Pharmacognostic description

1. Indigenous traditional and Complementary Medicine
• “Indigenous traditional medicine”: Defined as the sum total of knowledge and
practices, whether explicable or not, used in diagnosing, preventing or eliminating
physical, mental and social diseases.
• This knowledge or practice may rely exclusively on past experience and observation
handed down orally or in writing from generation to generation. These practices are
native to the country in which they are practised.
• The majority of indigenous traditional medicine has been practised at the primary
health care level.
Definition of “TM” based on WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023:
The sum total of the knowledge, skill and practices based on the theories, beliefs and
experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the
maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment
of physical and mental illness.
Definition of “Complementary medicine” (CM) based on WHO Strategy 2014–2023:
A broad set of health care practices that are not part of a country’s own tradition nor part
of conventional medicine, and are not fully integrated into the dominant health care
system. CM practices are used interchangeably with TM practices in some countries.
The term T&CM encompasses;
 Both TM and  CM products, practices and practitioners.

2. Types of TM & CM Practices
• Acupuncture • Ayurvedic Medicine
• Chiropractic • Herbal Medicine
• Homeopathy • Naturopathy
• Osteopathy • Traditional Chinese
Medicine
• Unani Medicine.

3. Link between Traditional and Complementary Medicine

4. Link between Traditional and Complementary Medicine

5. National Healthcare Systems: Major Stakeholders
•
WHO
GLOBAL
REPORT
ON
TRADITIONAL
AND
COMPLEMENTARY
MEDICINE
2019

8. Herbal medicines in Primary Healthcare
• Herbal medicines contribute to the provision of primary healthcare to millions of
people in the world today.
• With increasing burden from communicable and non-communicable diseases,
demand for herbal medicine is on the increase globally.
• The standardization of production protocols enders it for use as complementary and
alternative therapeutic formulations
• Other factors include it of availability, acceptability, efficacy and affordability, esp.
middle and lower socio-economic cohort of population.
• Bottom line: Phytotherapeutic agents have immense potential in attainment of
universal health coverage as envisaged by world health organization.
• The World Health Organization estimates that 70-90 % of Africa’s rural population relies on
traditional medicines to meet their health needs.

10. Trends in the use Regulation, Integration and Quality Control
of Herbal Medicines
• Global Trends:
• Europe: Over 100 million people use traditional medicine products and practices with one
fifth using it as an alternative medicine and complementary to conventional medicine.
• United Kingdom: 40% of the physicians make referrals to alternative practitioners.
• Populations in France, Canada and Australia use Complementary and Alternative Medicine
(CAM) in 49, 76 and 46 percent respectively.
• Hongkong: About 60% of the population consults traditional healers. In Singapore for
example, local researchers use computer software to analyze multi-herb preparations .
• South America : Populations comprising 71% and 48% Chile and Colombia, respectively use
traditional medicines.
• Traditional medicines is taught in in medical schools & institutions in numerous countries.
• Africa: Many countries are yet to integrate these forms of medicines into their mainstream
healthcare systems.
• Fully integrated in: Ghana, South Africa and Nigeria have integrated traditional medicine.
• Partially integrated: Tanzania, Ethiopia and Rwanda.
• Developing policies towards integration: Uganda, Chad and Gabon.

11. Role of Stakeholders in Integration of TM in Cubas National Health Care
System
• Herbal Practices, providers, education and health insurance NTM is
practised within the national health system by health professionals and
technicians, according to their specialty and area of practice.
• Since 1995, there has been training for physicians in NTM specialties.
• As at 2017, there were 215 NTM specialists and 122 residents in training.
• The regulations governing the practice of NTM were most recently
updated in 2015.
• There is no separate register for NTM practitioners because it is practised
by health professionals and technicians, including specialist physicians,
and so these practitioners are included on the practitioner register under
the National Health System.
• According to a 2010 report on use of NTM within Cuba, indigenous TM is
used by 80–99% of the population, acupuncture by 60–79%, herbal
medicines by 80–99% and homeopathy by 40–59%.
• NTM providers practise in public1 clinics, hospitals, integrated
rehabilitation services, and municipal and provincial centres of NTM.
• A licence or certificate issued by a relevant academic institution is
required for NTM practice.
• Universities offer higher education degrees such as a master’s, a PhD in
medicine or a clinical doctorate nutritional counselling.

12. • The Cuban Government also officially recognizes training programmes for herbalists,
health care workers and agricultural technicians.
• The types of NTM practices approved for use in the national health care system”:
Phytotherapy Apitherapy
Traditional Asian medicine (acupuncture, catgut implantation, acupuncture points
stimulation using medicines, light, temperature, mechanical, ultrasonic, electrical,
magnetic and traditional Asian medicine microsystems).
Ozone therapy Homeopathy
Floral therapy (Bach floral therapeutic system)
Medical hydrology (medicinal mineral waters, minerals, peloids and climate).
Helium thalassotherapy.
Traditional therapeutic exercises and naturalistic

13. Identifying strengths and weaknesses of the integration of biomedical
and herbal medicine units in Ghana using the WHO Health Systems
Framework: a qualitative study

14. • Trends in Kenya:
• Estimates indicate that more than 1200 species of medicinal plants are used from a flora of
approximately 10,000 members
• Between 2009 and 2012, over 120 herbalists from across Kenya had reported using at least
3 herbs in their practice with good success rates in therapeutic claims against various
diseases including malaria, typhoid, pneumonia, diarrhea, arthritis, sexually transmitted
infections, toothaches and helminthiasis among others.
• Regulation Policies in Kenya
• 2007: A Draft Policy on traditional medicine and medicinal plants was developed towards
fully regulation of TC and CMs in Kenya.
Key subjects of priority:
• Safety and efficacy Production Domestication
commercialization. Conservation
Modern governance practices Modern governance practices are guided and shaped by
national laws, county by-laws, acts of parliament and policies. Three key items to consider
information of good laws and policies include having the right definition of traditional
medicine, robust regulations and the preservation of intellectual property rights
The governance of traditional medicine and herbal remedies in the selected local markets of
Western Kenya; 2020

15. Challenges of Traditional Medicine In Kenya
• There is little official recognition of the role traditional medicine in Kenya
plays as far as National healthcare is concerned
• Main Challenges affecting TM Practice :
• Stigmatization due to poor perceptions and attitudes
• Inadequate efforts to conserve medicinal plants and indigenous
knowledge
• Modernization, exploitation of communities that own the knowledge
• Issues on safety, efficacy, and quality access
• Irrational use of herbal medicine
• Lack of a national policy and regulatory framework.
Traditional Medicine in Kenya: Past And Current Status, Challenges, and
The Way Forward: 2020: Article C of Module VI

16. Criteria and Indicators for Promoting Cultivation and Conservation of
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
hallenges of Traditional Medicine In Kenya

17. Conservation of Medicinal Plants

18. Conservation of Medicinal Plants