1. The Chemical and Physical Properties of Solutions The principles of Bioenergetics

2. The Chemical Basis of Life: Overview People in certain regions carry a mutant gene that provided protection against maleria. Any change in the cells DNA. The mutant hemoglobin gene in the red blood cells. Sickle Cell Animia which 75,000 people suffer from in Africa. The symptoms for Sickle Cell Animia develop when the defected red blood cells get stuck in narrow blood vessels.

3. Elements of Life Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Water is the most abundant substance in human body. Phosphorus is an important component in DNA in genetic material. Trace Elements is an element required in minute quantities by an organism to maintain proper physical functioning.

4. Atoms and Molecules The nucleus is the center of the atom. An atom in the nucleus contain positive charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The electrons are negatively charged. All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but the number of neutrons can vary. Isotopes are the atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. In a Covalent Bond the electrons are being shared between atoms. They are formed by an attraction between positive and negative ions. Sometimes they form compounds which is composed of two or more elements combined in fixed proportions. When it’s a solid, the particles are highly packed together and interact. When it’s a liquid, the particles are free to move around but they still do interact. When it’s a gas, the particles are far apart and don’t interact.

5. Chemical Reactions In a chemical reaction scientist use chemical equations to show relative numbers of reactants and product molecules. An important feature for chemical equations is that they must be balanced. Some reactions produce energy and some consume energy.

6. Water and Life:Overview Water covers 75% of the surface of the earth. A water molecule within a sample of a liquid is attracted equally in all directions by other molecules. There is no net force in the molecule towards any direction . The surface area in a liquid is small. The surface area is minimized relative to volume which is maximized. A drop of water is nearly spherical. To increase the surface are, energy is needed.

7. The Nature of Water The Molecular Structure: The chemical formula H2O is connected by a covalent bond which is two atoms sharing two electrons. The electrons unshared tend to repel each other. The shape is bent. There are two polarities. One is bond polarity which is the polar electrons aren’t distributed. The other is molecular polarity. Most important inter reaction is hydrogen bonding. Since water is a solvent its such a good universal.

8. Physical Properties of Water Physical Properties: Cohesion, Adhesion, Surface Tension, and Specific Heat. The specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g C =1.00 cal/g C Joule=energy unit Calorie=energy unit Water is the most abundant compound in our body.