4. Exercise 8 - Porifera & Radiata
Phylum Porifera – sponges
Know also simple, intermediate, complex body types –
Fig. 8-3
Choanocytes – movement of water thru sessile body is
produced by choanocytes also called flagellated collar
cells (pg. 8.4)
Sexual and asexual reproduction
7. Radiata
Phylum Cnidaria
True tissues
Radial symmetry
Stinging cells – cnidocytes
Tentacles around mouth
Gastovascular cavity – incomplete digestive system one
opening in and out!
After larval stage (planula) there may be polyp, medusa stage
or both!
11. Phylum Cnidaria
Three classes
Hydrozoa – solitary or colonial with polyps & medusae in
life cylce – Hydra, Portuguese man of war, ‘water animals’
Syphozoa – solitary large medusae, polyps absent or
reduced, jellyfish, ‘upside down cup’
Anthozoa – solitary or colonial polyps, no medusae, the
‘flower animals’, sea anemone & coral (carbonate
exoskeletons)
14. Exercise 9 - Bilateria
Bilateria – because these animals have bilateral symmetry
Forming a true head – cephalization – associated with
these animals
www.biologycorner.com
15. Bilateria
Different body cavities!
Acoelomate – no body cavity
Psuedocoelomate – has a body cavity with mesoderm on
one side and endoderm on the other
Coelomate (or eucoelomate) – a “true” body cavity,
surrounded by mesoderm on both sides
20. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda – fluke, small leaflike body, suckers
present, all parasitic
Class Cestoda – tapeworm, long tape like body, has
anterior scolex and many proglottids, all parasitic
Class Turbellaria – flat worms, soft flattened body,
ciliated epidermis
23. Phylum Annelida
Segmented, often separated by septa
Use coelom for hydrostatic skeleton
Closed circulatory system
Have excretory tubules – metanephridia
Have chitinous bristles – setae – used for sensing and for
staying in ground when bird (or fisherman) tries to pull
the out!
24. Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta – many setae, parapodia on each
segment for locomotion, well-developed head, example
clamworm
Class Oligochaeta – few setae, head is poorly developed,
earthworm
Class Hirudinea – suckers present, no setae or parapodia,
leeches
28. Molting Protostomes
Members of this group molt – called ecdysis, they do this
in order to grow
2 Phlyum
Phlyum Nematoda – ‘thread like’
Phylum Arthropoda – ‘jointed foot’
29. Phylum Nematoda -
roundworms
Molt – ecdysis
Pseudocoelomate
But do have complete digestive system
First example of sexual dimorphism
Dioecious – male smaller has hooked end, female larger
Have longitudinal muscles for movement
Many free living, but some parasites
32. • “joint-foot” – jointed appendages
• segmented – often with some fusing and
distinctive regions (details later); very distinct
cephalization
• complete digestive system; coelomate
• exoskeleton containing chitin; used for protection,
and for muscle attachments
• molting (ecdysis) – shedding of exoskeleton for
growth; new exoskeleton later hardens
Phylum Arthropoda – arthropods
33. • diverse group & successful group
• over 1 million named species, most species of
any phylum (in fact, 2/3 of ALL named species)
• Estimates as high as 30 million living species yet
unnamed
• Most species (well over half) are insects
Phylum Arthropoda
34. • focus on both subphyla and classes for tests
• 4 subphyla, 6 selected classes to cover
• Subphylum Cheliceriformes
• Subphylum Myriapoda
• Subphylum Crustacea
• Subphylum Hexapoda
Phylum Arthropoda – arthropods
35. • body plan: cephalothorax and abdomen
• on cephalothorax, starting at anterior end:
• paired chelicerae
• paired pedipalps
• 4 pairs of legs
• selected classes:
• Merostomata – horseshoe crab
• Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, etc.
Subphylum Cheliceriformes
36. • Body plan: head & multisegmented trunk
• on head:
• one pair of antennae
• paired mandibles
• Legs on trunk (either one or two per segment,
depending on class)
• appendages are uniramous (unbranched)
• most have tracheal respiratory system
Subphylum Myriapoda
37. • two classes you need to know:
• Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Chilopoda (centipedes)
Subphylum Myriapoda
38. • Diplopoda (millipedes)
• two pairs of legs per trunk segment
• Chilopoda (centipedes)
• one pair of legs per trunk segment
• venom claws on trunk segment nearest the
head
Subphylum Myriapoda
39. • One class (also called Crustacea)
• barnacles, crayfish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc.
• on cephalothorax, starting at anterior end:
• two pairs of antennae (unique feature)
• paired mandibles (jaws)
• Most have 5 pairs of chelate appendages
(pincher-like) – first pair usually used as
pinchers, rest as legs
• abdomen often has appendages called
swimmerets
Subphylum Crustacea
40. • appendages are biramous (two-branched;
another unique feature)
Subphylum Crustacea
41. • Hexapoda – “six feet”
• One class to worry about: Insecta
• Body plan: head, thorax, and abdomen
• On head: one pair of antennae
• On head: paired mandibles
• On thorax: three pairs of legs
• On thorax: often two pairs of wings
• appendages are uniramous (unbranched)
• most have tracheal respiratory system
Subphylum Hexapoda
42. Find telson,
pedipalp, and
chelicerae
(#’s 5, 14, 15)
Know also that
Cephalothorax
is a fused head &
thorax
Don’t forget the
grasshopper has
A typanum (eardrum)
Look over other parts
47. • group unified by four traits present at some point
in the life cycle for all members
• dorsal tubular (hollow) nerve cord
• notochord
• pharyngeal gill slits
• postanal tail
Phylum Chordata
48. • three subphyla
• Urochordata – tunicate or sea squirt
• Cephalochordata – lancelet or amphioxus
• Vertebrata – have a backbone; fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
(classes listed later)
Phylum Chordata
52. Subphylum Vertebrata – 7 selected classes
• Agnatha – jawless fish
• Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fish (sharks,
skates, and rays)
• Osteichthyes – bony fish with paired fins
• Amphibia – two pairs of legs; smooth skin (frogs,
salamanders, etc.)
• Reptilia – two pairs of legs; scaly skin (lizards,
snakes, alligators, etc.)
• Aves – feathers; paired wings and legs (birds)
• Mammalia – hair, mammary glands, two paired
appendages
53. Class Agnatha – brook lamprey
• jawless
• single median dorsal &vcaudal fins (no paired
lateral fins)
• 7 pairs of external gill slits
Class Chondrichthyes – shark
• scales (makes sandpapery skin),
• various fins (note especially those in pairs)
• claspers on pelvic fins of mature males
• cloacal opening
Subphylum Vertebrata
54. Class Osteichthyes – yellow perch
• scales
• operculum over gills
• fins (note pairs)
• lateral lines (from operculum to caudal fin)
Subphylum Vertebrata
55. Class Amphibia – leopard frog and salamander
• smooth skin (no scales)
• 4 legs
• tympanum on frog (eardrum)
• eyelids
Subphylum Vertebrata
57. Mammalia – Bone Slide
See the ‘targets’? That is a haversian system
58. Mammalia - cartilage
Cartilage slide – looks like spongy tissue, chondrocytes
make cartilage, sit in a space called lacunae
Biology.clc.uc.edu
59. Mammalia - muscles
muscles know models, see also Figs. 13-4,5,&6 be able
to identify muscle tissue by slides also
Cardiac, one nucleus per cell, striations, thicker black
lines are intercalated discs
iws.collin.edu
70. Practice:
Blood flows to heart from superior and inferior
vena cavas into right atrium thru tricuspid into
right ventricle then pulmonary artery to lungs
returns pulmonary vein to left atrium thru bicuspid
into left ventricle then aorta, aortic arch and body
Chordae tendinae keep the valves from opening backwards
– prevents backsplash
72. • learn the path of filtrate (follow along on Fig. 15-1)
• out at the glomerulus (1)
• into the surrounding tissues of Bowman’s capsule (2);
material now called filtrate
• through the proximal convoluted tubule (3), loop of Henle
(4 - going into the medulla), and distal convoluted tubule
(5); water is pulled out, leaving concentrated urine
• urine leaves through the collecting duct (6)
Kidney Model
75. • Use rat pictures on canvas to study rat parts
• Use exit activities, go thru and identify what they
tell you to
• Answer the questions given in exit activity,
• Remember this powerpoint won’t cover every
thing that could possibly be on the exam, use your
best judgement, & additional study materials, if
you think you should know it you probably should
Good luck and have a good rest of the summer!
