Coverage and Access to Care for Children with Chronic Health Conditions in the ACA

Gilbert Gonzales, MHA
Health Policy & Management
University of Minnesota
NRSA Trainees Research Conference
San Diego, CA
June 7, 2014
Coverage & Access to Care for Children
with Chronic Health Conditions in the ACA

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Acknowledgments
Lynn A. Blewett
Michel Boudreaux
State Health Access Data Assistance Center (SHADAC)
Division of Health Policy & Management
2

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Research Question
Did the ACA’s guaranteed issue requirement improve
insurance coverage and access to care for children with
pre-existing conditions?
3

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Pre-Existing Conditions Prior to Health Reform
57 million people under 65 living with a pre-existing condition
• Common health conditions including:
Cancer, heart disease, asthma, arthritis, hypertension,
diabetes, HIV, obesity, high cholesterol, attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stress and adjustment disorders
17 million children living with a pre-existing condition
4
Source: Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), 2011.

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Health Insurance Companies in Individual Market
1. Denied health insurance coverage,
2. Denied coverage for specific services,
3. Increased premiums for people with pre-existing conditions.
19% of applicants in the individual market were denied
enrollment in 2010.
Group health plans were prohibited from denying coverage to
people with pre-existing conditions under federal law.
5
Source: Government Accountability Office (GAO), March 2011.

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Coverage and Access to Care
6
50%
2%
41%
6% 6%
4%
95%
80%
55%
3%
32%
9%
4% 2%
93%
76%
ESI Individual Medicaid Uninsured Delayed
Medical Care
Forgone
Medical Care
Usual Source
of Care
Received
Checkup
With Chronic Conditions Without Chronic Conditions
Source: National Health Interview Survey, 2007-2010.

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State law varied on guaranteed issue
5 states required insurers in the individual market to guarantee issue
14 states provide partial protections for people with pre-existing conditions
(e.g. meeting minimum score on health status questionnaire, insurer of last resort, high risk pool)
Remaining states have no guaranteed issue provisions
7
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012.

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Pre-Existing Conditions Under Health Reform
The Affordable Care Act
As of September 23, 2010, the ACA mandated guaranteed issue
requirements for children under 19 years.
The law did not enforce community rating.
• Families with chronically ill children potentially faced high premiums
that prevented them from obtaining coverage.
8

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Data
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2007-2012
Treatment Group:
Children previously diagnosed with a chronic condition (n=10,909)
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mental retardation, Down syndrome, asthma,
cerebral palsy, sickle cell anemia, muscular dystrophy, autism, congenital or other heart
disease, and diabetes
Comparison Group:
Children not diagnosed with a chronic condition (n=41,450)
9

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Analysis
1. Pre-post changes in health insurance coverage
• Dependent ESI, Individual, Public, Uninsured
2. Pre-post changes in access to care measures
• Delayed care due to cost, Forgone care due to cost, Usual source of care,
Received well-child checkup
3. Difference-in-differences analysis
• Controlled for race and ethnicity, age, sex, health status, citizenship, household
language, family income, parents’ highest educational attainment, parents’ work
status, family structure, region and quarter of interview.
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Analysis
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Pre-Period: January 2007—September 2010
Post-Period: October 2011—December 2012

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Analysis
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Separate models for infants and toddlers (0-3 years),
young children (4-11 years), and adolescents (12-17 years)
Pre-Period: January 2007—September 2010
Post-Period: October 2011—December 2012

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Pre-Post Changes in Health Insurance
(Percentage Point Changes)
-5.2%
0.7%
6.0%
-1.6%
-2.6%
-1.0%
5.0%
-1.4%
-6.5%
-4.5%
-2.5%
-0.5%
1.5%
3.5%
5.5%
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Source: National Health Interview Survey, 2007-2012. * indicates p<0.05
*
*
*
*
*
Dependent ESI
Individual
Public
Uninsured

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Adjusted Difference-in-Differences (in red)
-5.2%
0.7%
6.0%
-1.6%
-2.6%
-1.0%
5.0%
-1.4%
-6.5%
-4.5%
-2.5%
-0.5%
1.5%
3.5%
5.5%
14
Adjusts for race and ethnicity, age, sex, health status, citizenship, household language, family income, parents’ highest educational
attainment, parents’ work status, family structure, region and quarter of interview.
*
*
*
*
*
Dependent ESI
Individual
Public
Uninsured
-0.6 +1.9
-0.6
-0.4
*

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Pre-Post Changes in Access to Care
-4.6%
-2.6%
0.9%
3.0%
-1.4%
-0.6%
1.9%
4.2%
-6.5%
-4.5%
-2.5%
-0.5%
1.5%
3.5%
5.5%
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*
*
*
*
*
Delayed Care Forgone Care
Usual Source
of Care
Received Checkup

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Adjusted Difference-in-Differences (in red)
-4.6%
-2.6%
0.9%
3.0%
-1.4%
-0.6%
1.9%
4.2%
-6.5%
-4.5%
-2.5%
-0.5%
1.5%
3.5%
5.5%
16
Adjusts for race and ethnicity, age, sex, health status, citizenship, household language, family income, parents’ highest educational
attainment, parents’ work status, family structure, region and quarter of interview.
*
*
*
*
*
Delayed Care Forgone Care
Usual Source
of Care
Received Checkup
-2.9 -1.8
-1.1
-1.5
**

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Conclusion
Adolescents (12-17 years) with chronic health conditions
Still taking up individual coverage and less likely to delay
or forgo medical care due to cost after the ACA
Similar findings not found among infants, toddlers and
young children
Results represent an early, lower-bound estimate
2010 mandate lacked a community rating provision
17

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www.shadac.org
@shadac
PhD Candidate
Graduate Research Assistant
gonza440@umn.edu
School of Public Health
Division of Health Policy & Management
Gilbert Gonzales, MHA

Coverage and Access to Care for Children with Chronic Health Conditions in the ACA

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