2. E-commerce – reality on the ground
• Digital world, Digital economy,
hyperconnected world, era of global flow,
Digitalisation, etc
• Amazon, Flipkart, Alibaba, rakuten, dll
• Google, Facebook, dll
• MGI of mc Kinsey – 360 juta orang terlibat
dalam global world of ecommerce, 12% global
goods trade is cross border ecommerce,
3. E-commerce – reality on the ground
• Dimana posisi negara berkembang, Indonesia
dalam hal ini dalam ecommerce
competitiveness?
• Tantangan bagi pemasok lokal?
• Basic infrastructure?
• Digital divide?
• Bagaimana model perdagangan digital/21
century trade model dapat mendukung
pembangunan
4. Banyak Jalan menuju Roma...
E-Commerce
• WTO (World Trade Organization)
– TiSA (trade in services agreement)
– Perundingan - NO MANDATE for Negotiations only
Discussion
• FTA (free trade agreement)
– RCEP (regional conference on economic partnership) –
under negotiation – Indonesia menjadi salah negara
peserta perundingan;
– TPPA (trans-pacific partnership – Agreed, Indonesia
tidak menjadi salah satu anggotanya
– FTA lainnya...
5. E-Commerce (dalam WTO)
• September 1998, the General Council adopted the Work
Programme on Electronic Commerce.
• Definition of electronic commerce: The Work Programme on
Electronic Commerce states that: "Exclusively for the purposes of
the work programme, and without prejudice to its outcome, the
term 'electronic commerce' is understood to mean the production,
distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by
electronic means".
• Four WTO bodies were charged with the responsibility of carrying
out the Work Programme:
– the Council for Trade in Services;
– the Council for Trade in Goods;
– the Council for TRIPS;
– and the Committee on Trade and Development.
• TiSA (Indonesia tidak ikut, tetapi ini juga berhenti ....Gagal
6. Aturan yang diminta oleh para
proponen...
• No customs duties, total liberalisasi on digital
product – non discrimination;
• Enabling cross data flows;
• Promoting free and open internet;
• No localisation barrier;
– No localisation of server;
– No commercial presence;
– No local content requirements;
7. Aturan yang diminta oleh para proponen...
Technology issues
• No technology transfer;
• No technology local content;
• No source codes disclosure –
• Ensuring technology choices,
• Safeguarding network competition
8. Ecommerce in RCEP
• Perundingan tertutup – draft tidak bisa
dibaca/dianalisa oleh selain oleh juru runding
• Ecommerce text didukung oleh chapter lain
(yang juga tertutup):
– Chapter trade in services - negative list, no new
regulation on new services
– Transparancy annex – right to comment on
proposed regulation
9. E-commerce dalam Trade Agremeent
• Keseragaman pengaturan di negara anggota –
one size fits all;
• Non discrimination, (MFN – most favor nation
dan National Treatment)
• Keterkaitan dengan perjanjian lain dalam
kesepakatan, misalnya
– perjanjian investasi,
– trade in services,
– dispute settlement
• Ruang kebijakan yang mengecil – mengunci
kebijakan di masa depan.
10. Beberapa pasal dalam TPPA
• Cross Border Data Transfers by Electronic Means Article
14.11
• Location of Computing Facilities (Article 14.13
• Personal Information Protection (Article 14.8)
• Principles on Access to and Use of the Internet for
Electronic Commerce -Net Neutrality (Article 14.10)
• Custom Duties (Article 14.3) electronic transmissions
are not subject to customs duties which would prevent
countries from Imposing custom duties on any digital
product or services(e.g., e-books, software, games,
music, and video, whether distributed online or fixed
on a carrier medium).
11. Beberapa pasal dalam TPPA
• Non Discriminatory Treatment of Digital Products (Article
14.4)
• Electronic Authentication and Signatures and Transactions
(Articles 14.5 and Article 14.6)
• Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Messages (Article 14.14)
• Publicizing Source Code (Article 14.17) prevents
governments from requiring the disclosure of source code
as a condition of import, distribution, sale or use of
software or of products containing software. This
prohibition only applies to “mass market” software or
products and does not include software used for “critical
infrastructure”. Neither term is defined.
12. Case studies - Africa
• Nigeria, Kenya dan South Africa;
• Difficulty with international banking transaction;
• Exclusion from internationl e-market places or
platforms;
• Infrastructures deficit (i.e – electricity supply, IT
readiness – low education, illiteracy, low level
connectivity,
• Inexperience with sales tax and import duties
• Sociopolitical barrier – i.e language barrier, customer
services orientation,
• Digital divide,
13. Beberapa sumber informasi
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klU1JF98
GfQ
• https://morningconsult.com/2016/11/14/inte
rnet-firms-lay-wish-list-trump-white-house/
• South Centre, WTOs discussion on electronic
commerce, 2017. Jenewa. Swiss.
