The document describes several different climate types: 1) Monsoon climates are characterized by seasonal reversal of wind patterns and heavy rainfall during the summer months. Common crops include rice and bamboo. 2) Mediterranean climates have mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers which make them suitable for agriculture. 3) Tundra climates are very cold with little vegetation and permanently frozen subsoil. Animal life includes polar bears and Arctic foxes. 4) Equatorial climates are consistently hot and wet with dense tropical rainforest vegetation. 5) Temperate grasslands receive moderate rainfall and have warm summers to cold winters, supporting cattle ranching and grazing.

2. Monsoon Climate
Mediterranean Climate
Tundra
Equatorial Climate
Temperate Grasslands

3. Monsoon climates are found mainly in the subcontinent
and South –east Asia, though there are very small areas
in western Australia, western Africa, and southern USA.

4. A monsoon climate is one
in which the wind blows
from one direction to for
half the year and from
opposite direction for the
other half.
One of the main characteristics of the monsoon
climate, especially in Asia, is that the south westerly
winds which blow from April to October usually bring
heavy rain and the north-easterly winds November
to march are dry and often cool or cold.

5. The natural
vegetation
is
deciduous
forest,
whose
leaves
come out
at the
beginning
of the wet
season.

6. The forest trees such as teak and other hardwoods, are very valuable, and bamboo, which is
typical of monsoon lands, is used for almost every thing, building, furniture, water pipes, tools ,
fencing.

7. Crops such as rice, sugar cane, bananas, tea and many fruits are grown

8. This is one of the most favoured climates in the world. It is very limited and is
found generally between 30 to 45 degrees on the western sides of continents.

9. There are
mild, wet
winters,
with about
350 to 900
mm of
rain, and
hot, dry
summers.

10. This climate is
ideal for
agriculture,
growing high-
price crops,
such as grapes,
and other fruits,
early vegetables
like tomatoes
and asparagus,
oranges, and
lemons,
peaches,
apricots, and
olives.

11. Cattle and sheep are raised on the higher and slightly less fertile soils. They produce the usual meat, skins, and
wool and also products such as cheeses, which fetch high prices in western markets

12. This is one of
the world’s
waste spaces.
These ice and
rock deserts
cover about 10
per cent of the
Earth’s surface,
but grow almost
nothing of value
to human
beings, though
some produce
minerals, such
as oil in Alaska.

13. There are two
types of Tundra
the Arctic tundra
towards the
poles, and the
Alpine tundra,
which is
mountains
above the
timber line
where nothing
much can grow.

14. The arctic tundra is
level, rolling land
without trees,
though there may
be some very
stunted shrubs. For
much of the year it
is covered with
snow, with
temperature
ranging from plus 4
C in the four or five
weeks of summer to
32 C in the long
dark winter, with up
to 22 hours of
darkness each day.

15. In the few week of
summer, some tough
grass, fungi, and
plants grow in the
spongy soil. The
plants usually flower
within a fey days to
catch what little light
there is.

16. Below the topsoil ,
which may thaw in
the summer for
perhaps ten
centimeter , there
is the permafrost
land which has
been frozen solid to
a depth of 450
meters for
hundreds of
thousand years

17. Yet in these
terrible
conditions
there is a
surprising
amount of
animal life;
Polar bears,
Artic foxes,
wolves, and
hares, whose
fur turns
white in
winter for
protection.

18. The Alpine
tundra is
above the
timber line of
very high
mountains.
There is snow
in winter and
rain in
summer, and
dwarf herbs
and shrubs
grow in
sheltered
places.

19. Mountain sheep and chamois goats can live on the tundra in
summer, but most move down to lower levels in winter.

20. The Antarctic
region, unlike the
Arctic, is solid land.
There is no plant
life here as the
ground is buried
beneath more
than two
kilometers of ice,
but it is believed
that there are
minerals such as
coal, iron and
perhaps oil.

21. The only animal life found in the
Antarctic are the penguins on the
shores and variety of seals in the
coastal waters.

23. The Earth from about 12 north and south of the equator (at normal altitudes
that is, not on mountain tops) has an equatorial climate; hot wet, and sticky.

24. The average temperature all the year round is 28 to 32 C, and
the rainfall 1500 to 10,000 mm a year. Most of the time there is
heavy cloud cover, and violent thunderstorms occur about 200
days a year.

25. Because of heat and moisture, the land is naturally covered with dense
vegetation, especially forest. The soil itself is not particularly fertile, as much
of the goodness is washed out by the constant rain.

26. The huge
trees
(average
height 45-
50 meters)
generally
have long,
straight
trunks with
a cloud of
branches
and leaves
at the very
tops (the
canopy)

27. This canopy is
so dense and
the trees so
close together
that on the
floor of the
forest below it
is twilight, even
at midday.

28. The main nourishment is the layer of rotting leaves on the forest floor, so that the trees have very shallow roots
near the surface. The trunks are so tall and heavy that they are very unstable, and many of the forest trees have
buttressed roots to support them.

29. Huge creepers,
with stems up to 60
cm in diameter,
crawl up the tree
trunks to get to the
light in the canopy,
where 70 per cent
of all , especially
monkeys, and birds
live.

30. Below the gloom are snakes, lizards, and insects,
while in the less dense forests, tigers and other
carnivorous animals are found.

31. ome strange flowers are also found in the forest below the canopy. Many of them parasites.

32. Temperate grassland are bands across the northern and southern
hemispheres, usually between the deserts and the forest belts.

33. They are
generally
flat and
fairly dry
regions
with 250 to
500 mm of
rain a year,
warm to
hot
summers
and cold---
sometimes
icy---
winters.

34. Steppes
called in
southern
Europe and
Central
Asia

35. Veld called
in South
Africa

36. Pampas called in South America

37. Prairies called in North America

38. The western parts of these plains are drier with poor soil, and grow mainly grass.
This is where the great cattle ranches are, and the setting for so many cowboy
films and stories.