Information Literacy (Importance of Flood mitigation Project)

KURSUS LITERASI MAKLUMAT
Information Literacy Course
GIG 1004
THE IMPORTANCE OF FLOOD MITIGATION
PROJECTS TO A CITY
PREPARED BY
AMIRAH BINTI BASIR
SIF170004
GROUP: K20
PREPARED FOR
PUAN ANNUR THAHIRAH BINTI ABD. HADI
24 MAY 2019
K20

Part A
Flood mitigation projects in city
CONCEPT A CONCEPT B
Alternative keyword 1 Alternative keyword 1
OR OR
AND
Alternative keyword 2 Alternative keyword 2
Search Statement:
Flood Mitigation AND (city OR Kuala Lumpur)
(Flood Mitigation OR Floodwalls* ) AND city
Flood Mitigation
Floodwalls
Drainage System
city
Kuala Lumpur
Putrajaya

Part B
Item 1: THESIS
Item information:
APA Style
Lim, K. S. (2002). Studies on the flood mitigation program in Kuala Lumpur area.
(Dissertation). Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Author Lim, King Shing
Year of Submission 2002
Title Studies on the flood mitigation program in
Kuala Lumpur area
Type of Item Dissertation
Name of University Universiti Malaya
Place of University Kuala Lumpur

Item 2: ACADEMIC EXERCISE
Item information:
Author Mohd Zamir Mohd Zamri
Year of Submission 2015
Title Flash flood risk mitigation through urban
design in Kuala Lumpur city centre
Type of Item Academic exercise
Name of University University of Malaya
Place of University Kuala Lumpur
APA Style
Mohd Zamir Mohd Zamri. (2015). Flash flood risk mitigation through urban design in Kuala
Lumpur city centre (Academic exercise). University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

Item 3: PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER
Item information:
Author of Proceeding paper Chan, Ngai Weng
Year of Publication 2000
Title of Conference Paper Management of flood disasters in Malaysia :
combining official and traditional flood
mitigation systems for overall effective
flood loss reduction
Editor of Proceeding Juhary Haji Ali
Title of Proceeding International Conference on Disaster
Management : Lessons to be Learnt
Proceeding Paper Pagination Number 19-37
Place of Publication Kedah
Publisher School of Management, Universiti Utara
Malaysia
APA Style
Chan, N. W. (2000). Management of flood disasters in Malaysia: combining official and
traditional flood mitigation systems for overall effective flood loss reduction. In
Juhary Haji Ali. International Conference on Disaster Management: Lessons to be
Learnt (pp. 19-37). Langkawi, Kedah: School of Management, Universiti Utara
Malaysia.

Part C
Item 1: Article Journal from Online Database
Material description:
Author Marie Fournier, Corinne Larrue, Meghan
Alexander, Dries Hegger, MarloesBakker,
Maria Pettersson, Ann Crabbé, Hannelore
Mees, Adam Chorynski
Publication year 2016
Article title Flood risk mitigation in Europe: how far
away are we from the aspired forms of
adaptive governance?
Journal title Ecology and Society
Volume 21
Issue number 4
Pagination 1-14
URL/DOI https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270027
Date retrieved 16 April 2019
APA Citation Style
Fournier, M., Larrue, C., Alexander, M., Hegger, D., Bakker, M., Pettersson, M., . . .
Chorynski, A. (2016). Flood risk mitigation in Europe: how far away are we from the
aspired forms of adaptive governance? Ecology and Society, 21(4) 1-14. Retrieved
from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270027

Author Tran Thanh Tu, Vilas Nitivattananon
Article title Adaptation to flood risks in Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam
Journal title International Journal of Climate Change
Strategies and Management
Volume 3
Issue number 1
Pagination 61-73
URL/DOI https://doi.org/10.1108/17568691111107943
APA Citation Style
Tu, T. T. & Nitivattananon, V. (2011). Adaptation to flood risks in Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 3(1),
61-73. doi:10.1108/17568691111107943

Author Samuel D. Brody, Sarah P. Bernhardt,
Sammy Zahran, Kang Jung Eun
Article title Evaluating Local Flood Mitigation
Strategies in Texas and Florida
Journal title Built Environment (1978-)
Volume 35
Issue number 4
Pagination 492-515
URL/DOI https://www.jstor.org/stable/23290000
APA Citation Style
Brody, S. D., Bernhardt, S. P., Zahran, S., & Kang, J. E. (2009). Evaluating local flood
mitigation strategies in Texas and Florida. Built Environment (1978-), 35(4), 492-515.
Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23290000

Author Achmad Ghozali, Ariyaningsih, Riyan
Benny Sukmara, Belinda Ulfa Aulia
Article title A Comparative Study of Climate Change
Mitigation and Adaptation on Flood
Management between Ayutthaya City
(Thailand) and Samarinda City (Indonesia)
Journal title Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
Volume 227
Issue number -
Pagination 424-429
URL/DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.096
APA Citation Style:
Ghozali, A., Ariyaningsih, Sukmara, R. B., Aulia, B. U.. (2016). A comparative study of
climate change mitigation and adaptation on flood management between Ayutthaya
City (Thailand) and Samarinda City (Indonesia), Procedia - Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 227, 424-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.096.

Author Aromar Revi
Article title Climate change risk: an adaptation and
mitigation agenda for Indian cities
Journal title Environment and Urbanization
Volume 20
Issue number 1
Pagination 207-229
URL/DOI doi:10.1177/0956247808089157
APA Citation Style
Revi, A. (2008). Climate change risk: an adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities.
Environment and Urbanization, 20(1), 207-229. doi:10.1177/0956247808089157

Author Wanyun Shao, Barry D. Keim, Siyuan Xian,
Ryan O'Connor
Article title Flood hazards and perceptions – A comparative
study of two cities in Alabama
Journal title Journal of Hydrology
Volume 569
Issue number -
Pagination 546-555
URL/DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.070.
APA Citation Style
Wanyun, S., Barry, D. K., Siyuan, X., Ryan, O'C. (2019) Flood hazards and perceptions – A
comparative study of two cities in Alabama, Journal of Hydrology, 569, 546-555.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.070.

Author Imam Buchoria, Angrenggani Pramitasari,
Agung Sugiri, Maryono Maryono, Yudi Basuki,
Anang Wahyu Sejati
Article title Adaptation to coastal flooding and inundation:
Mitigations and migration pattern in Semarang
City, Indonesia
Journal title Ocean & Coastal Management
Volume 163
Issue number -
Pagination 445-455
URL/DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.07.017
APA Citation Style
Buchori, I., Pramitasari, A., Sugiri, A., Maryono, M., Basuki, Y., & Sejati, A. W. (2018).
Adaptation to coastal flooding and inundation: Mitigations and migration pattern in
Semarang City, Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management, 163, 445-455. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.07.017

Author Hwayoung Kim, Ryuji Kakimoto
Article title An international comparative analysis of
local hazard mitigation plan evaluation for
flood: The USA, Japan and Korea
Journal title International Journal of Disaster Resilience
in the Built Environment
Volume 7
Issue number 4
Pagination 406-419
URL/DOI doi:10.1108/IJDRBE-07-2014-0056
APA Citation Style
Hwayoung, K., Ryuji, K.. (2016). An international comparative analysis of local hazard
mitigation plan evaluation for flood: The USA, Japan and Korea. International
Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(4), 406-419.
doi:10.1108/IJDRBE-07-2014-0056

Part D
Item 1: Personal Article from Web Resources
Material Description:
Author Shuhan Zhang, Yongkun Li, Meihong Ma, Ting
Song and Ruining Song
Publication Year, Month, Date 2018, August 06
Article Title Storm water management and flood control in
sponge city construction of Beijing
Date Retrieved 2019, April 23
URL Address https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/8/1040/pdf
APA Citation Style
Zhang, S. Yongkun, L. Meihong, M. Song, T. & Song, R. (2018, August 06). Storm water
management and flood control in sponge city construction of Beijing. Retrieved from
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/8/1040/pdf

Item 2: Report from a Private Organization from Web Resources
Author National Research Council
Publication Year 2013
Book Title Levees and the National Flood Insurance
Program : Improving Policies and Practices
Place of Publication Washington, DC
Publisher The National Academies Press
Date Retrieved 2019, April 23
URL Address https://www.nap.edu/read/18309/chapter/8#126
APA Citation Style
National Research Council. (2013). Levees and the National Flood Insurance
Program: Improving Policies and Practices. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17226/18309.

Item 3: Journal Article from Web Resources
Author Ahmad Junaidi, Nurhamidah Nurhamidah,
Darwizal Daoed
Publication Year 2018
Article Title Future flood management strategies in Indonesia
Journal Title MATEC Web Conf.
Volume 229
Issues -
Pagination Number -
Date Retrieved 2019, Mei 5
URL Address https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822901014
APA Citation Style
Ahmad Junaidi, Nurhamidah Nurhamidah, Darwizal Daoed. (2018). Future flood
management strategies in Indonesia. MATEC Web Conf., 229. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822901014

Part E
References
Ahmad Junaidi, Nurhamidah Nurhamidah, Darwizal Daoed. (2018). Future flood
management strategies in Indonesia. MATEC Web Conf., 229. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822901014
Buchori, I., Pramitasari, A., Sugiri, A., Maryono, M., Basuki, Y., & Sejati, A. W. (2018).
Adaptation to coastal flooding and inundation: Mitigations and migration pattern in
Semarang City, Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management, 163, 445-455. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.07.017
Chan, N. W. (2000). Management of flood disasters in Malaysia: combining official and
traditional flood mitigation systems for overall effective flood loss reduction. In
Juhary Haji Ali. International Conference on Disaster Management: Lessons to be
Learnt (pp. 19-37). Langkawi, Kedah: School of Management, Universiti Utara
Malaysia.
Fournier, M., Larrue, C., Alexander, M., Hegger, D., Bakker, M., Pettersson, M., . . .
Chorynski, A. (2016). Flood risk mitigation in Europe: how far away are we from the
aspired forms of adaptive governance? Ecology and Society, 21(4) 1-14. Retrieved
from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270027
Ghozali, A., Ariyaningsih, Sukmara, R. B., Aulia, B. U.. (2016). A comparative study of
climate change mitigation and adaptation on flood management between Ayutthaya
City (Thailand) and Samarinda City (Indonesia), Procedia - Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 227, 424-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.096.
Kim, H., & Kakimoto, R. (2016). An international comparative analysis of local hazard
mitigation plan evaluation for flood: The USA, Japan and Korea. International
Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(4), 406-419.
doi:10.1108/IJDRBE-07-2014-0056
Lim, K. S. (2002). Studies on the flood mitigation program in Kuala Lumpur area.
(Dissertation). Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

Mohd Zamir Mohd Zamri. (2015). Flash flood risk mitigation through urban design in Kuala
Lumpur city centre (Academic exercise). University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
National Research Council. (2013). Levees and the National Flood Insurance
Program: Improving Policies and Practices. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.17226/18309.
Revi, A. (2008). Climate change risk: an adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities.
Environment and Urbanization, 20(1), 207-229. doi:10.1177/0956247808089157
Tu, T. T. & Nitivattananon, V. (2011). Adaptation to flood risks in Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 3(1),
61-73. doi:10.1108/17568691111107943
Wanyun, S., Barry, D. K., Siyuan, X., Ryan, O'C. (2019) Flood hazards and perceptions – A
comparative study of two cities in Alabama, Journal of Hydrology, 569, 546-555.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.070.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FLOOD MITIGATION PROJECTS TO A CITY
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, preparation to face natural disaster is an emerging issue all around the
world, specifically because of the recent climate change. The magnitude of damages caused by
natural disasters is keep growing and even worse than the past. Increasing population growth
and development in city areas make the problems appear to be getting worse. People have made
continuous efforts to minimize the losses from floods. The importance of local mitigation is
reducing property damage and human casualties from floods. It is analysed that there are more
than twenty-one different mitigation strategies based on the results of a survey of over 470
floodplain administrators and planning officials. Local flood mitigation initiative can be either
in form of structural and non-structural.
Starting with the structural flood mitigation which involve construction projects to
actively secure human settlements, such as seawalls, levees, channels, and revetments. This
approach to flood management usually involves large financial investment, long time-frames,
and can inflict significant impacts on the natural environment. Many early efforts of flood
mitigation focused on large-scale structural techniques. There is an act dedicated funds to build
structural flood control works. Second structural method is alteration of the built environment
address channel and land phases. Structures in the channel phase include dikes, dams,
reservoirs, reducing bed roughness and deepening, straightening or widening stream channels.
Structural methods in the land phase involve modified cropping practices, erosion control,
revegetation, and slope stabilization. However, there are five limitations of structural
approaches to flood management. Firstly, when the flood exceed the capacity of the flood
control structure. Secondly, when the waterway and the floodplain were constricted, structures
such as leeves can raise the level of a river and increase the velocity of water pulsing
downstream, thereby increase the probability of flooding. Third limitation is structural
approaches such as dams can increase the risk of human casualties or property damage. Fourth
point is the structural measures are extremely costly. Lastly, the construction of flood control
structures often causes negative environmental impacts.

In contrast, non-structural approaches to flood mitigation are more recent, but are
gaining in popularity due to their effectiveness and reduced financial burden. Non-structural
techniques include a range of options such as land-use planning tools, education and training,
environmentally sensitive area protection, forecasting, and other emergency and recovery
policies for mitigating flood loss. Perhaps the most sustainable and efficient form of non-
structural flood mitigation can be achieved through spatially targeted land use planning
policies. Land-use policies and regulations such as development restrictions, clustering,
conservation overlay zones, and transfer of development rights can help avoid costly flood
events by directing growth away from vulnerable areas. Other non-structural approaches to
flood mitigation that often complement traditional land-use policies include public education
and training, taxation and fiscal policies, flood warning, and forecasting. While land-use
policies can be effective in reducing the intensity and cost of floods, this approach is not
without its own set of barriers. For one, many decision-makers believe that natural hazards
pose a low probability of occurrence. Second, while costs for mitigating natural hazards are
highly visible, the benefits are difficult to measure. It takes a long time to observe the positive
effects of policies. Third, local governments may shy away from implementing strict land-use
codes in floodplains for fear of legal repercussions and their constituents' stance on property
rights. Fourth, the administrative and jurisdictional nature of land-use policies typically falls
under the control of local governments. Finally, land-use planning should be proactive and
does not perform well when existing situations are in need of immediate correction. Reactive
land-use policies are far less effective in accomplishing successful flood mitigation; once a
hazard prone area is built-out remedial actions can be both financially and politically costly.
We are all aware about the importance of flood mitigation programmes. This is because
natural disaster in this case flood had caused a lot of property damages and human casualties.
Therefore, people nowadays need to be educated from young with the awareness about the
danger of the flood phenomena in our life and about the importance of flood mitigation
programmes either structural or non-structural form.

SEARCH STRATEGY
There are lot of importance of flood mitigation projects to a city and the mitigation
projects can either be structural or non-structural form. We learned how to do research on this
topic by going through 4 steps to get all the needed information from various sources. Starting
with Part A, we recognised the concept for the question which is ‘flood mitigation’ and ‘city’
then come out with synonyms for both words. The alternative words we came out with for
‘flood mitigation’ are ‘floodwalls’ and ‘drainage system’ while the alternative words for ‘city’
are ‘Kuala Lumpur’ and ‘Putrajaya’. We organised the words and came up with a search
statement which is (Flood Mitigation OR Floodwalls) AND (City OR Kuala Lumpur) and
(Flood Mitigation OR Drainage System) AND (City OR Putrajaya).
Using the search statement from Part A, we proceeded to Part B. We searched for
materials through the Pendeta Discovery by accessing it through University of Malaya library
website (http://umlib.um.edu.my) and clicked on the Pendeta Discovery. We managed to find
one thesis, one academic exercise and one published conference paper that are relevant to our
topic. The thesis can be get at Engineering Library, the academic exercise at Built Environment
Library and the conference paper at Central Library as Conference Collection.
Proceeding on with Part C, we were assigned to search for eight records from the online
databases that have been subscribed by University of Malaya. The online databases can be
accessed by logging into the library portal with our membership identification number and
clicking on the list of databases given. The records we found were journal articles from
different databases such as ProQuest, Jstor, EmeraldInsight, ScienceDirect and Sage Journals.
Next was Part D, we were asked to search for articles using the search engine. Using
the concept and search statement, we searched for articles on Google and found one personal
article, one report from a private organization and one journal article.
Lastly for Part E, we collected all the records from Part A to D and provided citations
for each record. We checked our citations using the EndNote and compiled all the records. We
also wrote an introduction for our topic based on the information we found from the records.

OBJECTIVE
a) Identify the importance of flood mitigation projects to city.
b) Identify structural form of flood mitigation projects.
c) Identify non-structural form of flood mitigation projects.

LITERATURE REVIEW
“Natural disaster preparedness is an emerging issue all around the world, specifically,
because of the recent climate change. The magnitude of damage from natural disasters –
landslide, flood and earthquake – is getting growing and even worse than the past. Based on
the statistics from United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR),
period from (1970-2005), the major threat of natural disaster in the world is a flooding (30.7
per cent) and second is a storm (20.6 per cent) (UNISDR, 2014). Therefore, many researches
have been conducting for structural measurements for community resilience against those
impediments. It is, however, not possible that all natural disasters can be controlled. Then, there
have been many studies to understand community capacity and elasticity against natural
disasters in Japan (Matsuda and Okada, 2006). That would be one of appropriate approaches
to live with natural hazards.” ( Kim & Kakimoto, 2016)
“One must establish a cooperation mechanism between government and social capital
risk sharing and revenue sharing; encourage social capital to participate in the construction and
operation management of a sponge city through business income rights, government
procurement services, and financial subsidies, etc.; increase the investment in research and
development of sponge city technology; support the innovation and application of new
materials, new processes and new methods, the rational construction of sponge cities, and then
provide scientific and technological support for the industrialization of sponge city construction
and economic growth. At the same time, strengthen the construction of sponge city
construction, create a good atmosphere for the construction of sponge cities, and then promote
the broad support and active participation of the whole society.” (Zhang, Yongkun, Meihong,
Song & Song, 2018)
“Local flood mitigation initiatives will take one of the following forms: structural or
non structural (Thampapillai and Musgrave, 1985). Structural approaches involve construction
projects to actively secure human settlements, such as seawalls, levees, channels, and
revetments. This approach to flood management usually involves large financial investment,
long time-frames, and can inflict significant impacts on the natural environment. In contrast,
non-structural techniques for flood management are based on plans and policies that direct
development away from vulnerable areas, such as flood-plains (Alexander, 1993). These

strategies include both regulatory and incentive-based policies to facilitate development
patterns that are more resilient to flooding over the long term. Often, a mixture of structural
and non-structural mitigation strategies are implemented within a single comprehensive
programme.” (Brody, Bernhardt, Zahran, Kang ,2009)
Kim, H., & Kakimoto, R. (2016). An international comparative analysis of local hazard
mitigation plan evaluation for flood: The USA, Japan and Korea. International Journal
of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 7(4), 406-419. doi:10.1108/IJDRBE-
07-2014-0056

DISCUSSION / CONCLUSION
Flood have claimed so many life in the past years but we have to live with it as it is the
part of nature cycle. So, the things we need to do is to be clear when it may occurs and always
be ready to face it. Besides, we can do the mitigation projects either structurally or non-
structurally to reduce the risk of flood. Flood risk-reduction projects conducted were shown to
give many benefits for both the environment and society.
Firstly, the projects has the potential to improve the habitat for wildlife. For example,
the creation of wetland can improve the biodiversity as it is a habitat with high nutrient level
and primary productivity. Thus, will attract many species to move in while achieving its main
purpose to provide further flood storage capacity. Besides that, woodland was created to help
improving infiltration and at the same time encouraging the development of variety of species
by increasing the shelter beneath the tree canopy. As we know that forest is the habitat with
large number of species.
Next, flood mitigation strategies have help to increase the water quality and lower the
soil erosion. This is because, the soil structure had been improved through creating of the
woodland. When infiltration rate increased, the runoff will decrease. Then, less soil, nutrients
and chemicals lost reduce the soil erosion and improve the water quality. So, it increase the
soil productivity with sediment capture which in turn increase the agricultural productivity.
Moreover, having adjustment with land management by allowing usage of
unproductive land as flood storage can make difference to those at risk of flooding further
downstream such as build of dams at the top of hill. This project also help us to have a quality
lifestyle by improving the environment we lives in right now as there is more trees planted. We
knows that trees are very important in our life as they increase the photosynthesis rate which
is the number one source of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Hence, it shows that flood mitigation projects help in providing a resilient ecosystem.
This is due to wetland and woodland creation are efficient at accumulating and storing carbon
and removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Creating more wetland and woodland will
create ecosystem that are more resilient to climate change.
Based on the above statements, we can say that flood mitigation projects is important
to us. However, if there is low in awareness among people about it, they would not ever care
until the effects of flood hit them. So, it is the responsible of the authorities to expose this
knowledge to the people since the project mainly conducted by the authorities.

Information Literacy (Importance of Flood mitigation Project)

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