Accessibility

Accessibility and ARRIS
Documentation

Copyright 2015 – ARRIS Enterprises, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
General Definition and Applicability to ARRIS
Web Accessibility
Print Accessibility
Screen Readers
Links

General Definition and Applicability to
ARRIS
• Accessibility: Everyone with disabilities, both permanent and
temporary, can use documentation products: Web, Print
– Visual, auditory, physical, speech, cognitive, neurological
• Applicability to ARRIS Documentation
– Dynamic depending on evolution of documentation needs
– Auditory and Speech
• Not relevant because ARRIS documentation requires reading and
not hearing nor speaking
• For videos, subtitles may be sufficient to neutralize auditory
disabilities
– Cognitive and Neurological
• Limited in scope, due to nature of the material itself (dyslexia?)
Conclusion: Mostly visual disabilities is what must be dealt
with
302 March 2016

Web Accessibility
General Guidelines
Conformance

General Guidelines
Perceivable
Operable
Understandable
Robust

Perceivable
Information and user interface components must be presentable to
users in ways they can perceive

Perceivable >
Text Alternatives for Non-Text Content
• Non-Text Content: Images, Icons
• Text Alternatives: Electronic text (not graphic images of text)
• Electronic Text can be recognized and read programmatically by
assistive technology
• Assistive Technology:
– Visual: Large Print
• Electronic text allows zooming without distortion
– Auditorily: Speech
• Electronic text can be recognized by Screen Readers and read aloud
– Tactile: Braille
• Electronic text can be converted to braille
702 March 2016

Perceivable >
Time-Based and Synchronized Media
• Video, film, slide, audio, or computer-based technologies
• Visual Impairment
– Read text alternatives aloud
• Auditory Impairment
– Captions
• Example
– Instructional video with audio track
802 March 2016

Perceivable >
Adaptable
• Content can be presented in different ways without losing
structure
• If presentation is structured so that software cannot parse it, then
cannot be rendered in different formats
• Structural Elements
– Titles, Headings, Tables that can be detected and parsed
– Sequence: linear where correct reading sequence can be detected
• Same information presented for different senses
– Illustration accompanied by a software-readable text explanation for persons
who cannot recognize shape, size or spatial orientation
902 March 2016

Perceivable >
Distinguishable
• Make it easier for users to see and hear content
– Separating foreground from background (color contrast)
– Color cues, Text cues, Alternative text
– Contrast (use Contrast testers)
• Rule of Thumb 4.5:1 ratio
– Resizable text (up to 200% done by application)
• No images of text, since these are not electronic text and cannot be parsed
– Visual presentation
– Maximum width of 80 characters wide (40 for CJK)
– Text not justified
– 1.5 line spacing in paragraphs and between paragraphs about 1.5 times larger than line
spacing
– Resize text without assistive technology to about 200% so that user does not have to scroll
to read a line of text
1002 March 2016

Operable
Users must be able to operate the interface (the interface cannot
require interaction that a user cannot perform)

Operable
• Keyboard Accessible (Level AAA requires this)
– All interface/content functionality can be operated from the keyboard
• For example, mouse difficult to use by some people
• Includes HTML, PDFs
– No keyboard traps
• Enough time to read and use content
– Timing Adjustable: Pause, Stop, Hide (time-based, like videos)
• Prevent (epileptic) seizures
– Flashing at no more than 3 times per second
• Navigable
– Title pages
– Focus components in order
– Link named with good text description (not “Click Here”)
– Headings and labels
– Keyboard focus indicator (cursor or caret)
1202 March 2016

Understandable
Information and user interface operation must be understandable

Understandable
• Readable and understandable
– Language programmatically determined
– Language of parts: programmatically determined (terms, etc.)
– Unusual words, jargon and idioms
– Abbreviations expanded
– Supplement when high language used
– Pronunciation for ambiguous words (homophones like their and there) in context
• Predictable
– Make Web pages appear and operate in particular ways. Same can be said of
printed matter
• On focus: Cursor does not cause jump
• Settings
• Consistent navigation
• Consistent identification of components with same functionality
• Change on request only: change of context only by user request
• Input Assistance
– Not applicable: only for filling out forms
1402 March 2016

Robust
Content must be robust enough that it can be interpreted reliably by a
wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies

Robust
• Reliable interpretation by assistive technologies
• Compatible with current and future user applications
– Includes assistive technology
– Parsing
• This requires tagging, which is a requirement of existing parsing technologies
• Tagging in general provides name, role, value
1602 March 2016

Conformance
Overview
Resources

Conformance Overview
• Three levels of conformance for Web
– A, AA, AAA
– Level required depends on needs and situations
– Intuitively, A may not be sufficient while AAA might be unfeasible so AA is
the industry recommendation
• Web Pages
– Full page much conform, partial page not enough
– Complete processes: all pages must conform
• Accessibility supported (assistive technologies)
• Non-accessible elements do not block access to remainder
– Audio control
– No keyboard trap
– No flashes (3/s)
– Pause, Stop, Hide (time-based video)
1802 March 2016

Conformance Resources
• United States Department of Health and Human Services -
Accessibility
• Understanding Conformance - WCAG 2.0
1902 March 2016

Print Accessibility
General Principles
Fonts
Legibility
PDF Accessibility
Images
Summary

General Principles

General Principles
• Clear structure and layout
• Clear typeface
• Consider reading methods for different audiences
– Refers to customer premises, for the most part
– Magnifiers, but these limit the amount of page that can be read
– Scanners and OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software depend on
simplicity of layout and font
– Large print formatting:
• Web
• Zoom for PDFs
• Large print formatting has many drawbacks and electronic/mechanical magnifiers
may be preferred
• Many guidelines identical for Web and Print
2202 March 2016

Fonts
General Requirements
Font type
Font Size and Weight

Fonts >
• Common Sense
• Plain
• Distinguishable
• Even spacing
– Note that “even spacing” is not practical as almost all fonts, except for fonts
like Courier, are proportionately spaced
– Distinguishable so letters and numbers are not confused
– No stylized fonts
2502 March 2016

Font Type

Fonts >
Font Type
• Serif or Sans Serif?
– There is no general agreement on use of Serif or Sans Serif fonts
• Just make sure there are no stylized fonts
• Web content
– Sans Serif
• Print
– Serif for regular body text
– Sans serif for large print, titles, headings, captions
• No matter what you choose:
• Restrict the use of fonts
• Differentiate between headings and body text
2702 March 2016

Fonts >
• Font Size at least 12 point, but depends on audience (maybe
larger)
– Range 12 to 18
• Font weight
– Never use a “light” variation
– Depending on publication, standard body text may even have to be a semi-
bold font, a bit darker than standard
• No italics
2902 March 2016

Legibility
Contrast
Text Layout

Contrast

Legibility >
Contrast
• Contrast is determined by color usage
• Color backgrounds must be sharply contrasted with
superimposed text
• No colored text, except for titles, headers, highlighted (xrefs)
– Dyslexics like color background with strongly contrasted text (examples)
• Yellow/black
• Purple/black
• Font size is factor in contrast
• No red/green, green/yellow, blue/yellow
• Should be easily read when produced in grayscale or black-and-
white
3202 March 2016

Legibility >
Contrast
• WCAG 2.0 Guidelines
– Large-scale text has contrast ratio of at least 3:1
– Regular text has contrast ratio of 4.5:1
– Juicy Studio Color Contrast Ratio Analyzer
– WebAIM Color Contrast Checker
– MSF & W Contrast Ratio Calculator
– Colour Contrast Application (Windows and Mac)
3302 March 2016

Text Layout

Legibility >
Text Layout
• Margins and columns: Common sense
• Easy differentiation between elements: text, images, colors
• Not justified and not centered
• Spacing between words, kerning, leading (similar to Web)
– Leading: 25 to 30 percent of point size
– Heavy typeface demands more
• Paragraph spacing should be adequate
3502 March 2016

Legibility >
Text Layout
• Captions (Table and Figure)
– Increase font for captions
– Increase spacing between Figure and its caption
Also, consider placing caption before figure to increase accessibility
• No hyphen-ation
• NO BIG BLOCKS OF UPPER CASE LETTERS
3602 March 2016

PDF Accessibility

PDF Accessibility
• Rule of Thumb
– PDF accessibility depends directly on how accessible the source file is
• Structure
• Meaningful hyperlinks
• Alternative text for images used by screen readers (demands tagging)
3802 March 2016

Images

Images
• Dyslexics like images
• Images accompanied by description of said images both in
alternative text and print content
• Adequate space between text and image
• No text superimposed on images
• Color contrast important
• Color Blindness
– Colour Blind Awareness: Types of Colour Blindness
4002 March 2016

Summary

Summary
• Clear Print Accessibility Guidelines (Canadian National Institute
for the Blind)
• High Contrast colors
• Colored text only for titles, headlines, highlights
• 12-18 point size
• Leading 25 to 30 percent of point size
• No decorative fonts
• Standard fonts only
• Easily distinguishable upper/lower case and numbers
4202 March 2016

Summary
• Medium font heaviness, no light type.
• No italics
• No blocks of upper case letters
• Adequate, but not exaggerated letter spacing (kerning)
• Recommend mono-spaced font, but this may be unfeasible.
• Margins and columns: common sense
• Max of 80 characters per line (some say 70)
• Design and simplicity: common sense
4302 March 2016

Screen Readers
Word Documents
PDFs

Word Documents

Word Documents
• Titles and Paragraph Headings
– Uniform with specific style (Screen Readers do not read font sizes or
properties
• Lists
– Must be style (numbers or bullets)
– Can use formatting bar in Word, as these buttons create style
4602 March 2016

Word Documents, cont.
• Tables (sticky)
– Specify column headings (Header Row)
– Repeat header row
– Demands Bookmarks for all table header types (column, row, both)
– Bookmarks must be unique
– May not be feasible
– Word 2010 offers alternative text through Table properties
– AuthorIt does not
– Could describe table in text before table so that screen reader reads the
table before encountering it (labor intensive)
– For CPE documentation, the solution may be not to use tables at all
4702 March 2016

Word Documents, cont.
• Graphs and Charts and Images
– Captions
– Alternative text for non-text content
– AuthorIt provides Alternative text only in Web tab
• Hyperlinks recognizable and meaningful
4802 March 2016

PDFs

PDFs
• Adobe has entire web help sources dealing with this issue:
– Accessing PDF Documents with Assistive Technology: A Screen Reader
User's Guide (PDF)
– Adobe and Accessibility (Adobe Web Help)
– Adobe Training Resources for Producing Accessible PDFs (Adobe Web Help)
• Characteristics of Accessible PDF Document
– Logical structure and reading order (comply)
• Tags added to doc that define reading order
• Screen readers depend on tags, which allow reader to interpret page elements
– Alternative text for figures and links (form fields not relevant to us)
– Navigational aids
• Links, bookmarks, TOC
– Non-interfering security
• Security that blocks printing, copying, extracting, commenting or editing text may
interfere with screen reader function
5002 March 2016

PDFs
• Fonts
– Fonts that allow characters to be extracted to text
– Fonts must be extractable for printing, screen reader, copy/paste
– If not extractable, there will be gaps
– Non-extractable text is usually indicated by font substitutions, such as black
rectangles, question marks, etc.
– Math symbols and Symbol fonts may be problematic
• Greater or equal to
• Degrees
• Rule:
If PDF contains one or more fonts that do not contain enough information for Adobe
Reader to correctly extract all characters to text, the document is considered inaccessible
5102 March 2016

PDFs
• Adobe Accessibility Features
– Accessibility Setup Assistant
– Preferences feature
– Save as Text
– PDF navigation by keyboard
– Automatic tagging of untagged documents
• Types of PDFs
– Image only
– Barrier for screen readers since there is no actual text
• Adobe Acrobat can be used to perform OCR when creating PDF documents
• Must convert to accessible (electronic) text
– Untagged
– Tagged
5202 March 2016

Links

Links
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0
• W3C » Standards > Web Design > Accessibility
• How People with Disabilities Use the Web
• Essential Components of Web Accessibility
• WAI List of Links to Guidelines and Techniques
• Implementation Plan for Web Accessibility
• User Agent Accessibility Guidelines
• List of Evaluation Tools
• List of Evaluation Resources
• Easy Accessibility Checks
• Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology
5402 March 2016

Links
• Introduction to Understanding WCAG 2.0
• Understanding Conformance
• Ability Net. Org: Accessibility Guidelines (PDF)
• Guidelines for Producing Clear Print – Australia (PDF)
• CNIB: Clear Print Accessibility Guidelines (PDF)
• University of Pennsylvania: Contrast and Color on Web Pages
• University of Pennsylvania: Contrast or Luminosity/Brightness
• US Government: Section508 Laws
5502 March 2016

Links
• Juicy Studio Color Contrast Ratio Analyzer
• WebAIM Color Contrast Checker
• MSF & W Contrast Ratio Calculator
• Colour Contrast Application (Windows and Mac)
• RGB to HEX Converter
5602 March 2016

Accessibility

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