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HowtoDesignTest
andBuildBusinessModels
andValuePropositions
“I	
  just	
  want	
  to	
  sing	
  and	
  
perform.”	
  
?So how does one come
up with successful
business models?
How does the music
industry create,
deliver and capture
value?	
  
BUSINESS	
  MODEL	
  	
  
CANVAS	
  
THE	
  
Business
Model Canvas
to describe, challenge,
design, and invent
business models more
systematically
74
!innovative business models may
unlock new opportunities or enable
things that were just not possible
with the traditional models
OFFER
DISTRIBUTION
CHANNELS
CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIPS
CUSTOMER
SEGMENTS
REVENUE STREAMSCOST STRUCTURE
KEY
ACTIVITIES
PARTNER
NETWORK
KEY
RESOURCES
building
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building
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The	
  
Music	
  
Industry	
  
The	
  
Music	
  
Industry	
  
A	
  dynamic	
  market	
  
a	
  global	
  industry	
  	
  
characterized	
  by	
  
many	
  players	
  and	
  
fierce	
  competition	
  
!
Companies are quick to adopt
technologies that support their
business model but are slow to
adopt technologies that disrupt it.
- Clayton M. Christensen,The Innovators
Dilemma
“
iTunes
The “traditional” music
industry gave us the choice
of buying singles, albums or
compilations. The digital
service most favoured by
the music industry gives us
the choice of buying….
singles, albums or
compilations. In other
words, the music industry
has offered consumers a
‘solution’ that is most like the
one that went before.
Change in 10 years
2007
2008
2006
2006
2006
2013
If something is going
to happen in the end,
you may as well do it
in the beginning.
- Henry Kissinger
“
Consumer trends, such as streaming and
mobile phones should be seen and acted
upon. Too often companies look to the past and
say, “Well, that has worked well for us” rather
than in to the future and make the changes that
may be necessary to their business.
The total number of streams (UK) in 2013 (3.7bn) is
more than the total number of singles sold in 60
years.
26% of all entertainment revenue is now access to
content
Millions of consumers are showing
entertainment industries the way they want to
consume their products by signing up with
‘on-demand’ services.
BrandAmp	
  study,	
  Millward	
  Brown,	
  2007	
  
“Music is something most people love,
that no one dislikes and that touches
everyone throughout their lives”	

The	
  role	
  of	
  music	
  in	
  peoples’	
  lives	
  
Who	
  is	
  my	
  customer?	
  
What	
  does	
  he	
  or	
  she	
  wants?	
  
What	
  is	
  he	
  or	
  she	
  willing	
  to	
  pay	
  for?	
  
Different	
  needs	
  
CUSTOMER SEGMENTS
images by JAM
Customer	
  in	
  charge	
  
VALUE PROPOSITIONS
images by JAM
Firms	
  that	
  record,	
  
produce,	
  publish,	
  
distribute,	
  and	
  market	
  
music.	
  
Shift	
  from	
  ownership	
  
to	
  access	
  
?what is your main target
customer trying to get done?
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS
images by JAM
GoalsofCustomerRelationshipManagement
1)Identify,attractandwinnewcustomers
2)Retainexistingcustomers
3)Re-invigoraterelationshipswithformercustomers
Itdoesn’ttakeageniustorealisethereareclearparallels
betweenthevalueofCRMforabrandorbusinessand
CRMCRMforabandorartist.
Inordertohaveasuccessfulmusiccareer(“business”)
youneedtohavefans(“customers”).
Andthosefanswon’tcomeunlessyouworkhardforit.
1.Identify,attractandwinnewfansandsupporters
Mostindependentartistsdon’thavemoneytospendon
‘push’advertisingorPRtoreachamassaudience.
Yourbestchanceofsuccessliesin‘pull’marketingwhere
yousupplyyourfanswithcompellingcontentandthey
promoteyoutotheirnetworks.
YYourultimateaudienceisnotyour‘Friends;’
it’sthe‘Friendsofyourfriends.’
Ifyoucanburstoutofyournetworkintoeachoftheirs,
yourpotentialaudiencewillsuddenlyrocket.
Soencourageandincentivisethem toshareyourposts.
2.Successfullyretainexistingfansandsupporters
Onsocialmedia:Sometimesit’simportanttoremindyourself
whyyouaregrowingafanbaseonFacebookorTwitter.
Manybandsseem tospendalltheirwakinghourscollecting
new‘Likes’and‘Followers’butneverinteractwithanyof
them.
FFacebookusesasystem calledEdgeranktoprioritisethe
newsinyourfeed.Ifyoudon’tinteractwithyoufansyou’ll
becomeinvisibleveryquickly.
Sowhenanew‘Like’or‘Follower’arrives,youhavework
todo.
Thisisimportant:socialmediaquantityshouldalwaysgo
handinhandwithquality.
WithoWithoutengagementthose‘Likes’quicklybecome
meaningless.
Withmailinglists:Mailinglistsareanotherkeytoolfor
retainingfans,butonlyifyouusethem inasmartway.
Lazymail-outscontainingasummaryofoldnewsare
pointless.
Setrulesforyourmail-outs:
“IwillonlyevercontactfanswhenIcanrewardthem,
oorofferthem somethingexclusive.”
“IwillneverjustrepeatnewsI’vepostedonFacebook.”
Tip:ThetoolFanReachhasmadeitveryeasyforemerging
artiststogrowtheirfanbasethroughnewsletters.
Alwaysbecriticalofthecommunicationyousend.
Ifitdoesn’tgenuinelyinterestorexciteyou,whywould
anyoneelsecare?
Youdon’tbuildrelationshipsbyspammingpeople.
Finally,don’tforgetto‘Surprise’&‘Delight’yourfans;
it’saprovenbrandtactictoretaininterest.
HHowaboutyousurprisethenextthreefansthatcontactyou
onTwitterwithafreet-shirtorfreeremix?
Also,youshouldbeabletopersonallynameyourbiggest
fans.
Whoarethepeoplethatengagewithyouthemoston
Facebook?
Whoarethepeoplethatcometoallofyourshows?
Whobuysyourmusic?
BByidentifyingtheseadvocatesyoucanstarttocreate
tailoredrewardstoencouragecontinuedsupport.
Youcouldofferexclusivepreviewstoaselectgroupof
Topfans.
Alwaysbecriticalofthecommunicationyousend.
Ifitdoesn’tgenuinelyinterestorexciteyou,whywould
anyoneelsecare?
Youdon’tbuildrelationshipsbyspammingpeople.
Finally,don’tforgetto‘Surprise’&‘Delight’yourfans;
it’saprovenbrandtactictoretaininterest.
HHowaboutyousurprisethenextthreefansthatcontactyou
onTwitterwithafreet-shirtorfreeremix?
3.Reinvigoraterelationshipswithformerfansandsupporters
MakefulluseoftheanalyticsprovidedtoyoubyFacebook
andYouTube.
Ifyoudon’talreadyknow,taketimetofindout
(learnmoreaboutFacebookInsightsandYouTubeAnalytics):
Findoutwhich10Facebookpostshad:
Thegreatest‘Reach’inthepastthreemonths
Themost‘EngagedUsers’
Werethe‘Mosttalkedabout’
Thehighestlevelsof‘Virality’
Whatareyourmostengaging(basedon%ofvideowatched)
videosonYouTube?
Next,notedownthecommonalitiestoidentifywhatan
engagingpostlookslike.E.g.,
PostedonaMondaymorning
Personal,warm friendlystyle
Containaquestion
Includeagoodqualityphoto
Containsavideo
Onceyouunderstandtherulesofengagementyoucan
repeatthetrick,andhopefullywinbacksomeofthepeople
whohaveswitchedoffinresponsetoyourlessengaging
posts.
Bonustip:Getorganised.
CreateabasicExceldatabase,tocollectandmanageyour
relationships.Startwithaseparatetabfor:
Artists
Blogs
Labels
PPromoters
Publishers
Radiostations
Thenwheneveryoucomeacrossanewcontact,addtheir
keydetails:Name,Company,JobTitle,Email,Phone.
These3additionaldetailstakethisfrom beingaflatdatabaseintoanactive,
usefulCRMtool:
When:Datelastcontacted
Why:Reasonforlastcontact
What:Outcomeoflastcontact
Keepingatrackofwhen,whyandwhatensuresyoucantailoryourresponse
andfollowupinthemostappropriateway,onlysharinginformationwhichis
relevanttothem.
Don’tbeafraidtofollowup.Ifsomeonereallyhasnointeresttheywilltellyouso.
Don’tassumeanon-replyisano;itisoftenjustasigntheyarebusyor
disorganized.AsabloggerIwelcomereminders
“Haveyouhadachancetocheckoutourtrackyet?”
Oftenareminderwillbeenoughtoguaranteeyouareview(ifthemusicisgreat).
Alittlethoughtandplanningcanreallyhelpimprovetheeffectivenessofyour
ffancommunication,sodon’tbeinarushtopromoteuntilyouareready.
RECURRING	
  
REVENUES
Is	
  every	
  sales	
  a	
  new	
  effort	
  or	
  will	
  it	
  result	
  in	
  
follow-­‐up	
  revenues	
  and	
  purchases?	
  How	
  
evenly	
  distributed	
  are	
  your	
  revenues	
  
through	
  the	
  year?
CHANNELS
images by JAM
Channel
1.Awareness
2.Evaluation-Howdowehelpcustomersevaluate
ourvalueproposition
3.Purchase-Howdoweallowcustomerstopurchase
specificproductsandservices
4.Delivery-Howdowedeliveravaluepropositionto
customers
5.Aftersales-Howdoweprovidepostpurchase
customersupport
REVENUE STREAMS
images by JAM
44SONGWRITERANDCOMPOSERREVENUESTREAMS
1.PublisherAdvance
Bulkpaymenttosongwriter/composeraspartofapublishingdeal.
Paidtosongwriter/composerbypublishingcompany.
2.MechanicalRoyalties
Royaltiesgeneratedthroughthelicensedreproductionofrecordingsofyour
songssongs— eitherphysicalordigital.Paidtosongwriter/composerbypublisher,
label,HarryFox,ordigitalaggregatorlikeCDBabyorTunecore.
3.Commissions
Typicallyarequestfrom anensemble,presenter,orchestraorotherentityfora
composertocreateanoriginalworkforthem.
4.PublicPerformance(PRO)Royalties
Revenuegeneratedwhenyoursongsareplayedonradio,TV,inclubsand
rerestaurants.Paidtosongwriter/composer/publisherbyASCAP/BMI/SESAC.
5.StreamingMechanicalRoyalties
Revenuegeneratedwhenyoursongsarestreamedonon-demandservices
(Rhapsody,Spotify,Rdio).PaidtopublisherbyHarryFoxorothermechanical
licensingagent.Publisherthenpayssongwriter/composer.
6.ComposingOriginalWorksforBroadcast
Typicallyacommercialrequesttocomposeanoriginaljingle,soundtrack,score,
oorothermusicalworkforafilm,TVorcableshow,oranadagency.
Paidtosongwriter/composerbyagencyrequestingthework.
7.SynchLicenses
Typicallyinvolveslicensinganexistingworkforuseinamovie,documentary,
TV,videogames,internet,oracommercial.Paidtosongwriters/composers
eitherviapublisherorrecordlabel,orviaadirectlicensingdealwiththe
licensee(moviestudio,adagency,etc)ifyouareself-published.
8.8.SheetMusicSales
Revenuegeneratedbythesaleorlicensedreproductionofsongs/compositions
assheetmusic.Paidtosongwriter/composerbypublisher,ordirectlyfrom
purchasersifyouaresellingitonyourwebsiteoratperformances.
9.LyricDisplay
Revenuegeneratedbythelicenseddisplayofsonglyrics.
Onlinelyricsitespaypublishers,whichthenpay
songwriter/composer.
10.RingtonesRevenue
Generatedfrom licensingyoursongs/compositionsforuseasringtones.
PPaidtosongwriter/composerviayourpublisher,yourlabelorHarryFox.
11.ASCAPLUSAwardsProgram
AwardedbyASCAPtowritermembersofanygenrewhoseperformancesare
primarilyinvenuesoutsideofbroadcastmedia.
12.PublisherSettlement
Paymentfrom publisherstowritersforlitigationsettlements.
PERFORMERANDRECORDINGARTISTREVENUE
13.RecordLabelAdvance
Paidtoartistaspartofsigningadeal.
14.RecordLabelSupport
Moneyfrom labelforrecordingortoursupport.
15.RetailSales
RRevenuegeneratedfrom sellingphysicalmusicinretailstoresorviamailorder.
Paidtoartist/performerbyyourlabel,orserviceslikeCDBabyorBandcamp
thathelpmusicianssellphysicalproduct.
16.DigitalSales
Revenuegeneratedfrom sellingmusicdigitally/online.Paidtoartist/performer
byyourlabel,ordigitalaggregatorslikeCDBabyorTuneCore,ordirectlyfrom
fansviaserviceslikeBandcamp.
117.SalesatShows
Revenuegeneratedfrom sellingrecordingsofmusicat
shows/liveperformances.Paidtoartist/performerdirectlybyfans.
18.InteractiveServicePayments
Revenuegeneratedwhenyourmusicisstreamedonon-demandservices
(Rhapsody,Spotify,Rdio).Paidtoperformerbyyourlabel,ordigitalaggregator
likeCDBabyorTuneCore.
19.DigitalPerformanceRoyalties
Revenuegeneratedwhenyoursoundrecordingsareplayedoninternetradio,
SSiriusXM,Pandora.PaidtoperformersbySoundExchange.
20.AARCRoyalties
Collectedfordigitalrecordingofyoursongs,foreignprivatecopyinglevies,
andforeignrecordrentalroyalties,distributedtoUSartistsbyAARC.
21.NeighboringRightsRoyalties
Collectedfortheforeignperformanceofyourrecordings.
22.Film MusiciansSecondaryMarketsFund
PPaidtoperformersonrecordingsusedinfilm,TVandothersecondaryusesby
theFilm Musicians’SecondaryMarketsFund.
PERFORMERSESSIONMUSICIANREVENUE
26.SalaryasMemberofOrchestraorEnsemble
Incomeearnedasasalariedmemberofanorchestra,bandorensemble.
27.Shows/PerformanceFees
Revenuegeneratedfrom playinginalivesetting(fornon-salariedplayers).
Paidbyconcertpromoter,presenterorvenuetoperformer.
28.SessionMusician28.SessionMusician/SidemanFeesforStudioWork
Paymentstostudiomusicians/freelancers/sidemanforworkinrecordingstudio.
paidbylabel,producerorartist,dependingonsituation.
29.SessionMusician/SidemanFeesforLiveWork
Paymentstostudiomusicians/freelancers/sidemanforworkinalive
setting/ontour.Paidbylabel,producerorartist,dependingonsituation.
30.AFM/SAG-AFTRAPayments
PPaymentsfrom theAFM/SAG-AFTRAIntellectualPropertyRightsDistribution
Fund,whichdistributesrecordingandperformanceroyaltiestonon-featured
artists.
KNOWLEDGEOFCRAFT:TEACHINGANDPRODUCING
31.MusicTeacher
Revenuegeneratedfrom teachingyourmusicalcraft.
32.Producer
Paymentforproducinganotherartists’workinthestudio
orinalivesetting.Paidbylabels,featuredartists,studios,
presepresenters,orfoundations,dependingonsituation.
33.HonorariaorSpeakersFees
Paymentforconductingalecture,workshopormasterclass.Usuallypaidby
school,conservatory,orpresentingorganization.
BRAND-RELATEDREVENUE
40.Acting
PaymentsforappearancesinTV,commercials,movies.
FAN,CORPORATEANDFOUNDATIONFUNDING
41.FanFunding
Moneydirectlyfrom fanstosupportorpre-sellanupcoming
rerecordingprojectortour(Kickstarter,PledgeMusic,IndieGogo,Patreon).
42.Sponsorship
Corporatesupportforatour,orforyourband/ensemble.
43.Grants
Foundationorpublicartsgrantstosupportyourwork/projectfrom foundations,
stateorfederalagencies.
OTHERSOURCESOFREVENUE
44.44.ArtsAdministrator
Moneypaidtoyouspecificallyformanagingtheadministrativeaspectsofa
groupthatyouareamemberof.
What	
  do	
  customers	
  
want	
  (tomorrow)?	
  
Spotify	
  
Spotify	
  aggregates	
  content	
  
from	
  right	
  holders,	
  distributes	
  it	
  
to	
  consumers	
  through	
  the	
  
technical	
  platform	
  and	
  
monetizes	
  both	
  through	
  a	
  free,	
  
ad	
  funded	
  service,	
  and	
  a	
  
subscription	
  service.	
  
The	
  business	
  model	
  of	
  
Spotify	
  
The	
  Business	
  Model	
  of	
  Spotify	
  
OFFER
DISTRIBUTION
CHANNELS
CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIPS
CUSTOMER
SEGMENTS
REVENUE STREAMSCOST STRUCTURE
KEY
ACTIVITIES
PARTNER
NETWORK
KEY
RESOURCES
Access	
  to	
  
music	
  via	
  
streaming	
  and	
  
download	
  
services	
  
Pla@orm	
  
development	
  
and	
  
maintenance	
  
Licensing	
  
agreements	
  
SoGware	
  and	
  
network	
  
engineers	
  
Rightholders	
  
(labels	
  and	
  
publishers)	
  
Adver:sers	
  
Internet	
  +	
  	
  
PC	
  
Ad	
  fees	
  
Subscrip:on	
  
fees	
  PC	
  
Subscrip:on	
  
fees	
  PC	
  +	
  
mobile	
  
Royal:es	
  to	
  
rightholders	
  
Salaries	
  
Bandwith	
  costs	
  
Automated	
  
online	
  
rela:onship	
  
Global	
  music	
  
fans	
  
Adver:sing	
  
Pla@orm	
  and	
  
brand	
  
Internet	
  +	
  
mobile	
  
3rd	
  party	
  APIs	
   Communi:es	
  
OFFER
DISTRIBUTION
CHANNELS
CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIPS
CUSTOMER
SEGMENTS
REVENUE STREAMSCOST STRUCTURE
KEY
ACTIVITIES
PARTNER
NETWORK
KEY
RESOURCES
Mass	
  market	
  
Hits	
  and	
  
wannabee	
  hits	
  
Tours	
  and	
  
concerts	
   Huge	
  sales	
  
from	
  a	
  few	
  
ar:sts’	
  albums	
  
Merchandising	
  
Marke:ng	
  &	
  
promo:on	
  
Detec:ng	
  &	
  
building	
  talent	
  
Por@olio	
  of	
  star	
  
ar:sts	
  
Copyrighted	
  
content	
  
Distribu:on	
  
channels	
  
Manufacturers	
  
Marke:ng	
  &	
  
promo:on	
   Subsidizing	
  
unsuccessful	
  
ar:sts	
  
Royalty	
  
payments	
  
TV	
  
Radio	
  
Retailers	
  
Digital	
  
www.londonfusion.org.uk
Checkoutanewplatform
comingsoontohelpperformers
createnewrevenuestreams
www.performanceroom.com
@performanceroom
facebook.com/performanceroom
THANK YOU!
BusinessModelGeneration.com
Twitter: @andrelecointe

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