AseAlex. thesis report-2014 - edited

Perception of the public on the status of ES at KELLE town June 13, 2014
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EETTHHIIOOPPIIAANN CCIIVVIILL SSEERRVVIICCEE UUNNIIVVEERRSSIITTYY
IINNSSTTIITTUUTTEE OOFF UURRBBAANN DDEEVVEELLOOPPMMEENNTT SSTTUUDDIIEESS
DDEEPPAARRTTMMEENNTT OOFF UURRBBAANN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT AANNDD
CCLLIIMMAATTEE CCHHAANNGGEE MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT
PPeerrcceeppttiioonn ooff tthhee PPuubblliicc oonn tthhee SSttaattuuss ooff EEccoossyysstteemm SSeerrvviicceess aatt
KKeellllee TToowwnn,, SSNNNNPPRRSS
By
Asaminew Alemayehu
ID No: UECM-0005-05
Under the Supervision of
Mr. Alemayehu Agizew
A Thesis Report Submitted to the Department of Urban Environment and Climate
Change Management Masters Program, Ethiopian Civil Service University, in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in
Urban Environment and Climate Change Management
June 13th
, 2014
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Declarations
I, Asaminew Alemayehu Kotcha, Registration Number/I.D. UECM-0005-05, do hereby
declare that this thesis is my original work and that it has not been submitted partially; or
in full, by any other person for an award of a degree in any other University/Institution.
Name of Participant………………………… Signature………... Date……………
This Thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as University
supervisor.
Name of Advisor……………………...…………. Signature………… Date…………

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Dedication
This thesis is dedicated to my father, for his kindness and devotion, and for his endless
support in my endeavour; his concern more with the needs and wishes of my success than
him even his life will always be remembered.

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APPROVAL
The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommend to the Ethiopian Civil
Service University to accept the Thesis submitted by Asaminew Alemayehu Kotcha, and
entitled “AAsssseessss tthhee PPuubblliicc ppeerrcceeppttiioonn oonn tthhee SSttaattuuss ooff EEccoossyysstteemm SSeerrvviicceess aatt KKeellllee
TToowwnn,, SSNNNNPPRRSS”, in partial fulfillment of a Masters Degree in Urban Environment and
Climate Change Management.
Name of Supervisor ……………………………………… Signature…………..…….
Date………………………
Name of Internal Examiner……………………………… Signature…….…..……….
Date…………...…………
Name of External Examiner…………………………. Signature………..……….
Date…………..…………
Name of Head of Department…………………………. Signature………………….
Date………………………

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Abstract
Urbanization happens because of the increase in the extent and density of urban areas.
The continuous development of 'Kelle' Town allows an increased rate of the migrants
from the nearby rural 'kebeles' which exerts stress on the natural ecosystem services such
as provisioning, regulating, cultural services and supporting services. This paper
emphasizes on the assessment of the public perception on the status of ecosystem services
and to suggest an alternative option to widen the public awareness about the benefits
obtained from natural ecosystem services. Based on the descriptive research design, this
research applied both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A household survey was
conducted Primary data had been collected through semi-structured questionnaires, in-
depth interviews, and personal observation while the secondary data were collected from
different written and documented sources. Primary data collected from sampled
household heads were processed and analyzed by descriptive data analysis method.
Consequently, the major findings of the study are: The ability of the ecosystem to provide
conditions for food, fibber, etc; to regulate local climate, erosion, etc; to act as
recreational, aesthetic value, etc and to support nutrient cycling, maintenance of soil
structure and fertility etc is become degraded 16 ecosystem services including food,
fibber, fresh water, natural medicine, aesthetic, existence, recreational value, etc are
available in Kelle town. Ecosystem services available in the town are become changed
and diminished due to the human activities largely to meet the rapidly growing demands
of the alarmingly increasing urban population and to achieve the town’s economic
development goals. Promotion of urban greenery, integrating ecosystem services into
spatial planning and urban management, and aware public to the benefits of ecosystem
and empowering decision makers’ awareness are the suggested options.
Key words: Ecosystem, Urbanization, Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural, Supporting,
Services, Process

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Acknowledgement
Above all, I thank Almighty God for always with me in all my endeavors and giving me
endurance to complete my study.
I would like to thank various government institutions in Kele town and staffs for their
contribution in giving me the required data and information, particularly Kele town
Municipality, Kele town water services office, Amaro Special Woreda Health office,
Office of Trade and Industry, Office of Mines and Energy, and Agriculture office.
Nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this thesis than the members of
my family. I would like to thank my parents, whose love and guidance are with me in
whatever I pursue. They are the ultimate role models. Most importantly, I wish to thank
my loving and supportive wife, sister Bereket, and my mother and my three younger
sisters’ wonderful sisters, who provide unending inspiration.

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Table of Content
Content Page
Declarations.............................................................................................................................................................i
Dedication ..............................................................................................................................................................ii
APPROVAL..........................................................................................................................................................iii
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgement..................................................................................................................................................v
List of tables..........................................................................................................................................................ix
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................x
List of appendices..................................................................................................................................................xi
ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background.................................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Problem Statement......................................................................................................................................3
1.4 Objectives....................................................................................................................................................4
1.4.1 General Objective ..........................................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................................4
1.5 Definition of Key Concepts .........................................................................................................................5
1.6 Significance of the Research.......................................................................................................................6
1.7 Scope of the Study.......................................................................................................................................6
1.8 Description of the Study Area.....................................................................................................................7
1.9 Limitations of the Study ..............................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO..................................................................................................................................................10
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................................................10
2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Theoretical Literature Review ..................................................................................................................10
2.2.1 Ecosystem...........................................................................................................................................10
2.2.2 Urban Ecosystem.........................................................................................................................10
2.2.3 Ecosystem Functions ...................................................................................................................12
2.2.4 Ecosystem Services......................................................................................................................12

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2.2.5 Conditions and trends of Ecosystem Services .............................................................................13
2.2.6Changes Urban Ecosystem Services ........................................................................................................14
2.2.4 Ecosystem Approach ..........................................................................................................................15
2.2.5 Importance of Ecosystem Approach...................................................................................................16
2.3 Environmental problems in developing countries.....................................................................................17
2.3.2 Landscape Degradation................................................................................................................17
2.3.3 Water Scarcity..............................................................................................................................18
2.3.4 Water Pollution............................................................................................................................18
2.4 Empirical Research Review ......................................................................................................................18
2.4 Research Gap............................................................................................................................................19
2.5 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER THREE..............................................................................................................................................22
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................22
3.1 Research Design ...................................................................................................................................22
3.2 Methods of Data Collection......................................................................................................................22
3.3 Sampling Technique..................................................................................................................................23
3.3.1 Population or Universe ................................................................................................................23
3.3.2 The Sampling Frame....................................................................................................................23
3.3.3 Sampling Unit..............................................................................................................................23
3.3.4 Sample Size .................................................................................................................................23
3.4 Source of Data ..........................................................................................................................................24
3.4.1 Primary Data Sources ..................................................................................................................24
3.4.2 Secondary data sources................................................................................................................24
3.5 Data Analysis............................................................................................................................................25
3.6 Data Presentation.....................................................................................................................................25
3.7 Ethical Consideration ...............................................................................................................................25
Chapter Four.........................................................................................................................................................26
4. Data Analysis, Interpretation and Presentation ................................................................................................26
4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................26
4.2 Response Rate...........................................................................................................................................26
4.3 Household demographic composition.......................................................................................................26
4.4 Results of the Study...................................................................................................................................29
4.4.1 Public Opinions on the current conditions and trends of Ecosystem...........................................29
4.4.2 Perception of the Public on the Ecosystem Types, Source and function .....................................33
4.4.3 Public Perception on the Changes observed in the Ecosystem Services and Drivers ..................40
4.4.3.1 The public perception on the availability of ecosystem services .................................................40

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4.4.3.2 Public Perception on the Quality of Ecosystem Services.................................................................46
4.5 Interpretation and Discussion...................................................................................................................52
4.6.1 Public Opinion on the Conditions and Trends of Ecosystem in Kelle.........................................52
4.6.2 The Perception of the public on the Types, Sources and Functions of Ecosystem services ........56
4.6.3 Public perception on the Changes Observed in Ecosystem Services and its Drivers...................59
CHAPTER FIVE..................................................................................................................................................62
3. Conclusion and Recommendations ...............................................................................................................62
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................62
5.1.1 Opinion of the Public on the Conditions and Trends of Ecosystem in Kelle...............................62
5.1.2 Public perception on Types, Sources and Functions of Ecosystem Services...............................63
5.1.3 Public Perception on the Changes Observed in the ecosystem Services and its Drivers .............64
5.2 Recommendations/Suggestions .................................................................................................................64
References ............................................................................................................................................................66

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List of tables
Table 1: Group of Ecosystem Services .................................................................................12
Table 2: Response rate of the study.......................................................................................26
Table 3: The household heads' demographic composition ....................................................27
Table 4: Public perception on the current forest ecosystem ..................................................32
Table 5: Public perception on the current status of water and air quality of the town ..........33
Table 6: The identified ecosystem services in and around Kelle town..................................38
Table 7: Public opinion in the ecosystem services changes in Kelle town............................41
Table 8: Public opinion in the changes of ecosystem service quality at Kelle town.............48
Table 9: Summary of the public perception on ecosystem services availability and quality 56
Table 10: The public perception on the changes in ecosystem services and its drivers........60

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List of Figures
Fig. 1 Map of the study area .................................................................................................8
Figure 2 Conceptual framework ............................................................................................21
Figure 3: public opinion on the existing conditions of land use type....................................30
Figure 4: Public perception on the existing condition of land covers ..................................31
Figure 5: The diseases prevalence due to the changes on the water and air quality..............32
Figure 6: Public perception on the ecosystem service types .................................................34
Figure 7: Public perception on the source of ecosystem services to ‘Kelle’ Town...............35
Figure 8: Public perception on the functions of ecosystem services ..................................... 36
Figure 9: Perception of the public to the indicators of ecosystem services changing ...........37
Figure 10: The availability level of ecosystem services at Kelle town..................................55

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List of appendices
Appendices-I: Research questionnaire
Appendices-I: Interview guideline
Appendices-I: Check list

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ACRONYMS
ASWHO Amaro Special Woreda Health Office
CAVSARTENRC Committee on Assessing and Valuing the Services of Aquatic and
Related Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
COHRE Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions
CSA Central Statistical Agency
DPBPMESWP Development Plan and Budget Preparation, Monitoring and
Evaluation Sub Work Process
ECSU Ethiopian Civil Service University
Eds Editors
G.C Gregorian calendar
GHGs Greenhouse gases
IBCR Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research
Km2
Squared Kilo meters
MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
nd No date
PISCES Partnerships Involving Stakeholders in the Celtic Sea Ecosystem
SCBD Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
SNNPRS Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
Spp Species
TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training
UK United Kingdom
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNEP United Nations Environmental Program
UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population
USA United States of America
WRI World Resource Institute
WRC World Research Centre

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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This paper assesses the public perception on the status of ecosystem services at ‘Kelle’
town, Amaro special woreda in Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Regional
State. The aim of this study is to assess the perception of the public on the status of
ecosystem services and the changes they have observed in the ecosystem services of the
study area. The investigation focuses on ecosystem services upon which the study
households depend, looking at the challenges of these ecosystem services. In the first
section, the paper is about background of the study, statement of the problem, objective
of the study, research question, significance of the study, scope of the study, description
of the study area, and limitations of the study. In the second chapter, the review literature
which includes the conceptual framework was discussed. In the third section, research
methodology which includes research design, methods of data collection, sample frame,
sample size, study population, sources of data, data analysis and presentation. In the
fourth chapter, data analysis and interpretations are discussed and the fifth chapter, deals
about the conclusion of the findings and recommendations to the gaps identified.
1.2 Background
An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities
and the nonliving environment, interacting as a functional unit. Humans are an integral
part of ecosystems. A well-defined ecosystem has strong interactions among its
components and weak interactions across its boundaries. A useful ecosystem boundary is
the place where a number of discontinuities coincide, for instance in the distribution of
organisms, soil types, drainage basins, or depth in a water body. At a larger scale,
regional and even globally distributed ecosystems can be evaluated based on a
commonality of basic structural units (MEA, 2005). Urban ecosystems are especially
important in providing services with direct impact on human health and security such as
air purification, noise reduction, urban cooling, and run-off mitigation. Cities are
interconnected globally through political, economic, and technical systems, and also
through the Earth’s biophysical life-support systems. Cities also have disproportionate

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environmental impacts at the local, regional, and global scales well beyond their borders,
yet they provide critical leadership in the global sustainability agenda. Although
urbanized areas cover only a small portion of the surface of the planet, they account for a
vast share of anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere. Still, the impacts of urbanization
on biodiversity and ecosystems as well as the potential benefits from ecosystem
restoration in urban areas remain poorly understood (Elmqvist T. et al. (Eds), 2013).
According to Barnett (2001) cited in Zewa G. the urbanization process increases the
environmental degradation, which is resulted when the supply of the natural resources of
direct use to human decreases and resources scarcity occur, the accumulation of waste
emitted from dispersed sources and the biospheres decreasing capacity to absorb the
wastes.
As United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP, 1997) cited in Timothy & Beathey
(Ed) (1994) all the world major cities suffer from poor air quality. However urbanization
is growing throughout the world, the growth of cities is more rapid in the developing
countries especially Africa where annual growth rate is 1.6% compared to 0.8% in the
developed countries (Leulseged et al., 2006). According to the United Nations report
(2003) cited in Leulseged et al., 2006 the process of urbanization in the developing
countries, especially Africa is inexorable and rapid urbanization presents one of the
greatest challenges to human security and sustainable development.
Alteration in land use is likely to be a major driver of global changes in the distribution of
vital ecosystem services. Urbanization will not only influence the potential supply and
use of ecosystem services, but also the number, behaviour and distribution of potential
beneficiaries (residents, animals) of those services. This change in the distribution of
populations relative to the locations of ecosystem service supplies could further reduce
the per capita supply or increase the costs of service provision. During this process of
land conversion, their influences on ecological systems have often been neglected. The
degradation of natural ecological systems due to land use change, however, has become
severe, and may require immediate attentions from urban planners and local governments
(Elmqvist T. et al. (Eds), 2013). According to Leulseged et al. (2006) the increase in
built-up areas in Addis Ababa city is horizontally expanding consuming the crop land,

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forest and grassland and this decline the sustainability of the provisioning, regulating, and
supporting services of the ecological resources.
Urbanization process cleans the way to increase the people's vulnerability to the
environmental hazards (especially to flood). In present case the selected study area is
close to naturally protected and preserved plains, forests, mountains and national park, so
that the researcher is concentrated on the assessment of the public perception on the
status of natural ecosystem services.
1.3 Problem Statement
Urbanization in Ethiopia and many other developing counties is accompanied by rapid
urban sprawl, resulting in a transformation of agricultural, forest, rural villages /suburb in
to urban or built-up area. Rapid urbanization results in the uncontrolled expansion of
cities or towns which leads to the loss of natural vegetation, open space and a general
decline in the extent and connectivity of wet lands and wild life habitats of communities
within and the fringes of cities and towns. In this process, natural areas previously
uninhabited or undeveloped, areas used as parks and those reserved for urban agriculture
are converted to industrial, commercial and residential purposes due to population
growth, which destroys the natural ecosystem (Leulseged et al., 2006).
According to Van Dijik (2008) cited in Elmqvist T. et al. (Eds), 2013 rapid urbanization
in Ethiopia will significantly affect the natural ecosystem, largely through increased
levels of emission from motor vehicle, power generation and reduction in vegetation
cover due to residential and industrial expansions. In fact, cities and towns consume
natural resources like land, water, trees, minerals and others within and outside of the city
or town and generate waste which is often disposed outside their boundaries. This process
makes urban areas the generator of ecosystem services disservices1
. An ecosystem
services refers to the benefits that people get from nature for instance fresh water, timber,
climate regulation, recreation, and aesthetic values, and air and water purification. In
1
Disservices: functions of ecosystems that are perceived as negative for human well-
being.

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order to satisfy the ever-increasing demand of land it has become mandatory to affect the
natural ecosystem (World Research Institute, 1992).
The continuous development of urbanization at 'Kelle' Town allows an increased rate of
the migrants from the nearby rural 'kebeles'. These activities made the town suitable for
the increased expansion of processing industries, especially the dry and wet coffee
processing industries, increasing number of vehicles for transportation purpose, and other
urban public utilities which cumulatively has a stress on the ecosystem services such as
provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services. This continuous stress on the
ecosystem services is becoming a serious problem for both the wild habitats and the
human health through influencing the ecosystem services. Now a day, the town is
increasing horizontally towards the undeveloped areas nearby the town and the practices
of development is not taking into account the natural ecosystem. There is also lack of
information or awareness on the ecosystem services in the public as well as the decision
makers.
1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General Objective
The overall objective of this study is to assess the perception of the public on the status of
ecosystem services and on the changes they have observed in the ecosystem services of
the Kelle Town.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
1.To examine the opinion of the public on the condition and trends of ecosystem
services in the town;
2. To assess the perception of the public on the types, sources and functions of
ecosystem services of the town
3. To assess the public opinion on the drivers of ecosystem services changes in their
town.

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1.5 Definition of Key Concepts
Ecosystem: Ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the
nonliving components of their environment interacting as a system (Ranganathan J. et al.,
2008).
Ecosystem services: Ecosystem services are the benefits that people get from nature.
Examples include fresh water, timber, climate regulation, recreation, and aesthetic values
(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).
Provisioning services: Provisioning services are the good or products that the people
obtain from natural ecosystems for example: food, fibber, biomass fuel, fresh water,
genetic resources, biochemical, natural medicines and pharmaceuticals (Ranganathan J. et
al., 2008).
Regulating services: Regulating services are the benefits obtained from ecosystem's
control of natural processes. These are like air quality regulation, climate regulation,
water regulation, erosion regulation, waste assimilation, disease regulation, pest
regulation and natural hazard regulation (Ranganathan J. et al., 2008).
Cultural services: Supporting services are the non-material benefits people obtain from
ecosystem services. For example: aesthetic values, existence values, and recreational
values (Ranganathan J. et al., 2008).
Supporting services: Supporting services are the underlying processes that are necessary
for the production of all other ecosystems. These are services like nutrient cycling,
maintenance of soil structure and fertility, primary production, photosynthesis and water
cycling (Ranganathan J. et al., 2008).
Urbanization: Urbanization refers to a growth in the proportion of a population living in
urban areas and the further physical expansion of already existing urban centres (Samson,
2009; Alaci, 2010 cited in Leulseged et al., 2006)

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1.6 Significance of the Research
The result of this study has provided an important input for the urban development policy
makers, practitioners of urban development policy, urban planners, designers and urban
managers. It also has an important role in indicating the right direction to the local
administration and Kelle Town Municipality about how can they achieve both urban
development and conservation of natural ecosystem in sustainable manner. It also
provided basic information for the high level educational institutions such as Hawassa
University, Bule Hora University, Arbaminch University, Dilla University and other
TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) to produce future further
advanced researches on the issue and produce a step wise change on the management of
urban environment.
1.7Scope of the Study
Conceptually, the study was all about the assessment of the public perception on the
status of ecosystem services at Kelle town. Although it was recognized that the technical
aspects were important for the understanding of the impacts of the urbanization on
ecosystem services concept, the scope of this study did not allowed the researcher to
consider the technical aspects (mapping the impact of urbanization on ecosystem by
using GIS software) of the urbanization process. The geographical scope of the study was
confined to the two ‘Kebeles’ of Kelle town (namely 01 and 02 kebele), the capital of
Amaro Special Woreda. Based on the 2010 census result of CSA the Town has a total
population about 11,009 or 2,342 households. Topographically, the town is located at a
foot of Amaro mountain chains-a well known mountain chain in the region. The soil of
the hill immediately near the town is very fragile coarse sandy (Zewa G. thesis report,
2013). The mountain chain provides different ecosystem services not only to the settlers
within the mountain chain ecology but also the town residents are beneficiaries of the
services provided by this ecosystem.

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1.8 Description of the Study Area
Amaro special woreda is one of the 8 special woredas in Southern Nations Nationalities
and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS). It is located to the south east of the region.
Astronomically, the woreda is located between 50
6’ 2’’ and 60
N latitude, and 370
55’
and 380
9’ E longitude (SNNPRS Regional Statistical Abstract, 2007). The elevation of
the woreda ranges from 1200-3600 meters above sea level. The total area of the woreda
estimates 1,422.16 square kilo meter (Km2
). It is bordered by BurJi, Konso and Derashe
special woredas from south, by Arbaminch zuria woreda, Lake Chamo, and Lake Abaya
from west, and by Oromia Regional State from east and north. The rainfall amounts 801-
1000 mm per annum. The average temperature ranges from 120
C -25 0
C. Agro-
ecologically, 30% of the total area lies under Dega (highland).The Weyna dega
(midland), where Kelle Town (about 840 hectares or 8.4 square kilo meters in area) is
situated, and Kola (lowland) constitute 38% and 32% respectively. The woreda has 33
rural Kebeles and two urban kebeles under Kele municipality. According to the National
Census (CSA, 2010) the woreda has a total population of 167,379 (84,411 male and
82,968 female) of which 11,009 (6,038 male and 4,971 female) were living in Kelle
Town. Amaro Special Woreda has a population density of 117.7 people per square kilo
meters of which 6.58% were urban inhabitants, but the population density of Kelle Town
currently estimated as 1,310 people per square kilo meters. Kelle town, which occupy
about 840 hectare (Ha) in area-the capital of Amaro special Woreda is one of the oldest
towns in SNNPRS. The Town was established in 1941 as the administration sit of
‘Koore’ people. The town is located to the east part of the woreda. It is located about 206
km to south of Hawassa- the regional capital- and about 478 km to south of Addis Ababa-
that of the nation. The map below is the current shape of Kelle Town.

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Fig. 1 Map of the study area (source: SNNPR map).
1.9 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the study were that the availability of the secondary data
sources- lack of organized relevant documents, reports and videos. The willingness of the
officials and expertise of the concerned government institutions because the time of the
data collection was at the critical time for the officials and expertise to be busy by the
agricultural scaling-up programme. It was so painful during primary data collection to
deal with some respondents and interviewing because the issue under the study was
different or new for the study area and the willingness of the key informants and some
respondents. The other limitation was the shortage of money to run the data collection
activity as it was planned.
1.10 Organization of the Thesis
The thesis has comprised of five chapters. Chapter one is about the introduction which is
a brief and precise presentation of the thesis. This chapter has the background of the
study, problem statement, research objective, conceptual definition, significance of the
study, scope of the study, description of the study area, and limitation of the study. The
second chapter is the literature review, which connects the study with the theoretical
background of the concepts under study. The third chapter is the methodology, which
aims to describe the overall procedure of the study. The fourth chapter deals with the data

9
analysis, interpretation and presentation. The fifth chapter is about the conclusion based
on the findings and recommendations.

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CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter includes different literatures which are important to the study. Hence, the
conceptual framework which includes key concepts and variables was reviewed through
different theoretical and empirical literatures.
2.2 Theoretical Literature Review
2.2.1 Ecosystem
An ecosystem can be defined as ‘‘a set of interacting species and their local, non-
biological environment functioning together to sustain life’’ (Moll and Petit, 1994 cited
in Nsiah K., 2003). The urban ecosystems can be portrayed as a form of ecological
infrastructure, often called “green infrastructure”, providing a variety of ecosystem
services for humans. The term ecological infrastructure captures the role that water and
vegetation in or near the built environment play in delivering ecosystem services at
different spatial scales (building, street, neighbourhood, and region). It includes all ‘green
and blue spaces’ (urban ecosystems) that may be found in urban and peri-urban areas,
including parks, cemeteries, gardens and yards, urban allotments, urban forests, single
trees, wetlands, streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds (SCBD, 2012).
2.2.2 Urban Ecosystem
Within the urban ecosystem there are a number of goods and services have been defined.
Costanza et al (1997) identified 17 groups of ecosystem services as shown in table 1.
Urban ecosystems are especially important in providing services with direct impact on
human health and security such as air purification, noise reduction, urban cooling, and
run-off mitigation. According to Bolund and Hunhammar, 1999, urban ecosystems have
been understood to work in a number of different ways. They are viewed as a single
aerial unit containing interacting species and their local, non-biological environment
functioning together to sustain life. This unit has been then been further decomposed into

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several individual ecosystems, e.g., parks and lakes. Indeed, the term urban ecosystem
has often been used strictly as pertaining to the natural green and blue areas in the city.
Cities are linked through their ecological interdependencies, as the activities in some
cities, largely those of the developed world, are increasingly impacting ecosystems
elsewhere. The urban ecosystem is thus part of a set of interdependent ecosystems all
essential for the adequate support of human life. To illustrate the necessity of
interdependency, Douglas (1981) turns to the fresh food markets in the Third World. He
observes how cities such as Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur have intensified agriculture in
the areas immediately adjacent to the cities, and also developed longer and longer supply
lines for essential foodstuffs with urban growth.
Table 1: Group of ecosystem services identified by Costanza et al (1997)
Ecosystem Service Ecosystem functions
Gas regulation Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition.
Climate
regulation
Regulation of global temperature, precipitation, and other
biologically mediated climatic processes at global or local levels.
Disturbance
regulation
Capacitance, damping and integrity of ecosystem response to
environmental fluctuations.
Water regulation Regulation of hydrological flows.
Water supply Storage and retention of water.
Erosion control and
sediment retention
Retention of soil within an ecosystem.
Maintenance of soil
structure and
fertility
Maintenance of soil structure and fertility processes.
Nutrient cycling Storage, internal cycling, processing and acquisition of nutrients.
Waste treatment Recovery of mobile nutrients and removal or breakdown of excess
or xeric nutrients and compounds.
Pollination Movement of floral gametes.
Biological control Tropic dynamic regulations of populations.

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Refuge Habitat for resident and transient populations.
Food production That portion of gross primary production extractable as food.
Raw materials That portion of gross primary production extractable as raw
materials.
Genetic resources Sources of unique biological materials and products.
Recreation Providing opportunities for recreational activities.
Cultural Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses.
Source: Costanza, 1997.
2.2.3 Ecosystem Functions
Primary productivity such as output of food, timber and fibre tends to be higher in areas
with high net primary production, and that at global scales, patterns of biodiversity and
the services associated with it generally increases with net primary production (Gaston,
2000). Increased levels of plant species diversity enhance grassland productivity in
restored grasslands on a range of soil types (Fagan et al., 2008). Nutrient cycling is also
one of the ecosystem functions. According to Nicklaus et al., 2001, functionally diverse
systems appear to be more effective in retaining nutrients than simpler ones; retention of
soil nutrients appears to be due to direct uptake of minerals by vegetation and by the
effects of plants on the dynamics of soil microbial populations.
Stability of the soil ecosystem is closely linked to the relative abundance of the different
functional groups of organisms such as earthworms and macro- and micro-invertebrates
can increase soil structure via burrows or casts and enhance soil fertility through partial
digestion and communities of soil organic matter (Zhang et al., 2007).
2.2.4 Ecosystem Services
Simply speaking, ecosystem services are “the benefits people obtain from ecosystems.”
More broadly, ecosystem services are the conditions and processes through which natural
ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfill human life. They
maintain biodiversity and the production of ecosystem goods, such as food, forage
timber, biomass fuels, natural fibber, and many pharmaceuticals, industrial products, and
their precursors. (MEA, 2005)

13
The production of food and raw materials, clean air and water, flood regulation, and
recreation and ecotourism are all dependent on ecosystem services provided by soil,
waters, and forests (Irina B. et al. (Ed), 2011). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
(MEA), 2005, an extensive international ecosystem service assessment, result shows that
15 of the 24 main ecosystem services assessed are significant decline in different regions
of the world. The situation had improved for only four services over the last 50 years.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment classifies the ecosystem services into:
Provisioning Services are the goods or products that people obtain from ecosystems such
services include food, fibber, biomass fuel, fresh water, genetic resources, biochemical,
natural medicine and pharmaceutical (Ranganathan J. et al., 2008).
Regulating Services are the benefits obtained from ecosystem’s control of natural
processes including air quality regulation, climate regulation, water regulation, erosion
regulation, water purification, waste treatment, disease and pest regulation and natural
hazard regulation (Ranganathan J. et al., 2008).
Cultural Services are the nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystem services such as
aesthetic values, existence values, recreational and ecotourism (Ranganathan J. et al.,
2008).
Supporting Services are the underlying processes that are necessary for the production
of all other ecosystem services. It includes the nutrient cycling maintenance of soil
structure and fertility, primary production, photosynthesis and water cycling
(Ranganathan J. et al., 2008).
2.2.5 Conditions and trends of Ecosystem Services
People seek multiple and different services from ecosystems and thus perceive the
condition of an ecosystem in relation to its ability to provide the services desired.
According to the MEA, 2005, for these conditions of provisioning services -the
sustainability of the production of a particular ecosystem service can refer simply to
whether the biological potential of the ecosystem to sustain the yield of that service (such
as food production) is being maintained.

14
The conditions of the regulating services depends more on whether the ecosystem’s
capability to regulate a particular service has been enhanced or diminished. Thus if forest
clearance in a region has resulted in decreased precipitation and this has had harmful
consequences for people, the condition of that regulatory service has been degraded
(Rapport et al. 1995 cited in MEA synthesis report, 2005).
As MEA synthesis report, 2005, the condition of cultural services depends heavily on
either direct or indirect human use of the service. For example, the condition of a
regulating service such as water quality might be high even if humans are not using the
clean water produced, but an ecosystem provides cultural services only if there are people
who value the cultural heritage associated with it.
Supporting services maintain the conditions for life on Earth but may affect people only
indirectly (by supporting the production of another service, as maintenance of soil
structure and fertility supports food production) or over very long time periods such as
the role of ecosystems in producing oxygen (MEA, 2005). According to Daily G. et al
1997 cited in Barbara Boyle Torrey 2004, primary production is a fundamental
supporting service, since life requires the production of organic compounds. But if global
primary production were to increase by 5 percent over the next century, it would be
difficult to categorize the change as an enhancement or degradation of the service, though
it certainly would be a significant change.
2.2.6 Changes Urban Ecosystem Services
Urbanizing regions increasing challenge the ecosystem’s capacity to deliver important
ecological services to the human population and support human well-being. Scholars of
urban ecology have hypothesized that the patterns of urbanization control ecosystem
dynamics through complex interactions and feedback mechanisms linking urban
activities and their spatial organization to land cover and environmental change (Alberti,
2010).
Although ecosystem services provide a great number of functions and services that create
value for human users and are central to the continuation of human civilization, humans

15
have not clearly expressed the existence and importance of ecosystem services in a great
haste to celebrate urban fantasy CAVSARTENRC (Committee on Assessing and Valuing
the Services of Aquatic and Related Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council,
2004). Van der Ryn & Cowan (2007) express the reality of increasing disconnection of
humans with nature as: “we live in two interpenetrating worlds. The first is the living
world, natural world, which has been created in an evolutionary crucible over a period of
four billion years. The second is the world of roads and cities, farms and artifacts, human
designed world, which people have been designing for themselves over the last few
millennia”. The growth and prosperity of the human designed world has come from the
expense of the resources of the natural world.
According to Alberti (2008) urbanized areas have extraordinarily large ecological
footprints with the largest proportion of resource uses and carbon emissions.
Urbanization affects primary productivity, nutrient cycling, hydrological function, and
ecosystem dynamics through direct and subtle changes in climatic, hydrologic,
geomorphic, and biogeochemical processes and biotic interactions.
2.2.4 Ecosystem Approach
Biodiversity conservation has traditionally relied on a system of designated areas in order
to protect threatened and endangered species. The primary geographical emphasis of this
process has been outside of urban areas. Such a system is fundamental as a means to an
end where that end is protection and maintenance of ever-decreasing wild biodiversity.
Biodiversity also exists outside of rural areas and inhabits urban (city) region. According
to Mclnnes R. (nd) the ecosystem approach, which recognizes that human society is an
integral component of ecosystem, provide a conceptual that integrates the management of
land, water and living resources whilst promoting conservation and sustainable use in an
equitable way.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines the ecosystem approach as “a
strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes
conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. Ecosystem service approaches to
conservation are being championed as a new strategy for conservation, under the

16
hypothesis that they will broaden and deepen support for biodiversity protection.
Ecosystem service approaches aim to engage a much wider range of places, people,
policies, and financial resources in conservation. This is particularly important given
projected intensification of human impacts, with rapid growth in population size and
individual aspirations (MEA, 2005).
As Robert Mclnnes (nd) essential to the delivery of the ecosystem approach is the
recognition that the conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to
maintain ecosystem services should be a priority. The ecosystem approach is based on
application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological
organization, which encompass the essential process and interaction among organisms
and their environment and the linkage among ecosystem (Getachew Tesfaye, 2006).
2.2.5 Importance of Ecosystem Approach
Ecosystem service approaches to conservation offer a promising way to align
conservation and production, simultaneously enhancing human well being and protecting
Earth’s biodiversity and life support systems (Mooney H. A. (Ed), 2008 cited in (SCBD)
(2012)). The ecosystem approach considers our activities as part of a single system where
all sectors are integrated, allowing the wider consequences of decisions to be determined
and managed (Partnerships Involving Stakeholders in the Celtic Sea Ecosystem
(PISCES), 2012 cited in Zewa G., 2013). It provides a framework by which ecosystem
services are integrated into public and private decision making. Its implementation
typically incorporates a variety of methods, including ecosystem service dependency and
impact assessment; valuation, scenarios, and policies and other interventions targeted at
sustaining ecosystem services. And further emphasizes ecosystem services as the link
between ecosystems and development (UNCED, 1992).
The ecosystem approach has a comprehensive nature to protect, preserve, and utilize
ecological resources, communities, and economies sustainably. According to Tesfaye and
G/Medhin (2004) the ecosystem approach does not single out a species or pieces of land
from its surroundings. All are interconnected, and disturbing or managing one affects the
other in that ecosystem. It does not look an ecosystem for a dominant gene or species,

17
rather takes unseen more valuables goods and services of ecosystem into consideration.
The ecosystem approach optimizes the mix of benefits across a given ecosystem.
As the IBCR (Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research) (2002) the ecosystem
approach maintains productive potential of ecosystems. It views production of goods and
services as the natural product of healthy ecosystem, not as an end in itself. It is a method
for sustaining or restoring natural systems and their functions and values. According to
World Resource Center (2000) the ecosystem approach integrates traditional and
indigenous knowledge system with scientific thinking in provisioning conservation
solutions. It has a holistic view of human health and environmental sustainability. It
identifies interventions that will lead to improve human health and well-being while
simultaneously maintaining or improving the health of the ecosystem as a whole. Thus,
the application of the ecosystem approach will help to reach a balance of the three
objectives of the Convention: conservation; sustainable use; and the fair and equitable
sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. An ecosystem
approach is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on
levels of biological organization, which encompass the essential structure, processes,
functions and interactions among organisms and their environment.
2.3 Environmental problems in developing countries
According to Falkenmark M., 1989 cited in Barbara Boyle Torrey 2004, population
growth will lead to increasing production activities in the landscape and increasing
pressure on water resources that are scarce for climatic reasons.
2.3.2 Landscape Degradation
As the analysis of the results from a study conducted by World Bank on a large number
of third world countries indicates that what we tend to speak of as environmental
problems are basically caused by human activities in the landscape (D. Partha and M.
Karl-Goran (Eds), 1997 cited in Bolund and Hunhammar, 1999). Human activities like
deforestation, solid waste disposal, waste water disposal, land overexploitation and
ground water overexploitation primarily result in degradation of land fertility, soil
erosion, floods, desertification, water pollution and crop failures. Finally these causes

18
morbidity, famine, drought, silted reservoirs, health hazards and degradation of
biodiversity (Falkenmark M., 1989).
2.3.3 Water Scarcity
The poverty-stricken countries are, to a surprisingly a large extent, located in the dry
climate tropics and subtropics. Man induced water scarcity in least developed countries
are exacerbated by human behavior and can therefore, in principle, be minimized and
controlled the challenge is not the lack of water but also a vulnerability related to the rain
water partitioning (Falkenmark M., 1989).
2.3.4 Water Pollution
As Falkenmrk M. (1989) explained, the exaggerated input of chemicals like nitrate
fertilizers enters the water cycle by the land branch. The nitrate surplus gets dissolved in
the passing water in the soil on its way to groundwater aquifers in recharge areas, and to
water bodies in well drained discharge areas. On the other hand, emission of the
acidifying gases into the atmosphere from human activities, mainly energy production
and traffic. These gases are dissolved in water droplets in the atmosphere, carried to the
landscape by precipitation, and transformed into a dilute acid, which is danger for plants,
animals, humans and other microorganisms’ life on and inside the earth.
2.4 Empirical Research Review
Scientific evidence shows that ecosystems are under unprecedented pressure, threatening
prospects for sustainable development. While the challenges are daunting, they also
provide opportunities for local communities, business and government to innovate for the
benefit of communities, economies and the global environment. However, in order to
secure the environmental conditions for prosperity, stability and equity, timely responses
that are proportionate to the scale of the environmental challenges will be required. In
creating such responses, governments, the international community, the private sector,
civil society and the general public all have an important role to play (UNEP, 2011 cited
in Robert T., 1998).
According to Robert T., 1998 ecosystem management based on its seven pillars can be
defined as “The application of ecological and social information, options, and constraints

19
to achieve desired social benefits within a defined geographic area and over a specified
period.”
Land is among the valuable earth resources and a home base for human beings and other
living creatures. If there is no interference and destruction by man, the ecosystem
by itself can regenerate the nature and the land resources. However, world experience
indicates that human beings are the extractors and destructors of the natural resources,
leading to hazardous conditions for the regeneration of the earth’s ecosystem. As Sisay
Habtamu Tekle, 2012 in Ethiopian cities, particularly in Addis Ababa lack of proficiency
of government delegates in urban land development management, lack of competency of
planners, and lack of long-term vision to plan for a sustain urban future. In Kele town as
Getnet Haile, 2013 there was lack of urban good governance and lack of effective rules
and regulations on urban expansion towards peri-urban villages result in land
overconsumption and degradation.
Water purification and waste treatment are important ecosystem services that protect
water sources from contamination. Access to water is carefully monitored to prevent
waste. Rivers, lakes, and oceans are protected against contamination that can affect both
marine and land life. Waste produced by human and commercial processes is carefully
managed to avoid damage to the environment (UNEP, 2011 cited in Robert T., 1998). In
Kelle tow majority of the residents have shortage of potable water, which results from
inappropriate land use in the upstream of the watershed to which the town belongs; these
is because the community participation in issues related to water resource management is
not only rare but also restricted mostly to getting information about ongoing water
resource management projects rather than giving room to the community to being a part
of the decision; and that the municipal Water Service Office has serious problem of
capacity to manage water as well as to serve the community (Zewa G., 2013).
2.4 Research Gap
Urban vegetation, particularly trees, provides numerous benefits that can improve
environmental quality, and human health in and around urban areas. These benefits
include improvements in air and water quality, building energy conservation, cooler air

20
temperatures, reductions in ultraviolet radiation, and many other environmental and
social benefits (Nowak and Dwyer 2007). A study in Stockholm shows that increasing
the areas with soft ground and vegetation may decrease these noise levels. Vegetation
may also contribute by shielding the visual intrusion of traffic and thus making it less
disturbing (Bolund P. and Hunhammar S., 1999).
As Vringer and Blok (1995) the ways in which population change influences ecosystems
are complex. The basic pathway is from growing consumption driven by population to
production processes that rely in part on ecosystem services to meet that consumption.
The ultimate effects on ecosystems of an additional person are influenced by the entire
range of indirect drivers (demographic, economic, socio-political, cultural and religious
and science and technology).
As the study under taken by Barbara Boyle Torrey 2004, in sub-Saharan Africa urban
people change their environment through their consumption of food, energy, water and
land. And in turn the polluted urban environment affects the health and quality of life of
the urban population. At the same time the caloric requirement of older African is 70%
more than children age (0-8 year), this trend actually result in 6% growth in caloric
requirements independent of population growth. Hence, as the projection of United
Nations HABITAT ( 1996) in the coming 30 years or during 2030 the population of
urban Africa increases to 61% in turn aggravating the degradation of nature.
However, the research undertaken by Guluma Zewa, 2013 at Kelle town on the integrated
water resource management lacks to identify the challenges on the other different
ecosystem services. The careful management of soil, trees, grasses, and forests helps
protect air quality and food sources for people. Land conservation is also a vital
ecosystem service that helps maintain a healthy environment for people and animals. And
Getnet Haile, 2013 found that there is a gap on land development management in Kelle
town and left the rest ecosystem services or natural capital as unstudied.

Perception of the public on the status of ES at KELLE town
2.5 Conceptual Framework
The ecosystem is constantly changing as a result of
anthropogenic drivers of change. These drivers put pressure on the e
affects the services they provide
land use, and modify the physical, chemical and biological
ecosystems. Indirect drivers are of more anthropogenic origin and affect human impacts
on ecosystems through such things as subsidies or policy development. These may then
feedback into the direct drivers, for example, by causin
Urbanization is the important human activities that can potentially harm the
services. Philippe Sands (2003)
diversity as the variation of ecosystems within a region.
Figure 2 Conceptual framework (source: developed
researcher, 2014)
Pressures
Deforestation,
waste & waste
disposal, land &
overexploitation
21
Conceptual Framework
is constantly changing as a result of a number of natural and
anthropogenic drivers of change. These drivers put pressure on the e
affects the services they provided by the ecosystem. The drivers may be direct, such as
land use, and modify the physical, chemical and biological processes in, and nature of
feedback into the direct drivers, for example, by causing changes in land use.
Urbanization is the important human activities that can potentially harm the
Philippe Sands (2003) cited in Van der Ryn & Cowan 2007
diversity as the variation of ecosystems within a region.
Figure 2 Conceptual framework (source: developed from literature review
Ecosystem Services
Provisioning, regulating, cultural
,supporting
Initial Impacts
Degradation of soil
fertility, soil erosion,
water scarsity, water
pollution, floods &
desertification
Drivers
Population growth, urban
expansion and unsustainable
development
solid
water
water
June 13, 2014
a number of natural and
anthropogenic drivers of change. These drivers put pressure on the ecosystem, which
. The drivers may be direct, such as
processes in, and nature of
g changes in land use.
Urbanization is the important human activities that can potentially harm the ecosystem
2007, describe ecosystem
from literature review by the
Final Impacts
Morbidity,
famine, drought,
silted reserviour,
health hazard &
degradation of
biodiversity

22
CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were applied to this study.
To collect qualitative data such as awareness and opinion of the respondents towards the
changes on the ecosystem services due to urbanization. The quantitative one is required
to describe the number and percent of respondents and their responses which is
expressed numerically. Moreover, the quantitative approach is applied to analyze the
secondary data. The type of the research selected is descriptive because the aim of the
study is to describe the existing public perception on ecosystem services in the area. And
survey research strategy is used so as to collect factual behavioural data. The time
dimension of the study is a cross sectional one. This is because the study is needed to
involve observation of a population at one point in time.
3.2 Methods of Data Collection
The data were collected both from primary and secondary data sources. The primary data
were collected by using personal observation, interview (semi-structured), and
questionnaire methods to get detail information from the key informants, such as
officials, senior experts, and other respondents (household heads) in the study area. The
interview was done by both the researcher and enumerators, who have been trained by
the researcher. Check lists and photo camera were used during the observation, where as
questionnaire was used to collect extensive data from large number of respondents. This
was needed to collect data from the community and concerned institutions about the
urban development activities associated with ecosystem services. The secondary data
were collected from the existing reports, videos and other concerned documents by using
check list.

23
3.3 Sampling Technique
Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used during selecting the
participants of the study. The non-probability sampling method, especially the purposive
one was needed for the selection of the key informants (officials and expertise of the
concerned organizations) from the community based on the exposure and knowledge of
the researcher about the community of the study area. This was because these
organizations were believed to have a lion share in the decision making and any activities
carried out regarding urban development and natural ecosystems conservation in the area.
The probability sampling technique has been used to select the required sample or
respondents randomly from the whole households of the ‘Kelle’ town. This was done by
using the list of the house number registered by the municipality of the town.
3.3.1 Population or Universe
The population or universe of the study was the population of Kelle Town. According to
the Central Statistics Agency (2010), estimated total population of ’Kelle’ town was
about 11,009 or 2,342 households.
3.3.2 The Sampling Frame
The sampling frame for the questionnaire survey is the lists of households of the town
(2,342) and the concerned institutions and clubs (Municipality, Water, Mine and Energy,
Health, and Agriculture offices and Kelle high school and Kelle primary school
environmental clubs).
3.3.3 Sampling Unit
The sampling units or the units of analysis are the household heads and the concerned
governmental institutions and school environmental clubs.
3.3.4 Sample Size
The proposed study is dealing with large population (11,009) the size of the sample is
determined by using the sample size determination formula:

24
Therefore, the size of the sampled household is 173 respondents which are randomly
selected by using on their house number. 24 key informants (officials, expertise and
school clubs) are selected purposely who are directly and indirectly concerned to the
issue under the study.
3.4 Source of Data
3.4.1 Primary Data Sources
The primary data sources were both the community or households, and the officials,
expertise and school clubs who were participating in the research. Therefore, the relevant
primary data were collected using both questionnaire and personal observation and semi-
structured interview from the key informants (school clubs, and concerned officials).
3.4.2 Secondary data sources
The appropriate stakeholders for the issue under discussion-the impacts of urbanization
on ecosystem services-were the institutions such as Kelle Town Water Service Office,
Mines and Energy office, Agriculture office, Municipality and health offices. Therefore,
it was necessary to search the available documents in the sectors so as to get important
information about their decision making regarding the urban development and related
ecosystem services management issues. To base the study on the scientific theories and to
n =
[ ]
[ ]
=
. [ . ]
.
.
. [ . ]
.
=
.
. .
.
=
( )
.
= 173.33
n=173
Where
 n=sample size required
 N=number of household in the population: (2,342)
 P=estimated variance in population, as a decimal:(0.5)
 A=Precision desired, expressed as a decimal (0.07 for 7%)
 Z= Confidence level at α 0.7 (1.81 for 93%)
 R = Estimated Response rate (0.9 for 90%)

25
have relevant knowledge about the subject under study, books, journals, magazines,
internet and other data source were also very important.
3.5 Data Analysis
The data-both from the primary and secondary sources were analyzed after refining,
coding, and tabulating the collected data. The descriptive data analysis method was
employed to analyze the collected data.
3.6 Data Presentation
The most commonly used techniques for presenting research results including
percentage, frequency, table and graphs were applied. And also photographs-taken during
field observation were used to show the observation results.
3.7 Ethical Consideration
The research was about assessing the public opinion on the status of ecosystem services
and changes they have observed in the ecosystem services due to urbanization through
involving the sampled informants from the communities and concerned governmental
institutions, the researcher have kept confidentially the secret of the respondents and key
informants of the concerned institutions. The final result of the research is also not
exposed to other body-not concerned. And throughout the research process the
researcher was patient to treat every participants of the study and communicate politely.

26
Chapter Four
4. Data Analysis, Interpretation and Presentation
4.1 Introduction
This chapter covers data analysis, interpretation and presentation in which all the study
objectives attained through assessing the changes in ecosystem services due to the rapid
urbanization process in the area and the strategies developed to minimize the negative
impacts of the issue under discussion on the ecosystem services. It also deals with the
response rate, demography of the respondents, results, interpretation and discussion, and
data presentation tools applied to the study.
4.2 Response Rate
As it was proposed the total population number of Kelle Town was about 11,009 or 2,342
households and therefore, the size of sampled HH to deal with was 173 at a response rate
of 90%. However, the response rate of households (HH) was 10.2 percent less than the
expected and both the two school clubs were attained the research it was difficult to meet
all the required officials and experts as shown in the table below.
Table 2: Response rate of the study
Category of Respondents Number of Expected
respondents
Number of Actual
respondents
Rate in
percent
Household respondents 173 138 79.8
Officials and Experts 22 17 77
School Environment Clubs 2 2 100
Total 197 157
Source: Field Survey, March 2014
4.3 Household demographic composition
Socio-demographic composition such as distribution of head of households by age and
sex were important factors in determining the local development strategies. The

27
household characteristics are also important for participating in the local development
issues. Therefore, the age distribution, sex, religion and educational status of the
household heads that participated in the study are presented as the following table:
Table 3: The household heads' demographic composition
Characteristics Group
Sex
Male Female Total
Age 18-29 years 30 24 54
30-49 years 44 19 63
>50 years 16 5 21
Marital status Single 52 26 78
Married 33 19 52
Divorce 5 3 8
Educational status Illiterate 2 1 3
Literate 3 9 12
Grade 1-8 7 3 10
Grade 9-10 2 2 4
Grade 11-12 9 10 19
Other 67 23 90
Religion Protestant 49 19 68
Orthodox 27 14 41
Muslim 6 12 18
Other 8 3 11
Source: Household survey, April 2014.
Age of the household heads was another important characteristic in determining the
perception of the public towards ecosystem services. In Ethiopia, active working age is
recognized to range between 15 and 60 years. However, it was noted, in table 2, that
many households (63) are headed by 30-49 years old men. The frequency of elderly
heads of households with age above 49, were lesser (only 21) and the rest 54 household
heads were under the age of less than 29 in the study area. These Kelle Town may be
related to poor urbanization, where the majority of heads of households remain to be
those who founded the settlement late in 1966 G.C 23 years late to the emergence year of
Kelle Town. The overall dominance of younger in many urban places can also be
explained by migration to urban by young men, leaving behind elders to care of ancient
homes in rural (Haile G, 2013).

28
The distribution of head of households by sex shows male dominance, which is consistent
with general trends in many households in Ethiopia. However, in table 2, data showing
female heads of households at 34 % (48 in number) in the area of study were it is larger
compared to national average which show the female heads of households at 26.1% at
national level (World Bank, 2011 cited in Haile G, 2013). This can raise the question
whether the female heads of households, who mainly comprise of widows and divorcee,
are finding small centres more accommodating. In other study in developing countries,
Tacoli (2003) observed that female attraction to urban and preference to non-farm work
is influenced by lack of land bases, which in many places is mainly dominated by their
male counterparts. As shown in table 2, 78 of the respondents (56.5%) were unmarried,
followed by married 52 household heads (37.7%) and the rest 8 household heads (5.8%)
were divorced. The educational background of the respondents was another important
characteristic that determine the perception of an individual towards the ecosystem
services in the study area. Table 2 above shows that 3 of them are illiterate. Those who
have attained the grade levels of 1-8 were 10. Moreover, 4 of them were grade 9-10, 19
of them were 11-12 grades complete and 90 of them were graduated from different
educational institutes. This implies that most of the urban community has educational
qualifications by which they are able to ensure their income when changes occurring.
In generally, other than introducing this chapter the response rate of the study, basic
information of the household heads; age category, sex and headship of the household
heads, marital status and educational background of the respondents were analyzed.

29
4.4 Results of the Study
4.4.1 Public Opinions on the current conditions and trends of Ecosystem
The opinion of the respondent on current land use type of the town was coded and
analysed as figure 3 below. In this regard 83 household heads were replayed that the land
use type is changed. On the other hand, 55 household heads assumed that the existing
land use type remain as it was. As in the picture it shown below the former kelle town
land use was with more areas covered by natural forests, and it has also farm lands within
the boundary of the town.
The former Kelle town 2000 GC
Source: Google earth, 2000.
As it has been observed the former forest ecosystem was removed due to the need of land
for the construction of residential houses, commercial and industrial zones. These
activities of the town put on a strong stress on the nearby rural villages ecosystem capital
(goods and services). Therefore, the current land use types of the town become changed
from naturally vegetated land use type to more building invaded land use type.

Expansion of Kelle
Source: Field observation, March 2014.
Figure 3: public opinion on the existing conditions of land use type
The perception of the public for the current
Kelle was assessed below
land cover in different ways. Some of them or 89
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
changing
30
of Kelle town to the east natural forest
observation, March 2014.
: public opinion on the existing conditions of land use type
The perception of the public for the current condition of surface cover of the town of
below in chart 6. In this case different people perceive their town’s
land cover in different ways. Some of them or 89 respondents perceive as the land cover
changing not changing
83
55
June 13, 2014
surface cover of the town of
different people perceive their town’s
perceive as the land cover
frequency

of the town is covered by few forest trees, 21 of
the respondents replayed as it is bar surfaces and
of the town is more covered by forest trees. However, the annual report of the
municipality of the town showed that 568 he
nearby rural villages were converted to residential buildings since 1995
progressive expansion of the town was started.
Figure 4: Public perception on the e
The public opinion on the
and analyzed and presented as
replayed that there is no change on the natural forest ecosystem o
household heads were said
and water conservation program,
aforestation activity in the town
household heads agreed that there is deforestation on the natural forest ecosystem of the
town.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
more forest
8
31
of the town is covered by few forest trees, 21 of them said that it is more built up, 20 of
the respondents replayed as it is bar surfaces and in the opinion of 8 respondents the land
municipality of the town showed that 568 hectares of natural forest and farm land of the
nearby rural villages were converted to residential buildings since 1995
progressive expansion of the town was started.
Public perception on the existing condition of land cover
public opinion on the current natural forest ecosystem of Kelle town was a
and analyzed and presented as table below. In this regard 39.9% of the
replayed that there is no change on the natural forest ecosystem of the town,
were said that there is a reforestation activity in the area through soil
and water conservation program, 18.8% of the household heads were believe as there is
forestation activity in the town and its surrounding rural villages
few forest bare surface more built up
surface
89
20 21
June 13, 2014
them said that it is more built up, 20 of
in the opinion of 8 respondents the land
ctares of natural forest and farm land of the
nearby rural villages were converted to residential buildings since 1995- a time when the
xisting condition of land cover
current natural forest ecosystem of Kelle town was assessed
39.9% of the household heads
f the town, 32.6% of the
there is a reforestation activity in the area through soil
were believe as there is
ral villages, but 8.7% of the
more built up
Frequency

32
Table 4: Public perception on the current forest ecosystem
Activity on forest ecosystem Frequency Percent
Deforestation 12 8.7
Afforestation 26 18.8
Reforestation 45 32.6
No change 55 39.9
Total 138 100
The public perception for water ecosystem and air quality of the town were assessed
based on the current conditions of springs, rivers and human health and then were
analyzed as shown in figure 5 below. Here, 72.5% of the household heads were
responded as there is a decrease in both the volume and quality of the springs and rives,
16.7% of the household heads were replayed as increase both in the volume and quality
of the springs and river water, 8% of the household heads were believed as there is
increase in the quality but decrease in volume, and the rest 2.9% of the household heads
said that there is decrease in quality but increase in the volume of the water. From the
annual report of the Kelle tow water services office it is observed that the former springs-
from ‘Torkiso’ area were dried out and the office have been developed other springs from
distance area of the town.
Figure 5: The diseases prevalence due to the changes on the water and air quality
Source: Amaro Special Woreda DPBPMESWP, 2013.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
2010 2011 2012 2013
Numberofcases
Year
Malaria
Typhoid fever

33
On the other hands, the perception of the public for the current quality of the air with
respect to day to day human health conditions were assessed and analyzed as it is shown
in table 5. In this case 120 household heads were agreed with decrease in the quality of
air, 18 household heads were sure of that there is increase in the quality of air in the town.
According to Yohannise Basha the prevalence of typhoid fever cases record in Kelle
health center on average increases from 2010 to 2013 as shown in the graph 5 above.
Table 5: Public perception on the current status of water resource and air quality of the town
Changes
Water resources Air quality
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Decrease in volume and/or quality 100 72.5 120 87
Increase in volume and quality 23 16.7
Increase in quality and decrease in volume 11 8.0 18 13
Decrease in quality and increase in
volume
4 2.9
Total 138 100 138 100
Source: Household survey, March 2014.
In summary, the perception of the public for the current conditions and trends of land use
type, land cover, forest ecosystem, the water ecosystem and the existing conditions of the
air quality of Kelle town were assessed and analyzed in this section.
4.4.2 Perception of the Public on the Ecosystem Types, Source and function
In this section the perception of the public on the types, sources and functions of
ecosystem services in Kelle town were assessed. Therefore, as it is shown in figure 6
below the household heads of any literacy status perceive as supporting services of the
ecosystem are available; however, the literates believe that cultural more (66.7%) and
less (33.3%) supporting ecosystem services are being available; still those who are grade
10 completes perceive as there is only regulating and provisioning ecosystem services
available in their town. In other hand the literates and 12th
grade completes perceive that
there is no cultural services but only the supporting, regulating and provisioning services
are available in the town.

Figure 6: Public perception on the ecosystem service types
As in figure 7 below it was presented 113 household heads were
town benefit its ecosystem services from the nearby rural area such as the forests around
the town, the water sources in the mountain found in the west of the town
household heads were said that the source of
urban greenery found within the town, and still 9 household heads believe that the
ecosystem services source of kelle town is an urban forestry that found inside the town
administrative boundary and the rest 2 household heads accept t
sources that means from mix of the above sources.
As Kelle town office of water services annual report (2013) the town receives clean water
from five springs namely:
in the mountain chains
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
illitrate
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
34
: Public perception on the ecosystem service types
below it was presented 113 household heads were perceived
the town, the water sources in the mountain found in the west of the town
household heads were said that the source of ecosystem services
source of kelle town is an urban forestry that found inside the town
administrative boundary and the rest 2 household heads accept t
sources that means from mix of the above sources.
from five springs namely: ‘Mucho’, ‘Dorba’, ‘Hasha’-1, ‘Hasha’-2, and ‘Hasha’
chains to the west of the town. The report showed that the average water
litrate grade 1-8 grade 9-10 grade 11
June 13, 2014
perceived that the Kelle
the town, the water sources in the mountain found in the west of the town; however, 14
ecosystem services to Kelle town is the
source of kelle town is an urban forestry that found inside the town
administrative boundary and the rest 2 household heads accept that it is from other
2, and ‘Hasha’-3 found
to the west of the town. The report showed that the average water
grade 11-12 others
cultural
supportining
regulating
provisioning

discharge of these springs was six litters per second. But based on the monthly water
consumption of hotels, offices and residential homes estimated fresh water consumption
of the town per year is approximately 13,502 m
the Kelle town office of water service reduction in volume of the springs is the major
challenge.
Figure 7: Public perception on the s
The public perception on the four
functioning well or not was
household heads agreed as the
is because of there is repeated flood risks in some parts of the town particularly the
eastern part of the town, in addition to this, there i
and drying of the river water and the springs from which the town get its water supply for
domestic and other purposes. According to Mr. Barta
reduction in volume and drying of springs s
March) in kelle town; however, the rest 52 household heads perceive as the
2
Mr. Barta is an expert in
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
nearby rural area
113
35
tion of hotels, offices and residential homes estimated fresh water consumption
the town per year is approximately 13,502 m3
(13,501,908 litters). From the report of
Public perception on the source of ecosystem services to ‘Kelle’
The public perception on the four ecosystem services types found in the tow whether
functioning well or not was assessed and analyzed as figure 8 below. In this regard 86
household heads agreed as the ecosystem services are not functioning well they said this
eastern part of the town, in addition to this, there is increase in the hotness of the town
domestic and other purposes. According to Mr. Barta2
, there is a considerable water
reduction in volume and drying of springs specially the dry months (January, February,
March) in kelle town; however, the rest 52 household heads perceive as the
Mr. Barta is an expert in office of kelle town water supply services
nearby rural areaurban forestryurban greenery others
9 14
2
frequency
June 13, 2014
tion of hotels, offices and residential homes estimated fresh water consumption
(13,501,908 litters). From the report of
‘Kelle’ Town
types found in the tow whether
below. In this regard 86
are not functioning well they said this
s increase in the hotness of the town
, there is a considerable water
the dry months (January, February,
March) in kelle town; however, the rest 52 household heads perceive as the ecosystem
kelle town water supply services
frequency

services are performing well.
town municipality record
Figure 8: Public perception on the functions of
As shown in figure 9
major indicators for the ecosystem
household heads perceive
time, 32 household heads agreed as repeated flooding in some parts of the town is the
indicator of ecosystem services change, and 38 household heads believe that the
ecosystem services change i
agreed that the plantation of
as the root cause for the
As the four consecutive yearly repo
Amaro special Woreda shows that the hotness of the town has made
conditions for the reproduction of the anopheles mosquito
transmit malaria from infected person to the
3
Yohannis Basha: owner of the development plan and budget preparation, monitoring
and evaluation supportive work process in Amaro Special Woreda Health Office
0
20
40
60
80
100
36
are performing well. In addition to this, the 2011 and 2013 annual report of Kelle
town municipality record repeated water out flow causing flood incidences in Kebele 02.
: Public perception on the functions of ecosystem services
hotness of the town, flood incidence and drying of springs are the
major indicators for the ecosystem services are changing in Kelle
perceive as the air temperature of the town becoming warm from time to
ecosystem services change is well expressed by drying of springs around the town.
agreed that the plantation of eucalyptus trees on the springs and over the ‘Bewaye’ river,
as the root cause for the destruction of the springs around the town.
As the four consecutive yearly reports (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013) of the Health office of
Amaro special Woreda shows that the hotness of the town has made
conditions for the reproduction of the anopheles mosquito- a vector responsible to
transmit malaria from infected person to the healthy one. Yohannis Basha
: owner of the development plan and budget preparation, monitoring
yes no
52
86
June 13, 2014
In addition to this, the 2011 and 2013 annual report of Kelle
ater out flow causing flood incidences in Kebele 02.
hotness of the town, flood incidence and drying of springs are the
Kelle tow were. Here 68
as the air temperature of the town becoming warm from time to
s well expressed by drying of springs around the town. They
trees on the springs and over the ‘Bewaye’ river,
the town.
rts (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013) of the Health office of
Amaro special Woreda shows that the hotness of the town has made favourable
a vector responsible to
healthy one. Yohannis Basha3
said that As a
: owner of the development plan and budget preparation, monitoring
frequency

result of this the Kelle health
these years for example 558 individuals in 2010, during 2011 the record shows about
8,866 malaria cases, in 2012 the
reduced because of the application of anti
malaria prone areas the number of malaria infected individuals reduced to 4,785.
Figure 9: Perception of the public to the
According to the urban agriculture department of Kelle town municipality and natural
resources management work process of the Amaro special woreda office of Agriculture
16 ecosystem services were identified as available within and around the town. These
includes fibber, food, fresh water, natural medicine and biomass fuel provisioning
ecosystem services; water purification, erosion controlling, local climate
controlling and waste treatment regulating ecosystem services; maintenance of soil
structure and fertility, nutrient cycling, and photosynthesis supporting ecosystem
services; aesthetic, existence, and recreational value of cultural services provided by the
ecosystem.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
hotness
68
37
result of this the Kelle health centre record increments in the number of malaria cases in
example 558 individuals in 2010, during 2011 the record shows about
8,866 malaria cases, in 2012 the number was 8,505 and in 2013 the cases become
reduced because of the application of anti-malaria chemicals with in the villages of
areas the number of malaria infected individuals reduced to 4,785.
: Perception of the public to the indicators of ecosystem services changing
cludes fibber, food, fresh water, natural medicine and biomass fuel provisioning
ecosystem services; water purification, erosion controlling, local climate
flood drying of springs
32
38
June 13, 2014
record increments in the number of malaria cases in
example 558 individuals in 2010, during 2011 the record shows about
number was 8,505 and in 2013 the cases become
malaria chemicals with in the villages of
areas the number of malaria infected individuals reduced to 4,785.
of ecosystem services changing
cludes fibber, food, fresh water, natural medicine and biomass fuel provisioning
ecosystem services; water purification, erosion controlling, local climate controlling, pest
frequency

38
Table 6: The identified ecosystem services in and around Kelle town
Type of
Services
Sub
category
Sources Functions
Provisioning Fibber Trees and other fibber
plants like cotton and
sisal4
Timbers for furniture,
construction and fibber
production
Food Agro-ecosystem
(Cultivated crops
production and field
fruits)
Serve as human food and forage
for domestic animals and feed for
wild animals
Fresh
water
Highland springs and
river
Clean water for drinking, for other
domestic consumption and
irrigation water
Natural
medicines
Natural forests and urban
agriculture (spices5
)
Tree extracts used for pest
Control and spices for flavour
food
Biomass
fuel
Nearby rural areas Fuel wood to cook
Regulating Water
purificatio
n
Swampy areas nearby the
town
Remove harmful chemicals from
water body
Erosion
controlling
Trees and grasses prevents soil loss and siltation of
water ways; hold soil in place
thereby preventing
landslides
Local
climate
Street trees and forests
within and around the
Carbon sequestration and cooling
the air temperature through
4
Sisal (agave sisalana): a Mexican agave with large fleshy leaves, cultivated for the fibre it
yields.
5
Spices: an aromatic or pungent vegetable substance used to flavour food. Eg. Garlic,
Chilli

AseAlex. thesis report-2014 - edited

AseAlex. thesis report-2014 - edited

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