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Linux_Commands.pdf

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AmirMohamedNabilSale

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OS PRACTICAL. LINUX COMMANDS.
BY: AM.NA.SA - 1 - System and User Infornation uname ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ System uname –n ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ 5 ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Hostname uname –a ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ System whoami ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ F 3 Calendar and Date cal ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ H I ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ F 3 cal month year Ex: cal 2 1999 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ H I ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ date ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ I ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Manual and Help man command Ex: man cal Ex: man uname ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Option ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ man –f command Ex: man –f date ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ man –k command Ex: man –k mv ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ command –help Ex: cal --help Ex: mv --help ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Option ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ whatis command EX: whatis cal ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ Directory commands Pwd (print working directory) ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Work directory cd workDirectory Ex: cd/home/user1/work ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ X ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ cd / ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Root cd or cd~ ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Home directory cd.. ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ە‬ cd - ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ X ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ # ‫ﻪ‬
BY: AM.NA.SA - 2 - List Directory Content ls ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ H ‫ح‬ ls Directory ls Desktop ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 k l 3 Desktop ls –a ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ # ‫ﺔ‬ ls –i ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ID ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ls -l ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Permission ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ع‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ls –F ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ • # ‫ﻀ‬ # ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ls a* ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺑ‬ † 5 ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ u ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ls *a ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ls -l a* ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ longDescription ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺑ‬ † 5 ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ls a? ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺑ‬ • 5 ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ‫و‬ • ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ls a?? ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺑ‬ • 5 ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ‫و‬ • ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ • l ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ • l ls [a-f]* ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ a ‫ل‬ f ls –ld folderName Ex: ls –ld myfolder ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Folder ls -R ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Folders ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Folders
BY: AM.NA.SA - 3 - Create File / Folder touch fileName Ex: touch myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ echo string >fileName Ex: echo “hello” >myfile ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ u ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ cat >fileName Ex: cat >myfile Press Control-D to exit ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ u ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ nano fileName Ex: nano myfile Press Control-O to save Press Control-X to exit ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ u ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ mkdir folderName Ex: mkdir myfolder ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ Folder ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ mkdir –p folder1/folder2/../ Ex: mkdir –p myfolder/test/ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ¢ [£ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ Folder ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ u ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ Display File Content cat fileName Ex: cat myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ cat –n fileName Ex: cat –n myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ cat filename1 filename2 Ex: cat myfile1 myfile2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ k l 3 ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ more fileName less fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ) ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ( head fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻋ‬ - ® ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ head –n numberOfLine fileName EX: head –n 5 myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬ head –n +num filename ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬
BY: AM.NA.SA - 4 - tail filename ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ - ® ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ tail –n numberOfLine fileName EX: tail –n 5 myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬ œ ‫ﻌ‬ ¶ l 3 k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ tail –n +num. fileName EX: tail –n +5 myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ File Editing vi fileName1 • i : insert • w : write (save) • q : quit • esc: end edit mode Visual editor cat fileName1 > fileName2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ File1 ‫ا‬ F 3 File2 ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ u ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ File2 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ u ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ cat fileName1 >> fileName2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ File1 ‫ا‬ F 3 File2 k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ە‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 3 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ File2 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ u ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ CopyMoveRename File or Folder cp file1 file2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ¼ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ cp -i file1 file2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ¼ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫و‬ • • ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ¢ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ¾ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ cp -r dir1 dir2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ¼ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ل‬ Folder mv file1 file2 ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ A ‫ﻐ‬ CD ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ mv fileName Directory EX: mv file1 /home/folder1/ ‫ﺑ‬ • ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ Folder ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ X ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﻣ‬ X ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ mv -i fileName Directory ‫ﺑ‬ • ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ¢ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﺑ‬ • ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ¾ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
BY: AM.NA.SA - 5 - Remove File or Folder rm fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Á l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ # ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ rmdir folderName rm –d folderName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ Folder ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Á l 3 rm –r folderName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ Folder ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ # ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ rmdir –p folderName/test ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Á l 3 File Permissions
BY: AM.NA.SA - 6 - chmod u+x fileName EX: chmod u+x file1.txt ‫ﺑ‬ [ l ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ permission ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ user ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ chmod u-x fileName EX: chmod u-x file1.txt ‫ﺑ‬ • ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ permission ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ user ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=rx file1.txt chmod 464 file1.txt chmod 077 file1.txt Users and groups sudo useradd userName sudo useradd -m userName sudo useradd -m username -s /bin/bash sudo useradd -m username -d /home/account -s /bin/bash sudo su username ‫ﻹ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳ‬ Ì ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ home directory ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ œ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳ‬ Ì ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ home directory ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ œ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ I ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ login Ï ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ œ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ I ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫م‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ home Switch between users sudo useradd -D ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ # ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ sudo userdel userName sudo userdel –r userName User ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Homedirectory ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ User ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ sudo passwd useName ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Password ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫م‬ sudo groupadd groupName sudo groupadd –g id groupName EX: sudo groupadd –g 1005 Grp1 ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ID
BY: AM.NA.SA - 7 - sudo groupdel groupName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ sudo useradd -m username -g groupName ‫إ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ F ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ sudo usermod -m username -g groupName ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ User ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ F ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ Linking Files sudo Ln oldfile.txt newfile.txt sudo Link oldfile.txt newfile.txt cat newfile.txt è correct rm oldfile.txt cat newfile.txt è correct œ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ Ï ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻫ‬ # ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ • ¾ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫و‬ œ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ 5 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ H I ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ create hard links sudo Ln -s oldfile.txt newfile.txt cat newfile.txt è correct rm oldfile.txt cat newfile.txt è Not Correct œ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ Ï ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻫ‬ # ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻻ‬ œ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ 5 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ H I ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ create shortcut- create symbolic link
BY: AM.NA.SA - 8 - Service management ls /etc/init.d ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ services ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ system sudo service /etc/init.d jobname status ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ job ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ) wait – running - stop ( sudo service /etc/init.d jobname stop ‫و‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ job ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ k l 3 ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ # ‫ﺬ‬ sudo service /etc/init.d jobname start Ö ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ # ‫ﻞ‬ job ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ sudo service --status-all ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ jobs ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ) wait – running - stop ( File Manipulation grep “Word” fileName EX: grep “foo” file1 ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ 5 ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ 8 ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫و‬ I ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﻟ‬ Ù £ ‫ﻓ‬ # ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ tr “oldChar” “newChar”<filename EX: tr “a” “b” < C ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Replacement ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻳ‬ 5 ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫و‬ œ ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ † # ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ sed -i 's/old/new/' fileName EX: sed -i 's/foo/bar/' myfile.txt sed -i 's/old/new/g' fileName EX: sed -i 's/false/true/g' myfile.txt EX: cat this is false | sed 's/false/true/g' Replace the first occurrence of word “foo” with word “bar” Replace all the occurrences of word “foo” with word “bar” Commands: echo HELLO > f1.txt echo GOODBYE > f2.txt diff f1.txt f2.txt diff compares two files line by line, outputs differences to stdout (screen) – No differences à no output
BY: AM.NA.SA - 9 - output: 1c1 < HELLO --- > GOODBYE diff -y f1.txt f2.txt – output all differences cut –f numberOfColumn fileName Ex: cut –f 2 myfile ‫ا‬ F 3 k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ã l 3 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ data ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ب‬ tab cut –c indexFrom-To fileName Ex: cut –c 2-5 myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Index5 ‫ل‬ Index2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 k l 3 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ data sort fileName ASCII Code ‫ا‬ u ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺔ‬ u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ Data ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ wc fileName ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ Character ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ wc –c fileName k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ Character ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ H ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ wc –l fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ H ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ wc –w fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ H ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ Package source update/install cd /etc/apt sudo apt-get update ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬ ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ k l 3 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ë ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ œ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫م‬ u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ sudo apt-get upgrade Install ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system sudo apt-get -u upgrade ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Upgrade
BY: AM.NA.SA - 10 - sudo apt-get dist-upgrade ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ە‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ In addition to performing the function of upgrade, this option also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions of packages sudo apt-get install programName EX: sudo apt-get install mplayer ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ Install ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ sudo apt-get remove programName EX: sudo apt-get remove mplayer ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ sudo apt-get remove –s programName EX:sudo apt-get remove –s mplayer ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫و‬ I ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ # ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ # ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ † ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ە‬ Package search cd /etc/apt apt-cache pkgnames Prints the name of each package in the system. apt-cache search item EX: apt-cache search vsftpd Search for particular item in all packages apt-cache pkgnames Name EX: apt-cache pkgnames vsftpd Show details of a package apt-cache showpkg Name Show information details and dependencies of a package
BY: AM.NA.SA - 11 - Logging and log management cd /etc/rsyslog.d/ ls Display entries in system log vi rsyslog.conf Display content of logging configuration file and allow to edit it Process management ps • Report a snapshot of current processes • show the processes associated with the current terminal session. ps a gives more information about processes associated with the current terminal session like process state ps ef list all processes of all users (full list) ps aux EX: ps aux|grep firefox gives more and more details about every process in the system such as state (user oriented ) search process named firefox from all the listed set of process in the system and display its details top - displays a continuously updating display of the processes - Viewing Processes Dynamically Kill processID Killall ProcessName Terminate a process Ls proc List currently working processes Ls dev list set of devices in the system
BY: AM.NA.SA - 12 - Files compression and archiving tar cvf archfile.tar fileName EX: tar cvf file1.tar myfile tar u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ Folder ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ file ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ل‬ tar tf fileName EX: tar tf archfile.tar ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ط‬ tar xvf fileName EX: tar xvf archfile.tar tar ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ compress –v fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ 50 ٪ ‫ا‬ F 3 60 ٪ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ Z zcat fileName.Z EX: zcat myfile.Z ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ط‬ Uncompress -v fileName.Z EX:uncompress -v myfile.Z Z ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬ gzip –v fileName gz ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ gunzip -v fileName gz ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬ bzip2 -v fileName bz2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ zip fileName.zip targetfile targetFile EX: zip file.zip file1 file2 zip ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ¢ [£ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ u ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ unzip -l fileName.zip ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ unzip fileName.zip Zip ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬

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Linux_Commands.pdf

  • 2. BY: AM.NA.SA - 1 - System and User Infornation uname ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ System uname –n ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ 5 ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Hostname uname –a ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ System whoami ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ F 3 Calendar and Date cal ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ H I ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ F 3 cal month year Ex: cal 2 1999 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ H I ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ date ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ I ‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ Manual and Help man command Ex: man cal Ex: man uname ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Option ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ man –f command Ex: man –f date ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ man –k command Ex: man –k mv ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ command –help Ex: cal --help Ex: mv --help ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Option ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ whatis command EX: whatis cal ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ Directory commands Pwd (print working directory) ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Work directory cd workDirectory Ex: cd/home/user1/work ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ X ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ cd / ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Root cd or cd~ ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Home directory cd.. ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ە‬ cd - ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ X ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ # ‫ﻪ‬
  • 3. BY: AM.NA.SA - 2 - List Directory Content ls ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ H ‫ح‬ ls Directory ls Desktop ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 k l 3 Desktop ls –a ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ # ‫ﺔ‬ ls –i ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ID ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ls -l ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Permission ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ع‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ls –F ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ • # ‫ﻀ‬ # ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ls a* ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺑ‬ † 5 ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ u ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ls *a ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ls -l a* ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ longDescription ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺑ‬ † 5 ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ls a? ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺑ‬ • 5 ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ‫و‬ • ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ls a?? ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺑ‬ • 5 ‫ﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ a ‫و‬ • ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ • l ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ • l ls [a-f]* ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ a ‫ل‬ f ls –ld folderName Ex: ls –ld myfolder ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Folder ls -R ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Folders ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Folders
  • 4. BY: AM.NA.SA - 3 - Create File / Folder touch fileName Ex: touch myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ echo string >fileName Ex: echo “hello” >myfile ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ u ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ cat >fileName Ex: cat >myfile Press Control-D to exit ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ u ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ nano fileName Ex: nano myfile Press Control-O to save Press Control-X to exit ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ u ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ mkdir folderName Ex: mkdir myfolder ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ Folder ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ mkdir –p folder1/folder2/../ Ex: mkdir –p myfolder/test/ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ¢ [£ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ Folder ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ u ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ Display File Content cat fileName Ex: cat myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ cat –n fileName Ex: cat –n myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ cat filename1 filename2 Ex: cat myfile1 myfile2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ k l 3 ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ more fileName less fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ) ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ( head fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻋ‬ - ® ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ head –n numberOfLine fileName EX: head –n 5 myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬ head –n +num filename ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬
  • 5. BY: AM.NA.SA - 4 - tail filename ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ - ® ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ tail –n numberOfLine fileName EX: tail –n 5 myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 3 ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬ œ ‫ﻌ‬ ¶ l 3 k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ tail –n +num. fileName EX: tail –n +5 myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ File Editing vi fileName1 • i : insert • w : write (save) • q : quit • esc: end edit mode Visual editor cat fileName1 > fileName2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ File1 ‫ا‬ F 3 File2 ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ u ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ File2 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ u ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ cat fileName1 >> fileName2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ File1 ‫ا‬ F 3 File2 k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ە‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 3 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ File2 ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ u ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ CopyMoveRename File or Folder cp file1 file2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ¼ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ cp -i file1 file2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ¼ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫و‬ • • ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ¢ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ¾ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ cp -r dir1 dir2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ¼ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ل‬ Folder mv file1 file2 ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ A ‫ﻐ‬ CD ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ mv fileName Directory EX: mv file1 /home/folder1/ ‫ﺑ‬ • ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ Folder ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ X ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﻣ‬ X ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ mv -i fileName Directory ‫ﺑ‬ • ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ¢ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﺑ‬ • ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ¾ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
  • 6. BY: AM.NA.SA - 5 - Remove File or Folder rm fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Á l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ # ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ rmdir folderName rm –d folderName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ Folder ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Á l 3 rm –r folderName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ Folder ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ # ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ rmdir –p folderName/test ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ر‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Á l 3 File Permissions
  • 7. BY: AM.NA.SA - 6 - chmod u+x fileName EX: chmod u+x file1.txt ‫ﺑ‬ [ l ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ permission ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ user ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ chmod u-x fileName EX: chmod u-x file1.txt ‫ﺑ‬ • ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ permission ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ user ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ chmod u=rwx,g=rw,o=rx file1.txt chmod 464 file1.txt chmod 077 file1.txt Users and groups sudo useradd userName sudo useradd -m userName sudo useradd -m username -s /bin/bash sudo useradd -m username -d /home/account -s /bin/bash sudo su username ‫ﻹ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳ‬ Ì ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ home directory ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ œ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳ‬ Ì ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ home directory ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ œ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ I ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ login Ï ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ œ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ I ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫م‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ home Switch between users sudo useradd -D ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻹ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ # ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ sudo userdel userName sudo userdel –r userName User ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Homedirectory ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ User ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ sudo passwd useName ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Password ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫م‬ sudo groupadd groupName sudo groupadd –g id groupName EX: sudo groupadd –g 1005 Grp1 ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ID
  • 8. BY: AM.NA.SA - 7 - sudo groupdel groupName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ sudo useradd -m username -g groupName ‫إ‬ ¼ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ User ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ا‬ F ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ sudo usermod -m username -g groupName ‫ا‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ User ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ F ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ Linking Files sudo Ln oldfile.txt newfile.txt sudo Link oldfile.txt newfile.txt cat newfile.txt è correct rm oldfile.txt cat newfile.txt è correct œ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ Ï ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻫ‬ # ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ • ¾ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫و‬ œ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ 5 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ H I ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ create hard links sudo Ln -s oldfile.txt newfile.txt cat newfile.txt è correct rm oldfile.txt cat newfile.txt è Not Correct œ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ Ï ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻫ‬ # ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻻ‬ œ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ 5 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ H I ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ create shortcut- create symbolic link
  • 9. BY: AM.NA.SA - 8 - Service management ls /etc/init.d ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ services ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ system sudo service /etc/init.d jobname status ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ job ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ) wait – running - stop ( sudo service /etc/init.d jobname stop ‫و‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ job ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ k l 3 ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ # ‫ﺬ‬ sudo service /etc/init.d jobname start Ö ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ # ‫ﻞ‬ job ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ sudo service --status-all ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ jobs ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 8 ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ ) wait – running - stop ( File Manipulation grep “Word” fileName EX: grep “foo” file1 ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ 5 ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ 8 ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫و‬ I ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 ‫ﻟ‬ Ù £ ‫ﻓ‬ # ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ tr “oldChar” “newChar”<filename EX: tr “a” “b” < C ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ Replacement ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﻳ‬ 5 ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫و‬ œ ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ † # ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ 2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ sed -i 's/old/new/' fileName EX: sed -i 's/foo/bar/' myfile.txt sed -i 's/old/new/g' fileName EX: sed -i 's/false/true/g' myfile.txt EX: cat this is false | sed 's/false/true/g' Replace the first occurrence of word “foo” with word “bar” Replace all the occurrences of word “foo” with word “bar” Commands: echo HELLO > f1.txt echo GOODBYE > f2.txt diff f1.txt f2.txt diff compares two files line by line, outputs differences to stdout (screen) – No differences à no output
  • 10. BY: AM.NA.SA - 9 - output: 1c1 < HELLO --- > GOODBYE diff -y f1.txt f2.txt – output all differences cut –f numberOfColumn fileName Ex: cut –f 2 myfile ‫ا‬ F 3 k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ã l 3 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ data ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ب‬ tab cut –c indexFrom-To fileName Ex: cut –c 2-5 myfile ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ Index5 ‫ل‬ Index2 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 2 3 k l 3 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ data sort fileName ASCII Code ‫ا‬ u ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺔ‬ u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ Data ‫ﺑ‬ [ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ wc fileName ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ Character ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ wc –c fileName k l 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ Character ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ H ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ wc –l fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ H ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ر‬ wc –w fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ H ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ Package source update/install cd /etc/apt sudo apt-get update ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬ ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ k l 3 ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ë ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ œ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫م‬ u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ sudo apt-get upgrade Install ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system sudo apt-get -u upgrade ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ Upgrade
  • 11. BY: AM.NA.SA - 10 - sudo apt-get dist-upgrade ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ، ‫و‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ [è ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ە‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ œ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫م‬ u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ z ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ In addition to performing the function of upgrade, this option also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions of packages sudo apt-get install programName EX: sudo apt-get install mplayer ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ Install ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ sudo apt-get remove programName EX: sudo apt-get remove mplayer ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ sudo apt-get remove –s programName EX:sudo apt-get remove –s mplayer ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ [è ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ‫و‬ I ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ # ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ # ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ † ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ە‬ Package search cd /etc/apt apt-cache pkgnames Prints the name of each package in the system. apt-cache search item EX: apt-cache search vsftpd Search for particular item in all packages apt-cache pkgnames Name EX: apt-cache pkgnames vsftpd Show details of a package apt-cache showpkg Name Show information details and dependencies of a package
  • 12. BY: AM.NA.SA - 11 - Logging and log management cd /etc/rsyslog.d/ ls Display entries in system log vi rsyslog.conf Display content of logging configuration file and allow to edit it Process management ps • Report a snapshot of current processes • show the processes associated with the current terminal session. ps a gives more information about processes associated with the current terminal session like process state ps ef list all processes of all users (full list) ps aux EX: ps aux|grep firefox gives more and more details about every process in the system such as state (user oriented ) search process named firefox from all the listed set of process in the system and display its details top - displays a continuously updating display of the processes - Viewing Processes Dynamically Kill processID Killall ProcessName Terminate a process Ls proc List currently working processes Ls dev list set of devices in the system
  • 13. BY: AM.NA.SA - 12 - Files compression and archiving tar cvf archfile.tar fileName EX: tar cvf file1.tar myfile tar u ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ Folder ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ file ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ل‬ tar tf fileName EX: tar tf archfile.tar ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ط‬ tar xvf fileName EX: tar xvf archfile.tar tar ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ compress –v fileName ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ 50 ٪ ‫ا‬ F 3 60 ٪ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ Z zcat fileName.Z EX: zcat myfile.Z ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ط‬ Uncompress -v fileName.Z EX:uncompress -v myfile.Z Z ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬ gzip –v fileName gz ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ gunzip -v fileName gz ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬ bzip2 -v fileName bz2 ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ zip fileName.zip targetfile targetFile EX: zip file.zip file1 file2 zip ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ¢ [£ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ u ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ u ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ unzip -l fileName.zip ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ 8 ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ unzip fileName.zip Zip ‫ﺑ‬ # ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ا‬ F 3 ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ە‬