body!paneling,!and!chrome!wheels,!it!has!the!styling!commonly!seen!
with!more!expensive!competitors.!!The!passenger!seats!can!be!folded!down!for!
additional!cargo!capabilities.!!Overall,!this!is!a!vehicle!features!remarkable!
versatility,!styling,!and!performance!for!a!car!in!its!class.!!A!threeIview!drawing!of!
the!Vino!can!be!found!in!Fig.!1!on!page!7.!!!The!car!was!specifically!designed!to!be!a!
competitor!the!Kia!Soul,!a!popular!choice!in!the!compact!crossover!SUV!market.!!The!
dimensioning,!curb!weight,!and!performance!goals,!parameters!that!define!the!car,!
were!all!chosen!with!this!specific!competitor!in!mind.!!Table!1!contains!the!
proposed!set!of!dimensions,!weight,!frontal!area,!and!performance!goals!for!the!
Vino.!!The!Kia!Soul!was!used!to!make!a!reasonable!estimate!for!the!Vino’s!curb!
weight.!
!
Table!1:!Specifications!for!the!proposed!Vino!
Height! 57”!!(145!cm)!
Length! 141”!(358!cm)!
Width! 72”!(183!cm)!
Curb!Weight!! 2,714!lbs!(1,231!kg)!
Battery!Pack!Weight! <!100!lbs!(220.5!kg)!
MPG! >!20!
Frontal!area!!(base!x!height!x!0.81)! 3,324!in2!(21,445!cm2)!
0I60!time!! <!7!seconds!
Top!speed! 120!mph!(193!km/h)!
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- 8. 8"
Meeting'Power'Requirements'
'
With"specifications"for"the"Vino"created,"calculations"can"be"made"for"total"
power"required.""When"the"car"is"in"motion,"the"engine"and"motor"must"provide"
enough"power"to"overcome"the"forces"of"aerodynamic"drag"and"rolling"resistance.""
Total"power"required"is"the"sum"of"the"power"needed"to"overcome"both"those"
components.""The"power"needed"to"overcome"rolling"resistance"is"defined"in"Eq."1."
"
Eq."1"" !! =!!! ∙ !" ∙ !"
"
In"the"equation,"rolling"resistance"is"a"function"of"the"car’s"velocity,"weight,"and"
rolling"friction"coefficient"fr.$The"rolling"resistance"coefficient"itself"is"a"function"of"
velocity"and"can"be"calculated"using"Eq."2."""
"
Eq."2"
!! = 0.01
!
100
"
"
The"power"needed"to"overcome"drag"is"defined"in"Eq."3.""It"is"a"function"drag"
coefficient,"air"density"(assumed"to"be"1.225"kg/m3),"frontal"area,"and"vehicle"
velocity."""
"
Eq."3" !! =!!! ∙
!
2
∙ ! ∙ !!
"
"
The"drag"coefficient"for"the"car"can"be"reasonably"estimated"through"the"use"of"the"
White"Method.""With"the"White"Method,"the"coefficient"is"calculated"based"on"the"
shape"and"contours"on"different"parts"of"the"car."""There"are"values"assigned"to"each"
possible"combination"and"a"total"of"nine"different"categories."""A"complete"
explanation"for"the"White"Method"can"be"found"in"Appendix"A."""Table"2"contains"the"
values"for"each"of"the"categories.""With"these"values,"the"drag"coefficient"is"calculated"
using"Eq."4."
"
Table"2:"White"Method"values"for"the"Vino"
A" B" C" D" E" F" G" H" I"
(AT2)"2" (BT3)"3" (CT2)"2" (DT2)"2" (ET5)"3" (FT1)"1" (GT5)"4" (HT5)"4" 1"
"
"
Eq."4" !! = 0.16 + 0.095 ∙ (! + ! + ! + ! + ! + ! + ! + ! + !)!"
"
The"drag"coefficient"was"found"to"be"0.37"±"0.01.""The"calculation"for"drag"coefficient"
uncertainty"can"be"found"in"the"Appendix"B.""For"a"point"of"comparison,"the"2015"Kia"
Soul"has"a"drag"coefficient"of"0.35,"making"the"calculation"for"the"Vino"a"sensible"
estimate"[7].""""
- 10. " 10"
"
The"power"needed"when"the"car"is"accelerating"from"0T60"is"calculated"with"Eq."6."
"""
Eq."6"
!! = !! ∙!
∆!
∆!
!∙!!!"#$"
"
∆!"is"the"change"in"speed"from"0"to"60"mph.""∆!"is"the"0T60"time.""Since"the"Vino"
needs"a"time"less"than"7"seconds,"6"seconds"could"be"used"for"this"calculation."$Vmean"
is"the"average"speed"during"the"acceleration,"which"is"simply"30"mph.""$Pa"required"
for"the"Vino"is"80.3"hp."""
"
Of"the"three"different"scenarios,"the"car"travelling"at"top"speed"is"the"one"that"
requires"the"most"power.""Thus,"the"maximum"power"required"for"the"Vino"is"125.8"
hp.""However,"when"the"engine"transmits"power,"there"are"losses"since"it"has"to"all"
go"through"a"transmission"and"drivetrain.""Eq."7"accounts"for"this"loss"and"provides"a"
new"maximum"power"required.""This"new"maximum"required"power"is"called"brake"
horsepower"(BHP)."
"
Eq."7""
!!!!"#!!"# =!
!!!!"#
1 − !"#$%&"'#(!!"##
"
"
The"drivetrain"loss"for"a"car"with"an"engine"and"motor"is"assumed"to"be"about"21%.""
Plugging"that"into"the"equation"gives"a"maximum"required"brake"horsepower"of"
159.2"hp."""
"
Powertrain'Design'
"
The"powertrain"is"name"of"the"system"of"components"that"work"together"to"
deliver"power"for"the"car’s"wheels.""In"hybrid"car"design,"there"are"three"main"
methods"that"are"used.""The"first"is"the"series"system,"as"illustrated"in"Fig."3."""The"
series"hybrid"uses"the"engine"solely"as"a"source"for"a"generator"to"create"electric"
power"for"the"motor."""
- 12. " 12"
both"the"previous"two"types.""The"driver"has"the"ability"to"attach"or"detach"the"
engine’s"connection"from"the"wheels"using"a"power"split"device."""
"
For"the"Vino,"the"parallel"hybrid"system"will"be"used.""The"parallel"system"delivers"
power"almost"directly"to"the"wheels"(via"a"transmission),"resulting"in"fewer"energy"
losses"than"the"series.""Fewer"battery"packs"are"needed"with"parallel,"meaning"a"
lower"weight"for"the"car."""Also,"the"driver"is"able"to"use"the"engine"to"meet"
instantaneous"power"needs."""Since"the"parallel"system"is"far"superior"to"the"series,"it"
in"addition"eliminates"the"point"in"having"a"dual"system"powertrain.""""
"
To"better"explain"how"the"parallel"powertrain"works"with"the"vehicle,"a"function"
diagram"was"created.""A"function"diagram"describes"the"flow"of"materials"(wheels),"
energy"(fuel),"and"signals"(driver"input)"through"the"system.""In"the"Fig."6"diagram,"
the"driver"either"steps"on"the"throttle"or"the"brake.""The"throttle"controls"the"power"
output"of"the"engine"and"motor."""The"brakes"in"this"case"are"regenerative"and"
convert"some"kinetic"energy"into"electricity.""Both"throttle"and"brake"control"the"
speed"of"the"vehicle.""The"entire"process"produces"heat"and"exhaust"as"a"byproduct."
"
Fig."6:"Functional"diagram"for"the"Vino’s"powertrain"
"
The"configuration"of"the"powertrain"is"also"an"important"topic"to"discuss.""For"the"
Vino’s"powertrain,"both"the"engine"and"motor"will"be"placed"in"the"front"of"the"car,"
on"or"near"the"axle,"as"shown"in"Fig."7.""The"specific"configuration"illustrated"is"called"
- 14. " 14"
Eq."9"
!"##$%&!!"#$ℎ! =
!!"#
!"#$%&%$!!"!#$%
"
"
The"battery"that"fit"the"bill"was"the"28Ah"lithiumTion"Hitachi"battery"cell,"a"battery"
commonly"found"in"electric"vehicles"and"plug"in"hybrids"today.""The"specific"energy"
for"this"battery"is"140"Wh/kg,"meaning"78.0"kg"of"cells"would"be"needed,"thus"
meeting"the"weight"requirement.""78.0"kg"of"battery"is"equal"to"108.33"cells.""Since"
there"cannot"be"an"extra"one"third"of"a"cell,"the"number"of"cells"rounds"up"to"109,"
bumping"the"battery"weight"to"78.5"kg."
"
Table"3:"Selected"battery:"28Ah"LithiumTion"Hitachi"Battery"Cell"for"PHEV"and"EV2"
[8]""
"
Dimensions"(mm)" 148"x"91"x"26.5"
Weight"(kg)" 0.72""
Nominal"Voltage"(V)" 3.6"
Rated"Capacity"(Ah)" 28"
Specific"Power"(W/kg)" 2,300"
Specific"Energy"(Wh/kg)" 140"
"
With"the"battery"selected,"the"next"step"is"to"find"a"motor.""The"motor"must"be"
powerful"enough"to"provide"at"least"the"required"brake"horsepower"at"60"mph.""The"
motor"must"also"not"require"more"power"than"what"the"battery"packs"can"provide.""
The"inequality"in"Eq."10"illustrates"where"the"motor"must"fit."
"
Eq."10" !!!!"# !!" ≤!!!"#"$ !≤ !"##$%& ! ! ⋅!!!"#"
"""
The"lower"limit"of"the"inequality"is"19.86"kW.""The"upper"limit"is"the"product"of"the"
battery’s"power"to"energy"ratio"and"the"minimum"required"battery"energy.""For"the"
Hitachi"battery"cell,"the"P/E"value"is"16.4"1/h"(specific"power"divided"by"specific"
energy),"meaning"the"maximum"allowable"power"for"the"motor"is"179.14"kW."""The"
BRUSA"ASM1"Asynchronous"Motor"is"a"model"that"satisfies"the"inequality.""The"
ASM1"was"specifically"manufactured"for"hybrid"cars"and"small"electric"vehicles.""The"
motor"produces"50"kW"of"power"at"3,700"rpm"and"at"its"maximum"delivers"107"kW."
- 15. " 15"
"
"
Table"4:"Selected"motor:"BRUSA"ASM1TAsynchronous"Motor"(400"V)"[9]"
"
Nominal"speed" 3,700"rpm""
Continuous"torque" 62.7"lbTft"(85"NTm)"
Max"torque" 202.8"lbTft"(275"NTm)"
Continuous"power" 67.1"hp"(50"kW)"
Max"power" 143.5"hp"(107"kW)"
Max"speed" 11,000"rpm"
Efficiency" 91%"
Weight" 123.2"lb"(55.9"kg)"
"
The"last"major"component"for"the"powertrain"is"the"engine.""The"engine"and"motor"
together"must"be"able"to"provide"enough"power"to"meet"the"maximum"power"
requirement.""The"maximum"power"required"is"159.2"hp"(118.8"kW),"when"the"car"is"
travelling"at"top"speed"on"a"flat"road.""The"selected"engine"must"simply"satisfy"the"
inequality"in"Eq."11."
"
Eq."11" !!"#$"! ≥!!!!!"#!!"# −!!!"#"$"
"
Based"on"the"inequality,"the"engine"must"be"able"to"produce"at"least"92.2"hp."
The"engine"picked"was"the"D17A1,"an"engine"from"an"older"line"of"Honda"Civics.""It"
can"produce"up"to"115"hp.""Despite"there"being"no"upper"limit"like"with"the"motor,"
picking"a"relatively"light"engine"(in"terms"of"power)"is"the"right"way"to"go"since"more"
powerful"engines"could"hurt"fuel"economy"calculations"later"on."
"
"
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"
"
"
"
"
- 16. " 16"
"
Table"5:""Selected"Engine:"D17A1"(found"in"2001T2005"Honda"Civic"DX/LX/VP)"[10]"
"
Displacement" 101.8"cubic"in"(1,668"cc)"
Compression" 9.5:1"
Power" 115"hp"(85.8"kW)"@"6,100"rpm"
Torque" 110"lbTft"(149"NTm)"@"4,500"rpm"
RPM"redline"" 6,750"rpm"
RevTlimiter"" 7,200"rpm"
Cylinders" Inline"4"
Valvetrain" SOHC"(4"valves"per"cylinder)"
"
To"summarize"things"for"the"powertrain"components,"the"battery"that"was"picked"
was"the"28Ah"LithiumTion"Hitachi"Battery"Cell.""Its"high"specific"energy"enabled"for"
the"total"battery"weight"to"be"less"than"100"kg."""The"selected"motor"was"the"Brusa"
ASM1TAsynchronous"Motor.""The"motor"produces"more"than"the"required"brake"
horsepower"at"60"mph"and"at"the"same"time"does"not"exceed"the"available"battery"
power.""The"selected"engine"was"the"D17A1"from"an"older"generation"of"Honda"
Civics.""The"engine"can"work"in"tandem"with"the"motor"to"produce"the"maximum"
power"required"for"travel"at"top"speed."
"
Drivetrain'Design'
'
' Besides"the"powertrain,"the"drivetrain"is"another"major"system"that"must"be"
designed"for"the"Vino.""The"drivetrain"is"the"system"that"controls"how"the"power"is"
delivered"to"the"wheels."""The"drivetrain"is"composed"of"the"transmission"and"the"
differential,"which"connects"the"transmission"to"the"axle.""The"transmission"controls"
the"power"delivery"to"the"differential"and"axle"through"gears.""Gears"enables"for"
maximum"engine"power"delivery"at"lower"vehicle"speeds.""The"first"step"in"the"
drivetrain"design"process"is"to"find"the"differential"gear"ratio.""This"is"accomplished"
by"solving"for"variable"R"in"Eq."12."""In"Eq."12,"D"is"the"diameter"of"the"wheels"(20”"
for"the"Vino),"N"is"the"engine"speed,"and"G"is"the"gear"ratio."
"
- 17. " 17"
Eq."12"
!! !"ℎ = !2.97 ∙
!! !"#ℎ ∙ !!(1,000!!"#)
! ∙ !
"
"
R"is"found"by"plugging"in"values"for"the"last"gear.""The"last"gear"has"a"ratio"of"1.0"and"
produces"115"hp"at"120"mph"with"the"D17A1"engine"operating"at"6,100"rpm.""For"
the"Vino,"differential"ratio"is"3.0.""With"the"differential"ratio"found,"the"next"step"is"to"
find"the"gear"ratios"for"other"gears.""For"the"Vino,"there"are"five"total"gears,"
producing"maximum"power"delivery"at"the"selected"speeds"of"30,"60,"80,"100,"and"
120"mph.""This"is"accomplished"again"by"using"Eq."12."Table"6"lists"all"the"calculated"
gear"ratios."
"
Table"6:"Gear"ratios"and"speeds"for"the"Vino"
Gear" Ratio" Speed"V"(mph)"
G1" 4.0" 30"
G2" 2.0" 60"
G3" 1.6" 80"
G4" 1.2" 100"
G5" 1.0" 120"
Overdrive" 0.7" T"
R" 3.0" T"
"
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
- 20. " 20"
"
Table"7:"Acceleration"times"from"0T60"mph"for"the"Vino"
Velocity"(mph)" time"(s)"
V0" 0" t0" 0.00"
V1" 10" t1" 0.35"
V2" 20" t2" 0.89"
V3" 30" t3" 1.49"
V4" 40" t4" 2.59"
V5" 50" t5" 3.75"
V6" 60" t6" 4.97"
"
For"the"Vino,"the"calculated"0T60"time"is"4.97"seconds.""This"well"satisfies"the"
requirement"of"a"time"under"7"seconds,"as"outlined"in"the"style"and"design"section.""
Fig."10"offers"a"visual"representation"of"the"car’s"acceleration"performance."
"
Fig."10:"Acceleration"Performance"Curve"of"the"Vino"
"
"
In"Fig."10,"the"curve’s"slope"appears"to"decrease"with"time,"indicating"a"gradual"drop"
in"acceleration."""At"10"mph,"the"calculated"acceleration"is"12.6"m/s2."""When"the"car"
is"travelling"at"60"mph,"the"acceleration"dropped"to"3.7"m/s2."""This"acceleration"
drop"is"sensible"when"looking"at"the"power"profile"of"the"car.""With"increasing"speed,"
aerodynamic"drag"takes"off"and"thus"more"power"is"required"to"overcome"the"force."""
"
"
"
"
"
"
0"
10"
20"
30"
40"
50"
60"
70"
80"
0" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9"
Velocity"(mph)"
time"(s)"
- 23. 23#
There#are#seven#different#driving#scenarios#covered#in#the#chart:#
• Acceleration#mode#(0960#mph,#full#throttle,#engine/motor#on)#–#4.97#s,#2#
cycles#
• Deceleration#mode#(6090#mph,#engine#off,#regenerative#braking)#–#20#s,#2#
cycles#
• Cruising#(60#mph,#engine#on,#motor#off)#–#30#min,#8#cycles#
• Zero#Emission#Cruise#(60#mph,#engine#off,#motor#on)#–#30#min,#2#cycles#
• 59degree#hill#climb#(60#mph,#engine/motor#on)#–#15#min,#2#cycles#
• Urban#1#(45#mph,#engine/motor#on)#–#10#min,#2#cycles#
• Urban#2#(25#mph,#engine#off,#motor#on)#–#10#min,#6#cycles#
#
The#number#of#cycles#for#each#scenario#was#selected#based#off#expected#driver#
frequency.##The#scenario#expected#to#be#the#most#frequent#is#cruising#and#thus#was#
given#the#highest#amount#of#cycles#at#8.##The#second#most#frequent#was#urban#2#and#
designated#6#cycles.##The#other#scenarios#were#deemed#to#be#less#frequent#and#each#
was#given#2#cycles.###The#rest#of#this#section#discusses#how#the#other#parameters#for#
the#mission#scenario#table#were#calculated.#
#
Power&usage:&
For#acceleration,#power#usage#cannot#be#calculated#since#its#continuously#changing.##
For#deceleration,#the#engine#is#off#so#no#power#is#being#used.##For#the#59degree#hill#
climb#at#60#mph:#
#
Eq.#16# !"#$%!!"#$% = !!!!"# !!" + !!" ∙ sin 5° ∙ !!"#
#
As#for#the#other#driving#modes,#power#usage#is#equal#to#the#brake#horsepower#
required#at#that#speed#(see#Eq.#7).#
#
Engine&speed:&
For#cruising,#hill#climb,#and#urban#1,#engine#speed#can#be#backward#calculated#using#
Eq.#12.##Engine#speed#for#cruising#and#hill#climb#are#equal.#
#
Engine&Load:&&
Engine#load#is#the#power#usage/power#available#(formula#applies#for#cruise#and#
urban#1).##Power#available#at#the#defined#vehicle#speed#is#based#on#the#overdrive#
gear#(see#Fig.#8).#For#acceleration,#the#engine#is#assumed#to#be#100%#loaded.##The#
hill#climb#engine#load#is#set#to#90%#to#minimize#BSFC.###
#
BSFC:&
Fig.#11#is#used.##For#hill#climb,#use#rpm#to#find#maximum#power#value#on#the#top#
curve.##The#BSFC#is#the#value#corresponding#to#90%#of#the#maximum#power#value.#
#
Engine/motor&split:&
Based#off#engine#loading.###When#only#the#motor#is#running,#the#split#is#0/100.#
- 24. # 24#
#
Eq.#17# !"#$"%!!"#$% = (%!!"#$!/100) ∙ 63#
!"#"$!!"#$% = 100 − !"#$"%!!"#$%#
#
Total&Energy&usage:&
Acceleration#energy#usage#calculated#using#Eq.#18.##Calculation#repeated#from#i#=#0#
to#i#=#6.#
#
Eq.#18#
!"#$%&!!"#$%! =!
!!! +!!!
1 − !"#$%&"'#(!!"##
∙ !! −!!!!! #
#
Deceleration#energy#usage#calculated#using#Eq.#19#(37%#of#kinetic#energy#recovered#
via#regenerative#braking).##Plug#in#60#mph#for#v.#
#
Eq.#19#
!"#$%&!!"#$% = −0.37 ∙
1
2
!!!
#
#
For#the#other#driving#modes,#energy#usage#is#the#power#usage#multiplied#by#time.#
&
Energy/cycle:&
For#the#engine,#it#is#expressed#in#kg#with#Eq.#20.###
#
Eq.#20# !"#$"%!!"!#$%! !" = %!!"#$%! ∙!
!!
1 − !"#$%&"'#(!!"##
!∙ !"#$!!"!!"!#$!! ∙ !!"##
#
#
For#the#motor#it#is#expressed#in#kWh#(Eq.#21).#
#
Eq.#21#
!"#$"%!!"!#$%! !"ℎ = %!!"#$%! ∙!
!!
1 − !"#$%&"'#(!!"##
!∙ !"#$!!"!!"!#$!#
#
#
Total&Fuel&Required:&
Found#using#Eq.#22.##Assume#a#20%#generator#motor#loss.##This#loss#is#attributed#to#
when#the#engine#is#only#running#and#generating#power#for#the#battery#via#the#motor.##
Use#285#g/kWh#for#the#BSFC.###
#
Eq.#22#
!"#$%!!"#$ = !"#$%!!"#$"%!!"#$! ∙
!"#$%!!"#"$!!"!#$%
1 − !"#!"#$%"!!"#"$!!"##
!∙ !"#$!@!60!!"ℎ&
&
In#the#mission#scenario,#the#total#fuel#needed#is#43.9#kg.###In#gallons#this#is#16.1#gal#
(based#off#gasoline#density#of#719.7#kg/m3).##The#corresponding#fuel#tank#size#is#an#
extra#10%#of#the#fuel#needed,#making#the#tank#size#17.7#gal.###
#
&
&
- 25. # 25#
MPG&rating:&
The#MPG#rating#for#the#Vino#is#23.0#MPG#(meets#requirement#in#style#and#design).##It#
was#found#through#Eq.#23.###
#
Eq.#23#
!"# =!
!"#$%!!"#$%&'(
!"#$%!!"#$!!""#"#
#
#
Battery&weight:&
The#battery#weight#calculation#was#discussed#in#the#selecting#powertrain#
components#section#(page#14).##The#battery#weight#for#the#Vino#is#78.5#kg.###
#
Energy&System&Schematic:&
Now#that#the#details#of#the#Vino’s#engine,#motor,#gearbox,#battery,#fuel#tank#have#
been#fleshed#out,#an#energy#system#schematic#can#be#made.##An#energy#system#
schematic#shows#how#each#of#the#components#are#arranged#and#connected#within#
the#car.###Curved#wires#indicate#a#component#that#can#be#moved#around#(example:#an#
inverter).##Straight#wires#indicate#a#component#that#must#remain#in#a#fixed#location#
(example:#the#fuel#tank).###The#motor,#engine,#and#gearbox#all#rest#in#the#front#of#the#
car,#over#the#axle.###The#battery#pack#and#fuel#tank#are#placed#in#the#back#of#the#car,#
over#the#axle.##These#components#were#placed#over#the#front#and#rear#axles#in#an#
effort#to#create#a#more#balanced#weight#distribution.##Also#of#note#is#the#fact#the#car#
is#front#wheel#drive,#meaning#the#front#tires#are#the#only#ones#that#receive#power.##
The#schematic#can#be#found#on#the#next#page#(Table#8).#
#
The#color#scheme#legend:#
Blue:#Stores#energy#(battery#pack,#fuel#tank)#
Yellow:#Converts#energy#(engine,#motor)#
Purple:#Transmits#energy#(gearbox,#inverter)#
Red:#Absorbs#energy#(front#wheels)#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
- 27. # 27#
Table#9:#Comparing#the#Vino#and#2015#Kia#Soul’s#Exterior#Dimensions#[11]#
Dimensions# Vino# Kia#Soul#
Length#(in)# 142# 163#
Width#(in)# 72# 71#
Height#(in)# 57# 63#
Curb#Weight#(lb)# 2714# 2714#
#
The#curb#weight#for#both#cars#is#the#same#because#the#Vino#used#the#Soul’s#curb#
weight#to#make#a#reasonable#estimate#for#calculations.##As#for#length,#width,#and#
height,#The#Soul#seems#to#have#a#significantly#larger#height,#translating#to#more#
headroom#for#passengers.##In#addition,#the#Soul’s#length#is#longer#by#21#inches,#
meaning#it#would#have#superior#cargo#storing#capabilities#compared#to#the#Vino.##
The#next#sets#of#comparisons#are#with#performance#(Table#10).#
#
Table#10:#Comparing#the#Vino#and#the#2015#Kia#Soul’s#Performance#Capabilities#[11]#
Dimensions# Vino# Kia#Soul#
Total#Power#Output#(hp)# 182.1## 130#
Total#Torque#Output#(lb9ft)# 172.2## 118##
0960#time#(s)# 5.0# 8.3#
MPG#rating# 23#combined# 26#combined#
Fuel#Tank#Capacity#(gal)# 17.7# 14.2#
#
In#terms#of#power#and#torque,#the#Vino#appears#to#offer#far#superior#performance,#
thanks#in#part#to#its#usage#of#an#electric#motor#alongside#a#conventional#engine.##Kia#
has#yet#to#make#hybrid#models#of#the#Soul.##The#Vino’s#superior#power#and#torque#in#
addition#helps#give#it#the#edge#in#0960#times.##The#Vino#reaches#60#mph,#3.3#seconds#
earlier#than#the#Soul,#which#is#a#significant#margin.##The#area#where#the#Soul#has#the#
edge#is#with#MPG#rating,#getting#three#more#miles#to#the#gallon#than#the#Vino#
(combined#MPG#accounts#for#both#city/highway#driving).##Higher#MPG#also#means#
less#fuel#is#needed.##The#Vino’s#tank#is#smaller#by#3.5#gallons.###
#
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
- 28. # 28#
Conclusions&&
&
Overall,#the#Vino#is#a#quality#choice#for#the#compact#crossover#SUV#market.##It#
offers#strong#performance,#superior#to#cars#in#its#class.##It#offers#a#0960#time#is#what#
would#normally#be#expected#from#luxury#sports#coupes.##However,#it#does#lack#in#
some#places.##The#length#of#the#Vino#is#a#bit#on#the#small#side,#meaning#it#would#hold#
less#cargo#space#than#comparable#SUVs.##In#addition,#the#height#is#low#too.##These#
parameters#could#probably#be#quickly#adjusted#in#a#redesign.##The#biggest#concern#is#
with#fuel#efficiency.##A#239combined#MPG#is#a#disappointing#figure#from#a#hybrid#car.##
Even#the#non9hybrid#Kia#Soul#offered#a#superior#MPG.##However,#the#Vino’s#MPG#is#
not#a#complete#surprise.##With#performance,#there#is#almost#always#a#tradeoff#with#
efficiency.##As#for#the#design#process,#it#was#technically#a#success#since#all#the#
minimum#goals#outlined#in#the#style#and#design#section#were#met.#
#
Recommendations&
&
In#future#redesigns#of#the#Vino,#fuel#economy#would#be#biggest#place#to#
improve.###This#can#be#done#by#first#lowering#the#top#speed.##For#the#Vino,#the#top#
speed#is#120#mph.##Travelling#top#speed#is#one#of#the#most#power#demanding#driving#
scenarios.##Lowering#the#top#speed#would#mean#a#lower#required#maximum#brake#
horsepower,#which#means#a#smaller#engine#can#be#chosen.##A#smaller#engine#would#
lower#BSFC#values#for#some#of#the#driving#scenarios#and#thus#increase#fuel#
efficiency.##The#other#place#for#redesigning#is#with#the#height#and#length#dimensions,#
as#alluded#to#in#the#conclusions.##This#would#improve#headroom#and#cargo#capacity.#
#
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
- 29. # 29#
References&
[1]## Gallup,#'Environment:#Gallup#History’,#2016.#[Online].#Available:#
http://www.gallup.com/poll/1615/environment.aspx.#[Accessed:#07#Mar.#
2016].#
#
[2]## Energy.gov,#‘The#eGallon:#How#Much#Cheaper#Is#It#to#Drive#on#Electricity?’,#
2013.#[Online].#Available:#http://energy.gov/articles/egallon9how9much9
cheaper9it9drive9electricity.#[Accessed:#07#Mar.#2016].#
#
[3]## Hybrid#Cars,#'America’s#Lowest#Carbon#Footprint#Cars’,#2015.#[Online].#
Available:#http://www.hybridcars.com/americas9lowest9carbon9footprint9
cars/.#[Accessed:#07#Mar.#2016].#
#
[4]# Green#Car#Reports,#'Toyota#Gasoline#Engine#Achieves#Thermal#Efficiency#of#
38#Percent',#2014.#[Online].#Available:#
http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1091436_toyota9gasoline9engine9
achieves9thermal9efficiency9of9389percent.#[Accessed:#07#Mar.#2016].#
#
[5]## Autos#CheatSheet,#'10#Electric#Vehicles#With#the#Best#Range#in#2015’,#2015.#
[Online].#Available:#http://www.cheatsheet.com/automobiles/top9109
electric9vehicles9with9the9longest9driving9range.html/?a=viewall.#[Accessed:#
07#Mar.#2016].#
#
[6]## U.S.#Department#of#Energy,#'Fuel#Cell#Vehicles’,#2016.#[Online].#Available:#
https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fuelcell.shtml.#[Accessed:#07#Mar.#2016].#
#
[7]## Automobile#Magazine,#'2015#Kia#Soul#EV#Review’,#2015.#[Online].#Available:#
http://www.automobilemag.com/news/20159kia9soul9ev9review/.#
[Accessed:#07#Mar.#2016].#
#
[8]## Hitachi,#'Product#Specification’.#2016.#[Online].#Available:#
http://www.hitachi9ve.co.jp/en/products/spec/index.html.#[Accessed:#08#
Mar.#2016].#
&
[9]## Metric#Mind#Corporation,#'BRUSA#ASM196.17.12#Asynchronous#Motor.#2016.#
[Online].#Available:#http://www.metricmind.com/products/brusa9asm969179
12/.#[Accessed:#08#Mar.#2016].#
#
[10]# JDM#Quality,#‘D17A1#SOHC#Non#VTEC#Engine#Only#01905’,##2016.#[Online].#
Available:#http://www.jdmquality.com/honda9acura/d17a19sohc9non9vtec9
engine9only901905.html.#[Accessed:#08#Mar.#2016].#
#
[11]# Kia,#‘Features#&#Specs#–#The#2015#Kia#Soul’,#2015.#[Online].#Available:#
http://www.kia.com/us/en/vehicle/soul/2015/features.#[Accessed:#08#Mar.#
2016]#
