Mobile_report

1 | P a g e
Astro ©
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................3
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................4
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................7
1 KEY TECHNOLOGIES.........................................................................................8
1.1 SIM................................................................................................................8
1.1.1 IMSI............................................................................................................8
1.1.2 TMSI...........................................................................................................8
1.1.3 MSIDN ........................................................................................................8
1.2 ACCESSING SCHEMES....................................................................................9
1.2.1 TDMA..........................................................................................................9
1.2.2 FDMA..........................................................................................................9
1.2.3 TDMA/FDMA ................................................................................................10
1.2.4 CDMA……………………………………………………………………………11
1.3 CDMA KEY SPECIFICATIONS.............................................................................12
1.3.1 SPREAD SPECTRUM 12
1.3.2 SOFT AND SOFTER HANDOVER .....................................................................13
1.3.3 RAKE RECIEVER ..........................................................................................13
1.3.4 CLOSED LOOP POWER CONTROL ..................................................................14
1.3.5 AMR…………………………………………………………………………..…14
1.3.6 TYPES OF CODES………………………………………………………………..15
1.3.7 SPREADING AND SCRAMPLING…………………………………………………..16
1.4 W-CDMA ........................................................................................................17
1.5 OFDMA ..........................................................................................................18
2 MODULATION USING QPSK................................................................................20
3 ZERO AND FIRST GENERATION ..........................................................................21
4 GSM................................................................................................................22
4.1 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………22
4.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ...........................................................................22
4.3 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE ..............................................................................23
4.4 900MHZ FREQUENCY BAND ....................................................................................... 27
4.5 CELLULAR CONCEPT.......................................................................................27
4.6 TIME SLOTS ...................................................................................................28
4.7 CHANNELS ....................................................................................................29
4.8 FRAMES.........................................................................................................31

2 | P a g e
Astro ©
5 HSCSD ...........................................................................................................35
5.1 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................35
6 GPRS..............................................................................................................37
6.1 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................37
6.3 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE………………………………………………………...38
6.4 CHANNELS ....................................................................................................40
6.5 FRAMES ........................................................................................................41
6.6 GPRS MS STATES AND MODES ........................................................................43
6 EDGE..............................................................................................................44
6.1 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................44
7 UMTS..............................................................................................................45
7.1 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................45
7.3 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE………………………………………………………...46
7.4 SECURITY IN 3G .............................................................................................47
8 HSPA..............................................................................................................48
8.1 EVOLUTION OF HSPA.......................................................................................48
9 LTE.................................................................................................................49
9.1 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................49
9.3 LTE TARGETS………………………………………………………………………50
3.4 FRAMES ........................................................................................................51
3.6 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE ……………………………......................................53
3.6 CHANNELS ....................................................................................................55
10 LTE ADVANCED..............................................................................................56
9.2 KEY TECHNOLOGIES .......................................................................................56
9.2.1 CARRIER AGGREGATION..............................................................................56
9.2.2 COORDINATED MULTI PATH OPERATION ........................................................57
9.2.3 DEVICE TO DEVICE.......................................................................................58
9.2.4 RELAY CELL ................................................................................................58
9.2.5 FEMTO CELL................................................................................................58
9.2.6 SFN ............................................................................................................58
11 RADIO PLANNING ............................................................................................59
12 SITE VISIT ......................................................................................................61
13 REFERENCES .................................................................................................64

3 | P a g e
Astro ©
Acknowledgment
3Handseg really helped me during the course of mobile package. I would especially like to
thank Eng. Saher Samir for his great effort and good supervision which transfer my own
mindset to the field of mobile communication.
‘

4 | P a g e
Astro ©
AMTS Advanced Mobile Telephone System
MTS Mobile Telephone System
OLT Offending Land mobile Telephone
PTT Push to Talk
IMTS Improved Mobile Telephone Service
MT Mobile Terminal
ME Mobile Equipment
MS Mobile Station
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
PTP Point to Point
PTM Point to Multipoint
CS Circuit Switching
PS Packet Switching
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
PSK Phase Shift Key
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TS Time Slot
PIN Personal Identification Number
PUK Personal Unlock Key
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
TDD Time Division Duplex
OS Operating System
SMS Short Message Service
BSS Base Station Subsystem
BTS Base Transceiver Subsystem
BSC Base Station Controller
MNC Mobile Network Code
MCC Mobile Country Code
MSIDN Mobile Station Identification Number
LAI Location Area Identity
KI Integrity Key
Kc Ciphering Key
AMR The Adaptive Multi-Rate
H.O Handover
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
FHSS Frequency Sequence Spread Spectrum
THSS Time Sequence Spread Spectrum
PN Pseudo Noise
W- Wide Code Division Multiple Access
PAVR Peak to Average Power Ratio
ISI Inter symbol Interference
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
NSS Network Station System
VLR Visitor Location Register
HLR Home Location Register
EIR Equipment Identity Register

5 | P a g e
Astro ©
SMC Short Message Centre
IwF Interworking Function
AuC Authentication Centre
OMC Operation Maintenance
FCCH Frequency correction channel
SCH Synchronization channel
PCH Paging channel
RACH Random access channel
SACCH Slow associated control channel
SDCCH Stand-alone dedicate control channel
FACCH Fast associated control channel
PACCH Packet Associated Control Channel
PTCCH Packet Time-Advance Control Channel
PBCCH Packet Broadcasting channel
PNCH Packet Notification Channel
PDTCH Packet Data Traffic Channel
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
FACCH Fast associated control channel
DL Downlink
UL Uplink
HSCSD High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
CCU Channel Codec Unit
PCU Packet Control Unit
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
RA Routing Area
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
SF Spreading Factor
BW Bandwidth
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
RNC Radio Network Controller
TRAU Transcoding and Rate Adaption Unit
CGF Charging Gateway Function
HSDPA High speed downlink Packet Access
HSUPA High speed uplink Packet Access
HSPA+ High speed downlink Packet Access
LTE Long Term Evolution
IP Internet Protocol
TA Tracking Area
CP Cyclic Prefix
VoIP Voice Over IP
IPTV Internet protocol
MME Mobility Charging Resource Function
PCRF Policy and Charging Resource Function
EPC Evolved Packet Core
E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network
HSS Home Subscription Server
MIMO Multi Input Multi Output
COMP Coordinated Multi Point Operation
D2D Device to Device
SFN System Frame Number

6 | P a g e
Astro ©
This page intentionally left blank

7 | P a g e
Astro ©
Worldwide, mobile communication system changed the life style of the
human being which creates a paradigm shift on the level of technology and
communication all over the whole world. People are easily connected
anywhere and anytime. Particularly in the developing world, where
conventional telecom infrastructure is often lacking, operators are rapidly
building out their wireless networks to reach potential mobile phone
customers even in the most rural areas. On the other hand, various research
and development process is carried out to increase the effective
communication system to provide sophisticated communication environment
to the user. The communication system performance unit is assessed in
terms of packet transformation either it was a data or voice from one
communication system (transmitter) to another (receiver).The performance is
achieved based on the percentage of blocked and dropped calls, packet loss,
signal to noise ratio, bit error rate and packet delay. The communication
system efficiency can be increased through effective packet transformation
and control. The packet transformations achieved by various routing and
sophisticated traveling algorithms. From the early pre cellular zero generation
(0G) systems to the last implemented fifth generation (5G) the paradigm has
changed. Several innovative improvements made an extensive evolution and
revolution on the level of cellular network generations by developing various
modulation and multiple access schemes, routing and switching protocols and
sophisticated algorithms to handle the exchanging of packets between users.

8 | P a g e
Astro ©
SIM-Subscriber Identity Module: is a subscriber identity module
application on a smartcard that stores data for GSM/CDMA Cellular telephone
subscribers. Such data includes user identity, network authorization data,
personal security keys, contact lists and stored text messages. Security
features include Authentication and encryption. The smartcard with
Subscriber identity module application is generally known as SIMCARD.
SIM card is only responsible for giving the Permission to make a call.
SIM Memory contains
1. Network Identity
2. IMSI
3. TMSI
4. MSIDN
5. Ki
6. Kc
7. LAI
8. PIN
9. PUK
IMSI is an international Mobile subscriber identity and it‟s a unique number
to identify a mobile subscriber. The IMSI consists of a Mobile Country Code
(MCC), a Mobile Network Code (MNC) and a Mobile Station Identification
Number (MSIDN).
TMSI is a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity usually activated for the VIP
clients.
MSIDN- Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number is a
number used to identify a mobile phone number internationally. This number
includes a country code (CN) and a National Destination Code (NC) which
identifies the subscriber's operator.

9 | P a g e
Astro ©
TDMA: Each user is allowed to transmit only within specified time intervals
(Time Slots). Different users transmit in different Time Slots. When users
transmit, they occupy the whole frequency bandwidth (separation among
users is performed in the time domain).
FDMA: Each user transmits with no limitations in time, but using only a
portion of
the whole available frequency bandwidth. Different users are separated in the
frequency domain.

10 | P a g e
Astro ©
Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method was
devised to divide the bandwidth among as many users as possible. The
method chosen by GSM is a combination of time- and frequency-division
multiple access (TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part involves the division by
frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz allocated bandwidth into 124 carrier
frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more carrier frequencies are
assigned to each base station. Each of these carrier frequencies is then
divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. The fundamental unit of time in this
TDMA scheme is called a burst period and it lasts approx. 0.577 ms. Eight
burst periods are grouped into a TDMA frame (approx. 4.615 ms), which
forms the basic unit for the definition of logical channels. One physical
channel is one burst period per TDMA frame.

11 | P a g e
Astro ©
CDMA: In CDMA each user is assigned a unique code sequence (spreading
code), which it uses to encode its data signal. The receiver, knowing the code
sequence of the user, decodes the received signal and recovers the original
data. The bandwidth of the coded data signal is chosen to be much larger
than the bandwidth of the original data signal, that is, the encoding process
enlarges (spreads) the spectrum of the data signal. CDMA is based on spread-
spectrum modulation. If multiple users transmit a spread-spectrum signal at
the same time, the receiver will still be able to distinguish between users,
provided that each user has a unique code that has a sufficiently low cross
correlation with the other codes.
Basically, CDMA allows users to share information in the same time occupying
the same frequency bands but only with different codes.
Advantage:
1. Spread Spectrum
2. Cellular Concept
3. Soft and Softer handover
4. Rake receiver
5. Closed Loop power control
6. AMR

12 | P a g e
Astro ©
Spread Spectrum: Spread spectrum techniques use a transmission
bandwidth that is order of the magnitude greater than the bandwidth required
the minimum signal. The advantage of spread spectrum technique is that −
many users can simultaneously use the same bandwidth without interfering
with each other.
Spread-spectrum is apparent in the Shannon and Hartley channel-capacity
theorem
In the given equation,
 C is the channel capacity (bps).
 B is the Channel bandwidth in Hz.
 SNR is the signal-to-noise power ratio.
Spread spectrum uses wideband. Additionally, spread-spectrum signals are
harder to jam than narrow band signals. Since spread-spectrum signals are
so wide, they transmit at a much lower spectral power density, measured in
watts per hertz, than narrow band transmitters. Spread-spectrum and
narrowband signals can occupy the same band, with little or no interference.
This capability is the main attraction for all the interest in spread spectrum
today.
Types of spread spectrum
 DSSS- Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
 FHSS- Frequency Sequence Spread Spectrum
 THSS- Time Sequence Spread Spectrum
DSSS is the most common use in CDMA. When transmitting a CDMA spread
spectrum signal, the required data signal is multiplied with what is known as
a spreading or chip code data stream. The resulting data stream has a higher
data rate than the data itself. Often the data is multiplied using the XOR
(exclusive OR) function

13 | P a g e
Astro ©
Soft and softer handover: Made before break- It is simply Allocate first the
cell we will move to then break connection to move to another allocated cell.
Softer is the same concept but on the level of moving between Sectors in the
same cell.
Rake Receiver: Rake receiver is designed to minimize the effects of the
signal fading due to multipath effects. RAKE receiver, used specially in CDMA
cellular systems, can combine multipath components, which are time-delayed
versions of the original signal transmission. This combining is done in order to
improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver. RAKE receiver
attempts to collect the time shifted versions of the original signal by providing
a separate correlation receiver for each of the multipath signals. This can be
done due to multipath components are practically uncorrelated from another
when their relative propagation delay exceeds a chip period.

14 | P a g e
Astro ©
Closed loop Power Control: Closed loop power control is a sort of fine
tuning on the open loop power estimate. The cell measures the received
Eb/N0 and compares it to a set point (which may itself be adjusted
dynamically, but that is a cell function). If the measured Eb/N0 is above the
set point, then a "down" command is sent; if below, an "up" command is
sent. The mobile adjusts its power up or down, relative to the open loop
estimate, by about one dB for each command. There is no "do nothing"
command to keep the commands to one bit. A steady "do nothing" decision
has to be transmitted as alternating up-down commands. The commands are
sent once per 1.25millisecond, or a rate of 800 corrections per second. This is
a very fast control mechanism (800 dB per second rate-of-change), and has
proven to work very well in practice. While the closed loop control may not be
fast enough to quite keep up with the very fastest fading, it is at those higher
fading rates that the coding and interleaving are most effective. At lower fade
rates the interleaving may be less effective, but then the power control is
extremely robust. The dynamic range of the closed loop control is ±24 dB
relative to the open loop estimate.
AMR: The Adaptive Multi-Rate standard is a speech coding algorithm
operating at eight bit rates in the range of 4.75 to 12.2 kbps and was
specifically designed to improve link robustness. The AMR bit rates of 12.2,
10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75 kb/s are based on frames that
contain 160 samples and are 20 milliseconds long. The usage of AMR requires
optimized link adaptation that selects the best codec mode to meet the local
radio channel and capacity requirements. In 3G it convert speech from 0.8 to
12.2Kbps

15 | P a g e
Astro ©
Types of Codes in CDMA: Codes are assigned to Mobile Code, Base station
Code and Channel Code
•Orthogonal code (Walsh/ channelization codes):They are generated
using Walsh Matrix
•PN code (Pseudo Noise / Scrambling codes): they are 2 types either
18 register short PN with a length of 262,143 which is assigned to base
station and 25 register long PN with a length of 33,554,431.
PN codes are generated it using linear feedback shift register.

16 | P a g e
Astro ©
Spreading and Scrambling: In a CDMA system, channels are broadcast on
the same frequency using orthogonal spreading codes or patterns. The
orthogonal nature of these patterns means that when a reference pattern is
correlated with a received pattern, the result is 0 for all other signals that are
not required. For the desired signal, the result is non-zero, with the sign
ultimately giving the value of the transmitted bit that is 0 or 1.
Spreading: convert from Narrow to Wide
Scrambling: convert from Narrow to Narrow and from Wide to Wide.
Spreading and Dispreading

17 | P a g e
Astro ©
W-CDMA: is a spread-spectrum modulation technique; one which uses
channels whose bandwidth is much greater than that of the data to be
transferred. Instead of each connection being granted a dedicated frequency
band just wide enough to accommodate its envisaged maximum data rate,
W-CDMA channels share a much larger band. The modulation technique
encodes each channel in such a way that a decoder, knowing the code, can
pick out the wanted signal from other signals using the same band, which
simply appear as so much noise. UMTS uses a core network derived from that
of GSM, ensuring backward compatibility of services and allowing seamless
handover between GSM access technology and W CDMA.
Similar to CDMA but it is a wide band equal to 5MHz
W-CDMA physical Layer

18 | P a g e
Astro ©
OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access) is the latest addition to cellular systems.
It provides a multiple access technique based on OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing). Figure 1-15 illustrates the basic view of
OFDMA. It can be seen that the bandwidth is broken down to smaller units
known as “subcarriers”. These are grouped together and allocated as a
resource to a device. It can also be seen that a device can be allocated
different resources in both the time and frequency domain.
OFDMA ADVANTAGES:
 Higher bitrates
 Higher Bandwidth Efficiency
 No ISI
 Anti-fading system
OFDMA disadvantages:
 high PAVR –Peak to Average Power Ratio
 Frequency errors and phase noise can cause issues.
 Doppler shift impacts subcarrier orthogonality.
 Required accurate frequency and time synchronization.

19 | P a g e
Astro ©
OFDM subcarriers are generated and decoded using mathematical
functions called FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform). The IFFT is used in the transmitter to generate the waveform.
Figure 1-39 illustrates how the coded data is first mapped to parallel streams
before being modulated and processed by the IFFT.
At the receiver side, this signal is passed to the FFT which analyses the
complex/combined waveform into the original streams.
CP (Cyclic Prefix): is utilized to combat multipath delays. It
effectively provides a guard period for each OFDMA symbol. Notice that
the Cyclic Prefix is effectively a copy taken from the back of the
original symbol which is then placed in front of the symbol to make the
OFDMA symbol.

20 | P a g e
Astro ©
QPSK stands for Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. It is digital modulation
technique. QPSK is bandwidth efficient as each signal point represents two
bits. For example, instead of a phase shift of 180 degree, as allowed in BPSK,
a common encoding technique, known as QPSK uses phase shifts of multiples
of 90 degrees.
Input bit stream need to break up to two-two bits and later these two bits are
entered simultaneously to the input of the QPSK modulator.
For the input of 11 the output is (1+ j*1)*KMOD, where KMOD is
normalization factor. For most of the systems KMOD is 0.707 as mentioned
this output of 0.707+j*0.707 is called as symbol which represent two binary
information digits.
In phase:
0 bit: 0 degrees
1 bit: 180 degrees
Quadrature:
0 bit: 90 degrees
1 bit: 270 degrees
In 8PSK there are 8 different phase changes defined, each phase change
represents the transmission of 3 bits.

21 | P a g e
Astro ©
This system was analog in nature, Mobile Radio Telephone system provides
half duplex communications and it consists of various technologies such as:
AMTS, MTS, MTD, OLT, PTT and IMTS
0.5G is a group of technologies with improved feature than the basic 0G
technologies.
These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though
briefcase models were also made.
Typically, the transceiver was mounted in the vehicle trunk and attached to
the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver seat.
It is use analog transmission which means that it has a low bit rate, low
capacity and low quality.
In addition, There is no roaming where each country has it is own standards
and protocols.
Roaming ensures that a subscriber is kept connected to a network without
breaking the connection and also able to communicate with anyone and it
does not matter which location you stand in.

22 | P a g e
Astro ©
GSM, the Global System for Mobile communications, is a digital cellular
communications system which has rapidly gained acceptance and market
share worldwide, although it was initially developed in a European context. In
addition to digital transmission, GSM incorporates many advanced services
and features, including ISDN compatibility and worldwide roaming in other
GSM networks. The advanced services and architecture of GSM have made it
a model for future third-generation cellular systems, such as UMTS. This
paper will give an overview of the services offered by GSM, the system
architecture, the radio transmission structure, and the signaling functional
architecture.
 Digital Technology
 Cellular Concept
 FDMA/TDMA
 Frequency bands (900,1800,1900 MHz)
 Data rate 9.6 Kbps
 8 TS or 16 TS per carrier
 CS: Circuit switching
 Time slot duration=0.577 millisecond
 Frame duration=4.615 millisecond
 Application: Voice, SMS, fax

23 | P a g e
Astro ©
GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) several providers setup mobile
networks following the GSM standard within each country
A GSM network consists of three sub-systems: the Base Station Subsystem
(BSS), which was formerly referred to as a radio subsystem (RSS), the
network subsystem (NSS), the (SSS) is also called a switching subsystem,
and operation and maintenance subsystem (OMS).

24 | P a g e
Astro ©
MS-Mobile station:
The MS consists of ME-mobile equipment- the physical equipment, such as
the radio transceiver, display and MCU and DSP units, and the SIM card. It
provides the air interface to the user in GSM networks.
The BSC station forms the radio channel switch inside the base subsystem
(BSS), and is also responsible for the BTS control.
BSS-Base Station Subsystem:
The Base Station System (BSS) is the system of base station equipment‟s
which consists of consists of one Base Station Controller (BSC) and one or
more Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The base station system consists of a
plurality of radio cells, which is controlled in the transmission power on the
BTS station and roaming, forwarding calls to another controlled radio cell.
BTS-Base Transceiver Subsystem:
Functions:
1: Coverage of cell
2: Modulation and Demodulation
3: Ciphering and Deciphering
4: Frequency Hopping
5: Time Advance
6: Synchronization
BSC-Base Station Controller:
Functions:
1:Allocation of traffic channel
2: Release of traffic channel
3: Power control
4: Handover Command

25 | P a g e
Astro ©
NSS Network Station System:
Functions:
Mobile Switching Canter - MSC - processes requests for service
connections from mobile devices and land line callers, and routes calls
between the base stations and the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
The MSC receives the dialled digits, creates and interprets call processing
tones, and routes the call paths. Reference Introduction to GSM, so we can
summarize it is function as follow:
 Switching Between users
 charging per time as it depends on circuit switching technology
 Control All connected elements
 Call setup procedures
 Location Update
GMSC-Gateway Mobile Switching Centre: is a special kind of MSC that is
used to route calls outside the mobile network.

26 | P a g e
Astro ©
VLR-Visitor Location Register: VLR is a database which contains
information about subscribers currently being in the service area such as
identification numbers of subscribers, security information for authentication
of the SIM card for ciphering and services that subscriber can use The VLR
carries out location registrations and updates. It means that when a mobile
station comes to a new MSC/VLR serving area, it must register itself in the
VLR "perform a location update".
HLR-Home Location Register: a database used for storage and
management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important
database, as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a
subscriber's service profile, location information, and activity status. When an
individual buys a subscription in the form of SIM, then all the information
about this subscription is registered in the HLR of that operator---
Home location Register maintains a permanent register of the subscribers and
also it keeps track of the current location of its customers.
EIR-Equipment Identity Register: The EIR is responsible for IMEI
checking. In other words, checking the validity of the mobile equipment
IMEI contains three lists:
White list: ME is allowed to operate normally.
Grey list: If the ME hangs up and has some faults in the OS
Black list: If ME is reported stooled, so it will not be able to operate on the
network.
SMC-Short Message Centre: Its purpose is to store, forward, convert and
deliver short messages. It is function is to Identify text format and pending
function.
IwF-Interworking Function: IWF is a functional unit that serves the
implementation of functionality between different protocols and networks and
responsible for Rate adaption.
AuC-Authentication Centre: Provide security information to the network
where it generates user-specific authentication parameter used for
authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air
interface within the GSM system
OMC-Operation Maintenance:
Different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network
subsystem where it is responsible on Transmission problems which are:
1: path loss
2: Interference
3: Fading
4: Time delay
5: Time dispersion
6: Bandwidth Limitation
7: Channel impairment

27 | P a g e
Astro ©
 900 MHz Band
 E-GSM: (ARFCN 975-1023, 0):
 Frequency range: 880-890 MHz / 925-935 MHz
 Uplink carrier frequency: Fu = 890 MHz + (ARFCN - 1024) * 0.2 MHz
 Downlink carrier frequency: Fd = Fu(ARFCN) + 45 MHz

 P-GSM: (ARFCN 1-124):
 Frequency range: 890-915 MHz / 935-960 MHz
 Uplink carrier frequency: Fu = 890 MHz + (ARFCN - 1024) * 0.2 MHz
Downlink carrier frequency: Fd = Fu(ARFCN) + 45
MHz
Segmentation of the area into Cells:
Using of several carrier frequencies not the same frequency in neighbouring
cells.
Cell radius varies from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density,
geography, transceiver power etc.
hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
if a mobile user changes cells means to handover of the connection to the
neighbour cell

28 | P a g e
Astro ©
Subcarrier has 8 or 16 time slots
The following figure shows how timeslots and corresponding frequencies are
allocated in GSM.
A GSM multi-frame is the basic unit, and is 120millisecond long.
There are 26 Frames in each multi-frame, with each Frame being
4.61538millisecond long (120 millisecond/26). Within each Frame are 8
Timeslots at 576.92 microseconds per Timeslot (577 microseconds in round
numbers). Finally, there are 156.25 Bits per Timeslot, each Bit being
3.69231microseconds.

29 | P a g e
Astro ©
FCCH = Frequency correction channel
SCH = Synchronization channel
PCH = Paging channel
AGCH = Access grant channel
RACH = Random access channel
SACCH = Slow associated control channel
SDCCH = Stand-alone dedicate control channel
FACCH = Fast associated control channel

30 | P a g e
Astro ©
Broadcast channels
BCCH-Broadcast Control Channel:
Network Identity
LAI
Maximum and Minimum power at the cell
List of Adjacent BCCH carriers
FCCH-Frequency Correction Channel
Provide a unique tone in GMSK which enables mobiles to lock its local
oscillator to the base station clock as we need to synchronize mobile
terminals and base stations to correctly communicate and extract data.
Common Control Channels
PCH-Paging Channel
It is a downlink channel
RACH-Random Access Channel
It is an uplink channel which Carry the paging response and Request to
reserve dedicated channel
AGCH-Access Grantee Channel
Acknowledgment for Reservation
Dedicated Channels
SDCCH-Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
Is responsible for Call set-up procedures which include (Authentication/
Ciphering/ IMSI Allocation/ Location update) and it also request to reserve
traffic channel TCH
SACCH-Slow Associated Control Channel-
Power control and time advance
FACCH- Fast Associated Control Channel-
Handover Commands

31 | P a g e
Astro ©
Where Frame Duration=8TS=4.615msec
As I have nine (9)Time slots [3 Control CH-3 Broadcast CH- 3 Dedicated CH]
but the frame contains only eight(8) time slots.
So we have to load the 9 channels on only the two control timeslots and
activate them in cyclic duration.
Multi-frame: contains 26 traffic multi-frames and 51 multi-frames
Super-frame: is a group of multi-frame with duration of 6.12msec

35 | P a g e
Astro ©
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), is a development of Circuit
Switched Data, the original data transmission mechanism of the GSM mobile
phone system. In other words, it‟s a high-speed data technology for GSM
networks.
Allocation in High-speed circuit-switched data transfers is done in circuit
switched mode. The difference comes from the ability to use different coding
methods and even multiple time slots to increase data throughput.
HSCSD provides several levels of possible error correction which can be
deployed according to the quality of the radio link. This means that in the
best conditions 14.4Kb/s can be put through a time slot which, under CSD,
would normally only carry 9.6Kb/s.
The second innovation in the HSCSD radio interface was the possibility to use
multiple time slots at the same time. This allows an increase in maximum
transfer rates (using four time slots) up to 57.6 Kb/s and, even in the bad
radio conditions where the highest level of error correction has to be used,
will still lead to a four times speed increase over CSD. HSCSD require the
time slots being used to be fully reserved for a single user. It is possible that
either at the beginning of the call, or at some point during a call, it will not be
possible for the user's full request to be satisfied since the network is often
configured so that normal voice calls take precedence over additional time
slots for HSCSD users. The user is then charged, often at a rate higher than a
normal phone call, and sometimes multiplied by the number of time slots
allocated, based on the period of time that the user has a connection active.
This makes HSCSD relatively expensive in many GSM networks.

36 | P a g e
Astro ©
 Data rate 14.4 Kbps
 up to 8 TS
Total Rate=115.2Kbps
 Up to 4TS
Total Rate=57.6Kbps
 Decreasing in the capacity of users
 Circuit switching.
 PTP

37 | P a g e
Astro ©
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of the popular GSM
mobile standard that enables packet-switched services on the resources of
the already existing GSM network infrastructure. GPRS deploys new channel
coding schemes and timeslot bundling, GPRS is capable of providing single
user throughput rates of up to 160 kbps (in theory). GSM Circuit switch data
utilized a full rate voice channel (Timeslot) on the air interface for the entire
duration of the data connection whether or not data is being transferred.
These connections are normally billed according to airtime. Scarce radio
resources are only allocated to a mobile if there is data waiting to be sent or
received. As a result GPRS connections can be left „always on‟ and are
normally billed by data volume rather than time
 Data rate/TS= 21.4 Kbps
 Up to 8TS
Data rate then equal to 171.2 Kbps
 Up to 6TS
Data rate then equal to 128.4Kbps
 Balance in capacity of users
 Packet Switching + Circuit switching
 PTP+PTM
 Application: Internet, Intranet, MMS, WEP, WAP

38 | P a g e
Astro ©
As I mentioned before, GPRS is an upgrading for the GSM with some
extension we easily can upgrade our system.
CCU- Channel Codec Unit: CCU performs the Channel Coding (including the
coding scheme algorithms), power control, Interleaving and timing advance
procedures.
PCU-Packet Control Unit: PCU is the core unit to segregate between GSM
and GPRS traffic. It separates the circuit switched and packet switched traffic
from the user and sends them to the GSM and GPRS networks respectively so
it decides dynamically, which resources are allocated to CS and PS usage so it
differentiates whether data is to be routed to the packet switched or circuit
switched networks. Based on load situation, priority, and operator set rules.
To achieve that PCU have to handles the Conversion Between radio blocks
and packets.
SGSN-Serving GPRS Support Node: It is equivalent to MSC of GSM
network. SGSN Responsible for Data compression which helps to minimize the
size of transmitted data units, authentication of GPRS subscribers, Traffic
statistics collections. In addition SGSN handles PDP (Packet Data Control)
routing and transfer, determine the QoS and manage mobility for users,
routes the packets to Mobile terminals, and is responsible for (handover) -
Mobility management as the subscriber moves from one PLMN area to the
another PLMN and possibly one SGSN to another SGSN. And also it interacts
and interfaces with the NSS (that is, MSC/VLR, HLR, and EIR) and switching
the data in RA (Routing Area).

39 | P a g e
Astro ©
GPRS introduces the concept of a Routing Area. This concept is
similar to Location Area in GSM, except that it generally contains fewer
cells. Because routing areas are smaller than location areas, less radio
resources are used while broadcasting a page message.
GGSN-Gateway GPRS Support Node: GGSN is the gateway to external
networks. Every connection to a fixed external data network has to go
through a GGSN. The GGSN acts as the anchor point in a GPRS data
connection even when the subscriber moves to another SGSN during
roaming. The GGSN may accept connection request from SGSN that is in
another PLMN. Hence, the concept of coverage area does not apply to GGSN.
There are usually two or more GGSNs in a network for redundancy purposes,
and they back up each other up in case of failure. Functions are shown below:
 Routing mobile-destined packets coming from external networks to the
relevant SGSN. Routing packets originating from a mobile to the
correct external network.
 Interfaces to external IP networks and deals with security issues
 Allocates dynamic or static IP addresses to mobiles either by itself or
with the help of a DHCP or a RADIUS server
 Involved in the establishment of tunnels with the SGSN and with other
external networks and VPN.
MS- Mobile Station: Different GPRS MS classes were introduced to cope
with the different needs of future subscribers.
 Class A: Traffic of GSM AND GPRS (The using and management of
Voice and Packet Data at the same time)
 Class B: Manage either packet data or voice at a time. Use only a
single TRx for both.
 Class C: Alternative use of GSM and GPRS only (can manage either
only packet data or only voice.)

40 | P a g e
Astro ©
Dedicated PDCH- Dedicated Packet Data Channel
On-Demand PDCH
PACCH-Packet Associated Control Channel
PTCCH-Packet Time-Advance Control Channel
PBCCH-Packet Broadcasting channel
PNCH-Packet Notification Channel
PDTCH-Packet Data Traffic Channel

41 | P a g e
Astro ©
A GSM TDMA frame is built up by eight consecutive timeslots. Each timeslot
will build up a logical frame structure, used for carrying e.g. BCCH
information, paging information, speech, or data. In the GPRS case, each
timeslot used for data could be shared by several simultaneous users by
assigning different TFIs, temporary flow identities, to the users. Also one user
can be assigned one or several timeslots.

42 | P a g e
Astro ©
The 52-multiframe consists of 52 consecutive assigned timeslots with the
same number (e.g. TS 2 as in Figure 3 of the 52 timeslots, 48 are used for
sending the actual GPRS data. Of the remaining four, the two timeslots
marked „X‟ (nos. 25 and 51) are used for neighbour cell identification, similar
to the IDLE frame in the 26 multi-frame in the speech case. The mobile
searches the SCH burst that holds the BSIC and timing information for the
neighbour. During the „X‟ timeslot, the serving cell does not receive or
transmit anything. Finally, the two timeslots marked „P‟ (nos. 12 and 38) form
the PTCCH channel used for timing advance regulation.

43 | P a g e
Astro ©
Idle State: When mobile is powered on it will be in idle state and will not be
attached to the GPRS network. In this state the GPRS compatible mobile is
not reachable and location update is not yet performed.
Ready State: After performing GPRS attach, mobile station enters into the
ready state. Here either mobile will be in packet transfer mode or it might
have just finished the transfer. By GPRS detach the mobile will get
disconnected from the network and it will go back to the idle state. All the
PDP contexts will be deleted after disconnection. During ready state mobile
keep updating SGSN about its whereabouts.
Standby State: when the mobile is powered on and will be attached to the
GPRS network but packet transfer has not been initiated for long period of
time. This state is referred as standby state. This will cause GSM ready timer
to expire. Here routing area updates are done when needed.

44 | P a g e
Astro ©
The EDGE standard is an evolution of the GSM that modifies the type of
modulation to use 8psk.
EDGE uses a different modulation than the modulation used by GSM. EDGE
increases the data rate by a factor of 3 but with a smaller coverage area on
the current 200 kHz GSM radio carrier by changing the type of modulation
used to 8psk, whilst still working with current circuit (and packet) switches. In
theory, EDGE supports throughput of up to 384 Kbit/s for fixed stations
(pedestrians and slow vehicles) and up to 144 Kbit/s for mobile stations (fast
vehicles). The objective of the new technology is to increase data
transmission rates and spectrum efficiency and to facilitate new applications
and increased capacity for mobile use.
 Data rate/TS= 69.2 Kbps
 Up to 8TS with Total rate= 553.6 Kbps
 8PSK
 Balance in capacity of users
 Packet Switching +Circuit Switching
 PTP+PTM
 Application: Internet, Intranet, MMS, WEP, WAP

45 | P a g e
Astro ©
3G systems aim to provide enhanced voice, text and data services to
subscribers. The main advantages which are introduced by 3G are enhanced
capacity, quality and data rates. It also enables the provision of advanced
services transparently to the end user and will bridge the gap between the
wireless world and the computing/Internet world, making inter-operation
apparently seamless. The third generation networks should be in a position to
support real-time video, high-speed multimedia and mobile Internet access.
All this should be possible by means of highly evolved air interfaces, packet
core networks, and increased availability of spectrum. The ability to provide
high-speed data is one of the key features of third generation networks, the
real strength of these networks will be providing enhanced capacity for high
quality voice services.
 Data rate up to 2Mbps
 W-CDMA
 Modulation QPSK
 FDD or TDD
 Frequency Band 2100 MHz
 Channel Bandwidth =5 MHz
 Number of Carriers=12 CARRIER
 Chip Rate (Fc)=3.84 MCPS -M chip /sec-
 SF -Spreading Factor- =4 : 512
 CS+PS
 Apps: voice, HD voice, video calls, video streaming, mobile TV

46 | P a g e
Astro ©
User Equipment includes USIM- which is a hybrid SIM card used for both
networks 2G and 3G
NodeB: Its equivalent to the base station in 2G and its responsible for:
1. Coverage of 3G cell
2. Modulation and Demodulation
3. Ciphering and Deciphering
4. Spreading and Dispreading
5. Scrambling and unscrambling
6. Synchronization
RNC-Radio Network Controller: Provide access to the UMTS terrestrial
radio interface
1. Allocation of codes
2. Release of codes
3. Power Control
4. Handover Commands
5. Control the connected RNCs
TRAU-Transcoding and Rate Adaption Unit: TARU transforms the low
data rate traffic channels to radio 64 kbps and vice versa.
CGF-Charging Gateway Function: CGF Collects charging records from
SGSNs and GGSNs with different units for Data and Voice.

47 | P a g e
Astro ©
1. IMEI Check
2. Packet TMSI
3. Two Way Authentication: Using the algorithms F1,F2,F3,F4,F5 which
are RAND, XRES, CK, IK and AUTN 128 bits
4. Ciphering and Data Integrity Check
The most powerful Algorithms used in 3G called AES stands for Advanced
Encryption System by Rijndael.
Algorithm

48 | P a g e
Astro ©
HSDPA-High speed DL Packet Access: Data Rate=3.5Mbps, QPSK
Modulation is used in Uplink and 16QAM is used in Downlink
HSUPA-High speed DL Packet Access: Data Rate=7.2Mbps, 16QAM
Modulation is used in Uplink and 64QAM is used in Downlink
HSPA+: Data rate equal to 28.8Mbps, 64QAM and MIMO technology
DC-HSDPA: Dual Cell 10MHz, 16QAM DL and QPSK UL
DC-HSUPA: 10MHz, 64QAM DL and 16QAM UL
DC-HSPA+:10MHz, 64QAM and MIMO
TC-HSDPA / TC-HSUPA / TC-HSPA+ / QC-HSDPA / QC-HSDPA /
QC-HSDPA They are extending to the previous technologies but
cell instead being duelled it was tripled and for more high data
rate quadrature cell used

49 | P a g e
Astro ©
LTE (Long Term Evolution) or the E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Access Network), introduced in 3GPP R8, is the access part of the Evolved
Packet System (EPS). The main requirements for the new access network are
high spectral efficiency, high peak data rates, short round trip time as well as
flexibility in frequency and bandwidth, Reduced cost per bit, Increased
Service Provisioning by lowering the cost and increasing efficiency and
experience, Open Interfaces as against closed technologies of the past, Power
consumption efficiency and Scalable and flexible usage of frequency bands
 OFDMA DL
 SC-FDMA UL
 FDD or TDD
 Cognitive radio
 Channel Bandwidth up to 20MHz
 Space between subcarriers= 15KHz
 Packet Switching
 VoIP
 IPv6
 Tracking Area
 Time slot duration = 0.5 millisecond
 Frame duration = 10 millisecond
 MIMO 2 2× or 4×4
 Cyclic prefix =4.7 microsecond
 Number of subcarrier= 93 subcarrier
 Modulation used QPSK, 16 QAM or 64 QAM
 Application: VoIP, HD video call and video streaming, Mobile
TV, IPTV

50 | P a g e
Astro ©
LTE Targets:
 Throughput: High throughput achieved by using OFDMA plus the CP.
 Bandwidth is up to 20MHz
 Maximum Data rate starts from
1.4MHz up to 20MHz
 Signal to noise ratio is controlled by
the access scheme OFDMA, MIMO
2*2 OR 4*4 and Adaptive
modulation
 Latency
 Spectral Efficiency: by reducing the spacing between the subcarriers.
Figure 1-38 illustrates how the subcarriers can overlap due to their
orthogonally with the other subcarriers, i.e. the subcarriers are
mathematically perpendicular to each other. As such, when a
subcarrier is at its maximum the two adjacent subcarriers are passing
through zero. In addition, OFDM systems still employ guard bands.
These are located at the upper and lower parts of the channel and
reduce adjacent channel interference.

51 | P a g e
Astro ©
FDD Type1: The duration of one LTE radio frame is 10 ms. One frame is
divided into 10 sub frames of 1 ms each, and each sub frame is divided into
two slots of 0.5 ms each. Each slot contains either six or seven OFDM
symbols, depending on the Cyclic Prefix (CP) length. The useful symbol time
is 1/15 kHz= 66.6 microsecond. Since normal CP is about 4.69 microsecond
long, seven OFDM symbols can be placed in the 0.5-ms slot as each symbol
occupies (66.6 + 4.69) = 71.29 microseconds. When extended CP (=16.67
microsecond) is used the total OFDM symbol time is (66.6 + 16.67) = 83.27
microseconds. Six OFDM symbols can then be placed in the 0.5-ms slot.
Frames are useful to send system information. Sub frames facilitate resource
allocation and slots are useful for synchronization. Frequency hopping is
possible at the sub frame and slot levels. In LTE, radio resources are allocated
in units of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs). Each PRB contains 12 subcarriers
and one slot. If the normal Cyclic Prefix is used, a PRB will contain 12
subcarriers over seven symbols. If the extended CP is used, the PRB contains
only six symbols. The UE is specified allocation for the first slot of a sub
frame. There is implicit allocation for the second slot of the sub frame. For
example, if the eNB specifies one RB as the resource allocation for the UE, the
UE actually uses two RBs, one RB in each of the two slots of a subframe.
When frequency hopping is turned on, the actual PRBs that carry the UE data
can be different in the two slots. In a 10 MHz spectrum bandwidth, there are
600 usable subcarriers and 50 PRBs.

52 | P a g e
Astro ©
TDD-Type2: Radio frame composed of two half frames, each of 5ms duration
resulting in total frame duration of about 10ms. Each radio frame will have
total 10 sub-frames; each sub-frame will have 2 time slots. Sub-frame
configuration is based on Uplink downlink configuration (0 to 6). Usually in all
the cases, sub-frame #0 and subframe#5 is always used by downlink. The
Special sub-frame carries DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time Slot), GP (Guard
Period) and UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot).

53 | P a g e
Astro ©
UE-User Equipment: Consists of ME + E-USIM-Evolved USIM
E-UTRAN-Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network: The E-UTRAN
(Evolved UTRAN) consists of eNBs, providing the E-UTRA user plane
(PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards
the UE.
EPC-Evolved Packet Core: S-GW- Serving gateway and P-GW –Packet
gateway.
MME-Mobility Management Entity: Tracking Area-TA Update
PCRF-Policy and Charging Resource Function: Responsible for security
and charging per volume.
HSS-Home Subscription Server: HSS manages subscription-related
information. HSS supports the network control layer with subscription and
session handling, providing capabilities for: Mobile management, User
security and identification handling, Access authorization, Service
authorization and Service profile.

54 | P a g e
Astro ©
E-NodeB- Evolved NodeB:
1. Coverage of LTE cell
2. Ciphering
3. Modulation and Demodulation
4. Allocation and release of subcarrier
5. Power Control commands
6. Hand over commands
7. MIMO
8. CP
9. Synchronization
10.Channel Coding
11.Interleaving
12.Interface with external E-NodeB

56 | P a g e
Astro ©
 Channel Bandwidth = 100 MHz
 Space between subcarriers =7.5 KHz
 MIMO
 CP=16.7 microsecond
 Carrier Aggregation: Intra Band and Inter Band: Carrier
aggregation is used in LTE-Advanced in order to increase the
bandwidth, and thereby increase the bitrate.

57 | P a g e
Astro ©
Each aggregated carrier is referred to as a component carrier, CC. The
component carrier can have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz
and a maximum of five component carriers can be aggregated, hence
the maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz The easiest way to
arrange aggregation would be to use contiguous component carriers
within the same operating frequency band (as defined for LTE), so
called intra-band contiguous. This might not always be possible, due to
operator frequency allocation scenarios. For non-contiguous allocation
it could either be intra-band, i.e. the component carriers belong to the
same operating frequency band, but have a gap, or gaps, in between,
or it could be inter-band, in which case the component carriers belong
to different operating frequency bands.
 LTE comp-Coordinated Multi Point operation: In CoMP a number
of TX (transmit) points provide coordinated transmission in the DL, and
a number of RX (receive) points provide coordinated receptid2on in the
UL. A TX/RX-point constitutes of a set of co-located TX/RX antennas
providing coverage in the same sector. The set of TX/RX-points used in
CoMP can either be at different locations, or co-sited but providing
coverage in different sectors, they can also belong to the same or
different eNBs. CoMP can be done in a number of ways, and the
coordination can be done for both homogenous networks as well as
heterogeneous networks. In figure 8 two simplified examples for DL
CoMP is shown. In both these cases DL data is available for
transmission from two TX-points. When two, or more, TX-points,
transmit on the same frequency in the same subframe it is called Joint
Transmission. When data is available for transmission at two or more
TX-points but only scheduled from one TX-point in each subframe it is
called Dynamic Point Selection. For UL CoMP there is for example Joint
Reception, a number of RX-points receive the UL data from one UE,
and the received data is combined to improve the quality. When the
TX/RX-points are controlled by different eNBs extra delay might be
added, since the eNBs must communicate, for example in order to
make scheduling decisions. When CoMP is used additional radio
resources for signaling is required e.g. to provide UE scheduling
information for the different DL/UL resources.

58 | P a g e
Astro ©
 D2D- Device to Device: (D2D) communication enables direct
communication between nearby mobiles exploiting. Direct
communication between nearby mobile devices will improve spectrum
utilization, overall throughput, and energy efficiency, while enabling
new peer-to-peer and location-based applications and services.
 Relay cell: Relay uses small data packets cells. Cells are the basic
units of data, and are widely used in common networks for
communication. Just like frames, which are data packets of variable
size, cells travel from one computer to another over a network?
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a particularly popular form of
cell relay, and is based on cell units.
 Femto Cell: Femto cells are small cellular telecommunications base
stations
 SFN-system frame number: The system frame number allows the
UE to determine when certain events will occur and helps with
synchronization and acts as a timing reference.

60 | P a g e
Astro ©
No. of Erlang/city
Erlang/Subscriber x No. of Subscribers/city
No. of TRXs
Total No. of Erlang / 4
No. of BSCs
Max[(TRX/city)/300 , (Erlang/city)/1000 , (BCHA/city)/200k]
No. of MSCs
Max[(Erlang/city)/Max Erlang in MSC , (BHCA/city)/Max BHCA
in MSC
GPRS active users
Percentage of users x Percentage of the active users x #users
No. SGSN
GPRS active users / No. of the active PDP
No. GGSN
GPRS active users / GGSN throughput
Throughput in the BSC/city
(throughput of the active users/city)/(No. of BSC/city)
Throughput of SGSN
(throughput of users/city)/(No. of SGSN/city)
Traffic TAB
[(Erlang/city A) x MOC x %to other MSC] x[(No. of subscribers
of city B) / All Subscribers in all cities]

64 | P a g e
Astro ©
 White paper, "Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer", Author: Jim
Zyren, Technical Editor: Dr. Wes McCoy
 LTE in a Nutshell:The physical Layer ,White Paper 1c 2010 Telesystem Innovations Inc.

Instruments
 Digital cellular telecommunications system; "Base Station Controller - Base Transceiver
Station (BSC - BTS) interface", Interface principles, (GSM 08.52), Source: ETSI TC-SMG
Reference: TS/SMG-030852Q
 "Professional, Reliable and Evolutional"—Huawei GSM-R Solution,HUAWEI
TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
 "RAKE Receiver", Author: Tommi Heikkilä, S-72.333 Postgraduate Course in Radio
Communications, Autumn 2004
 "GSM Architicture",Training Document by Nokia Agilent: Understanding General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS),Application Note 1377
 "Understanding GPRS: The GSM Packet Radio Service1", Authors: Brahim Ghribi2 and
Luigi Logrippo3, School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa ON Canada K1N 6N5
 For Huke “LTE Air Interface” Training Manual by Huwei

Mobile_report

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Mobile_report

Similar to Mobile_report (20)

Mobile_report