Smart cameras can be utilized in intelligent traffic control systems in the following ways: 1. Smart cameras perform image processing and analysis functions like license plate recognition directly in the camera. This reduces data transmission needs. 2. Networks of smart cameras can work together and communicate with a central traffic control server to monitor traffic flow and conditions across a region. 3. Smart camera vision capabilities allow them to detect things like traffic violations, congestion levels, and incidents to help manage traffic in real-time. Areas of use include enforcement, tolling, and traffic monitoring applications.

1. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCCTURAL ENGINEERING
KKKA 6424
INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM
Prof. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdullah O.K. Rahmat
TASK (4) VIDEO SENSOR
PREPARED BY:
WAEL SAAD HAMEEDI

2.  INTRODUCTION
Since the late 1990s smart cameras have gained significant popularity and market
acceptance, especially in surveillance and machine vision industries. A smart camera is
a vision system that can perform tasks far beyond simply taking photos and recording
videos. Thanks to the purposely developed intelligent image processing and pattern
recognition algorithms running on increasingly powerful micro-processors, smart cameras
can detect motion, measure objects, read vehicle number plates, and even recognize human
behavior. They are essential components for building active and automated control systems
for many applications and hold great promise for being pervasive and intelligent sensors in
the future. In this chapter we provide a tentative classification of smart cameras is provided
based on their system architectures.

3. Among the six major human senses, vision, smell, taste, hearing, touch, and nontouch
feelings, vision is probably the one that can capture most amount of information in a short
period of time about the environment a person is in. However, making sense of this large
amount of information is not an easy task, as it requires brain power for fast and reliable
information processing. The ultimate purpose of a smart camera is to be able to functionally
mimic the human eyes and brain and to interpret what the camera “sees” through artificial
intelligence.
Since the 1990s, smart cameras have attracted significant interest from research groups,
universities, and many industry segments especially in video surveillance and manufacturing
industries. This is because smart cameras offer distinct advantages over normal (or standard)
cameras by performing not just image capture but also image analysis and event/pattern
recognition, all in one compact system. The growing popularity of smart cameras can be
attributed to the progress made in semi-conductor process technology, embedded computer
vision techniques, along with socio-economic factors such as safety and security, increase in
productivity and cost savings. Today, smart camera products are used in many real-world
applications, especially in video surveillance, industrial machine vision, robotics, games
and toys, and human–computer interfaces.

4.  WHAT IS THE SMART CAMERA ?
Smart camera is a label which refers to cameras that have the ability to not only take pictures
but also more importantly make sense of what is happening in the image and in some cases
take some action on behalf of the camera user. For example, a camera that can monitor a
door entry and trigger an alarm or send an e-mail to a user when an entry is attempted
outside of opening hours would qualify to be a “smart camera” because it can figure out
what is happening (detecting a prohibited entry) and take action (triggering an alarm or
sending an e-mail).
Also smart cameras have a great contribution in traffic management implementation usually
a network of traffic smart cameras connected together with a central server to keep
delivering updates to the traffic control center .

5.  WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGES OF SMART CAMERAS IN GENERAL ?
1. Smart cameras perform signal and image processing where the signal is captured and
where signal quality is best. This avoids signal degradation caused by repetitive digital-to-
analog conversion and analog-to-digital conversion, by network errors, and by video
compression.
2. Smart cameras use high-performance microprocessors (such as DSP, FPGA) that are
tailored to perform data-intensive signal and image processing tasks. Processors like FPGA
provide massive parallel processing capability to support real-time requirements.
3. Smart cameras make it easier to perform “active vision” [103], which means that image
sensor or capture unit can be actively and dynamically controlled so that better quality
images are captured).
4. Smart cameras are autonomous systems and do not need a great deal of intervention once
calibrated.
5. Because they are autonomous, smart cameras can significantly simplify the design and
management of an intelligent system, such as an automatic road congestion charging
system. This is because smart camera solutions have a smaller part count.
6. By performing image processing and pattern recognition, smart cameras greatly reduce
the amount of data that need to be passed on to higher level systems. This can offer a
significant bandwidth saving at the output of the cameras.
7. Because of their compact size, smart cameras are easier to be deployed in real world
applications. In some cases, as in machine vision applications, this could prove to be a
very important factor.
8. Reliability (partly), as a result of lower device count, higher level integration, and less data
conversion and transmission.
9. In many cases and applications, smart cameras can offer long-term cost savings,
compared to PC-based or complex vision systems.

6.  CLASSIFICATION OF SMART CAMERAS
smart cameras classified into three categories: integrated smart cameras, compact-system
smart cameras, and distributed smart cameras. The integrated smart cameras category can be
further divided into three types. This integration-level-based classification is presented
below and shown in Fig. 2.3. The inclusion of compact-system smart cameras and
distributed smart cameras into the classification can be controversial, but this classification
does seem to cover most reported work on smart cameras and actual commercial products.
Fig. above shows A classification of smart cameras based on levels of integration. From top
to bottom, the camera systems have decreasing level of integration
• Integrated smart cameras. These are the real smart cameras and can be subdivided
into three types:
– Smart camera on a chip or single-chip smart cameras.
– Embedded smart cameras.
– Stand-alone smart cameras.
• Compact-system smart cameras.
• Distributed smart cameras

7. In the figure above from top to bottom, the level of integration between the ASIP and image
capture parts of the camera system decreases, while the flexibility and complexity of the
camera system increase.
A single-chip smart camera has all or part of the ASIP implemented on the same chip as the
solid-state image sensor, mostly a CMOS image sensor. An embedded smart camera is a
smart camera embedded in another device, for example, a mobile phone or an optical
mouse. A stand-alone smart camera is probably the most “natural” smart camera, either by
appearance or by definition. A compact-system smart camera is an embedded vision system
that usually has two major components: a camera which may be a conventional camera or
which may house part of the ASIP block; and a nearby unit containing the ASIP block and
I/Os. A distributed smart camera system is composed of several cameras or smart cameras
networked together, the whole system can sometimes be viewed as a single virtual smart
camera, and some of the system ASIP functionality is not provided at each node, but across
the network, in a distributed manner.
Detailed discussions about each of these five types of smart cameras are presented in the
following sections.
Table ( 1 ) shows some typical sample applications for each of these types of smart cameras.

8.  WHAT IS HD Security Cameras | HD-SDI CCTV ?
AND WHAT IS THE TYPES OF THESE CAMERAS ?
HD-SDI CCTV cameras, also known as HD security cameras, are capable of capturing video
surveillance footage at 1080p resolution (1920 x 1080 pixels). These high definition
surveillance cameras must be used with an HD-SDI surveillance DVR.
I'm going to discuss five types of these cameras in this report :
1- HD-BL40 HD Surveillance Camera, HD-SDI CCTV Security Camera, 1080p :
Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $259.99
HD-BL40 HD Surveillance Camera features:
 HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs)
 Indoor/Outdoor weatherproof (IP68 weatherproof Rated)
 Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 40 Infrared LEDs
 Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080)
 4.3mm Fixed Lens supports a 91.2 degree field of view
 Grey Metal Housing
 Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations
 12v DC Power
 WDR / Wide Dynamic Range
 Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,
day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments

9. 2- HD-D20 HD Security Camera, Dome HD-SDI CCTV Surveillance Camera
Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $209.99
HD-D20 Dome HD Camera features:
 HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs)
 Plastic Housing Designed for Indoor Surveillance
 Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 20 Infrared LEDs
 Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080)
 4.3mm Fixed Lens supports a 91.2 degree field of view
 Black Base (Also available in White)
 Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations
 12v DC Power
 WDR / Wide Dynamic Range
 Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,
day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments
3- HD-AD40 Vandal Dome HD Security Camera, Weatherproof 1080p HD-SDI CCTV
Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $319.99

10. HD-AD40 Dome HD Camera features:
 HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs)
 IP68 Weatherproof / Vandal Dome Housing
 Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 40 Infrared LEDs
 Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080)
 2.8-12mm varifocal lens provides adjustable 128.6°- 37.8° field of view
 White Base
 Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations
 Dual Voltage (24V AC / 12v DC Power)
 WDR / Wide Dynamic Range
 Smart IR (Infrared) Technology
 Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,
day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments
4- HD-BX7-28 HD-SDI CCTV Camera, HD 2 Megapixel Box Camera, 2.8-12mm Lens
Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $299.99
HD-BX7-28 HD-SDI Box Camera Features:
 HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs)
 Indoor or Outdoor Use (with optional camera housing)
 Great Low Light Performance
 Full HD Video Resolution @ 1080p (1920 x 1080)
 2.8-12mm Varifocal / Auto-Iris Lens
 Adjustable 139 to 33 Degree Field of View
 Supports Ceiling and Wall Mount INstallations
 12v DC Power
 WDR / Wide Dynamic Range
 Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,
day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments

11. 5- HD-D20W Dome HD CCTV Camera, White Dome 1080p HD-SDI Security Camera
Available online at ( http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/ ) for $209.99
HD-D20W Dome HD Camera features:
 HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs)
 White Plastic Housing Designed for Indoor Surveillance
 Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 20 Infrared LEDs
 Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080)
 4.3mm Fixed Lens supports a 91.2 degree field of view
 White Base (Black also available)
 Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations
 12v DC Power
 WDR / Wide Dynamic Range
 Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,
day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments

12.  HOW THE SMART CAMERAS CAN BE UTILIZED IN TRAFIIC
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ?
Cameras have always been an element in Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). But over time, the
role of cameras in these systems has changed. In the beginning, cameras only served as a
simple monitoring or capturing device for observing traffic flow. Today, the camera in an
ITS system is the optimized “eye” of the system itself, contributing high quality images that
are used for demanding traffic control applications, for enabling additional functions like
LPR (license plate recognition) or vehicle classification.
Basler cameras are designed to meet the needs of all mainstream traffic applications. Among
their many other features, they offer:
 Easy integration
 High image quality
 A high dynamic range
 High sensitivity
 An outstanding price/performance ratio
 Quality made in Germany (3 years warranty)
Today’s high-performance cameras are the “optimized eye” for Intelligent Transportation
Systems (ITS), supplying high-resolution images even under challenging conditions.
Cameras give modern transportation systems the power of vision – from identifying traffic
violations to traffic monitoring and toll collection systems. The camera technologies used
for these purposes fall into two groups: industrial cameras (machine vision) and network
cameras (IP). Both camera technologies offer different functions beyond their original areas
of application, making them compatible with a wide variety of transportation projects. You
can read more about these functions in our White Paper “Optimal Vision Using Cameras for
Intelligent Transportation Systems”.
Typical applications for smart cameras in the ITS field are:
 Enforcement (e.g., speed enforcement, red light enforcement, and lane violation
detection)

Tolling (e.g., Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and toll enforcement to prevent
fraud)
 Traffic Monitoring (e.g., monitoring traffic flow, road, and weather conditions, and
looking for accidents or other incidents)
 Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) (eg. journey time measurement,
parking or access control solutions as well as intelligent traffic monitoring, city tolling
and speed enforcement)

13. THANK YOU