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スパース性に基づく機械学習
~3.2 l1ノルム正則化~
@gen_goose_gen
自己紹介と注意
● @gen_goose_gen
●
某高専 電気系学科 卒業
● 関西の某国立大の情報系学科に編入(作成時B3)
●
情報・機械学習ともに初学者
– 間違えている可能性があるので疑問がある場合は上記の
ツイッターアカウントまでご一報ください
発表スタンス
●
テキストの式について追っていきます
●
テキストが間違えていそうなところがあるのでそこ
は随時皆様と確認していきます
●
参考文献に投げている部分は認めるものとして発
表します
(全部探して読む時間なんてありませんでした…)
●
実装系は実行できてないです…
スライドで用いる表記
●
スカラー:ローマン体
●
ベクトル:小文字のボールド体
●
行列:大文字のボールド体
●
集合:カリグラフィー文字
(特に断らない場合列ベクトルとする)
導入
◯2.1:スパース性を導入
→同程度の誤差を持つものならその中でパラメータ数
 が少ないものが嬉しい
→同程度のパラメータ数をもつならその中で誤差が小
 さいものが嬉しい
導入
◯2.1:スパース性を導入
→同程度の誤差を持つものならその中でパラメータ数
 が少ないものが嬉しい
→同程度のパラメータ数をもつならその中で誤差が小
 さいものが嬉しい
 探索にかかる計算量が膨大
 (組み合わせ爆発)
→代わりの方法が必要
l1ノルム
→非ゼロ要素の数を表現する指標としてl1ノルムを導入
パラメータベクトルの非ゼロ要素数を
カウント
カウントと同じ性質:非ゼロ要素数が増えるほど大きくなる
カウントと違う性質:非ゼロ要素の大きさも加味して評価
 (ベクトルの長さに比例する)
l1ノルム正則化付き学習
   が凸関数→凸最適化問題へ
:正則化パラメータ
凸関数の条件:
l1ノルム正則化の効果の例
~パラメータが1次元の場合~
青:誤差関数
緑:正則化項
赤:誤差関数と正則化項の和の1階(劣)微分
(勾配)
λ=0 λ:小 λ:大
l1ノルム正則化の効果の例
~パラメータが1次元の場合~
誤差関数と正則化項の和が最小になる点
(求めたいパラメータの値)
λ=0 λ:小 λ:大
l1ノルム正則化の効果の例
~パラメータが1次元の場合~
λ=0 λ:小 λ:大
λ>0の時、誤差関数の軸上では勾配は一意に定まらない
(範囲幅が2λの集合値を取る)
λ>0の時、誤差関数の軸上では勾配は一意に定まらない
(範囲幅が2λの集合値を取る)
l1ノルム正則化の効果の例
~パラメータが1次元の場合~
λ=0 λ:小 λ:大
大きくするに連れて
軸に近づく
ある大きさ以上のλになるとそれ以上大きくしても誤差関数と
正規化項の和を最小にするパラメータの値がゼロになる
正規化パラメータを大きくすることによってl1ノルムで
スパースな解が得られる
l1ノルム正則化の効果の例
~パラメータが2次元の場合~
楕円:誤差関数の等高線
破線:各λに対するl1ノルムの制約集合
(ノルムサイズを決めた時の軌跡)
l1ノルム正則化の効果の例
~パラメータが2次元の場合~
大きくなるほど
ある方向へ近づく
ある1つのパラメータがゼロになった
正規化パラメータを大きくすることによってl1ノルムで
スパースな解が得られる
ありがとうございました!

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スパース性に基づく機械学習 3.2 L1ノルム正則化