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Religion and the Environment ,[object Object],Perspectives in Nature and the Environment,[object Object],2009,[object Object]
Christianity (one view),[object Object],The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis, Lynn White, 1967,[object Object],The Industrial Revolution is a fundamental turning point in our ecological history. ,[object Object],the mentality of the Industrial Revolution, that the earth was a resource for human consumption, was much older than the actuality of machinery, and has its roots in medieval Christianity and attitudes towards nature. ,[object Object], "what people do about their ecology depends on what they think about themselves in relation to things in their environment.",[object Object]
Christianity (one view),[object Object],He argued that Judeo-Christian theology was fundamentally exploitative of the natural world because:,[object Object],The Bible asserts man's dominion over nature and establishes a trend of anthropocentrism. ,[object Object],Christianity makes a distinction between man (formed in God's image) and the rest of creation, which has no "soul" or "reason" and is thus inferior. ,[object Object]
Christianity (one view),[object Object],He proposed that these beliefs have led to an indifference towards nature which continues to impact in an industrial, "post-Christian" world. ,[object Object],He concludes that applying more science and technology to the problem won't help, it is humanity's fundamental ideas about nature that must change; they must abandon "superior, contemptuous" attitudes that make them "willing to use it [the earth] for our slightest whim." ,[object Object]
Christianity (one view),[object Object],White suggests adopting St. Francis of Assisi as a model to imagine a "democracy" of creation in which all creatures are respected and man's rule over creation is delimited.,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],There are more than 1.3 billion Muslims in the world,[object Object],three million each in the United States of America and France,[object Object],nearly as many Muslims in Indonesia as in all of the Arab states of the Middle East combined.,[object Object],tremendous diversity among Muslims in aspects of their religious beliefs and practices, ,[object Object],Historical,[object Object],Geographic,[object Object],Cultural,[object Object],Political, ,[object Object],National contexts. ,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],[object Object]
the five pillars: profess faith in Allah (God) and Muhammad as Allah's prophet; ,[object Object],pray five times a day facing the sacred city of Mecca; ,[object Object],fast from sunrise to sunset and refrain from smoking and sex during the month of Ramadan; ,[object Object],give alms to support the poor, orphans, and handicapped within their communities (zakat);,[object Object],make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca. ,[object Object],To be a Muslim one must agree to submit to and obey the one and only God who is the omnipotent, omniscient, and absolute sovereign. ,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],In Islam, nature, like the Qur'an, is God's revelation. ,[object Object],Divine truth is inherent in nature. In principle, the sacred is found everywhere, all space is sacred and everything that exists is sacred, given that it is God's creation. ,[object Object],However, human constructions may also be considered sacred, especially mosques and shrines as well as certain cities associated with holy personages including Jerusalem, Medina, and most of all Mecca. ,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],Muslims have a responsibility to treat nature with respect and reverence because it is God's creation,[object Object],humans are distinguished from animals by their capacity of reason to make moral choices,[object Object], they are entrusted and accountable as God's agents and stewards on Earth (khalifa).,[object Object],Care for animals and plants is sometimes viewed as an extension of the fourth pillar of zakat. ,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],Eating carnivores, scavengers, dead animals, and pigs is prohibited. ,[object Object],Killing an animal for food is supposed to be a devotional act, thus it must be done in the quickest and least painful manner by slitting its throat. ,[object Object],Also God's name must be invoked when the animal is killed. ,[object Object],An animal should not be killed in front of another animal to avoid causing undue distress. ,[object Object],Animals should not be treated cruelly, caged or beaten unnecessarily, allowed to fight each other for human entertainment, or mutilated. ,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],In short, Islam affords humans power over animals to use them for food, clothing, and transportation, but this must be done responsibly with as much consideration and kindness as possible.,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],In Islam nature is viewed as a web of mutual services and benefits between humans and animals. ,[object Object],Also there is the idea of maintaining the balance or equilibrium of nature, and accordingly Islam divides land into developed, undeveloped, and protected zones (haram). ,[object Object],Justice is a primary concern in Islam, and because an abuse of the environment can cause harm to people this can be seen as injustice. ,[object Object],In addition, natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and droughts are interpreted by some in Islam as God's warning that they have strayed from the righteous path. ,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],However, many Muslims consider environmental problems to be the result of degrading Western influences including its culture, science, technology, and economy (especially consumerism). ,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],Islam emphasizes pragmatism, thus many Muslim leaders have developed guidelines to safeguard water resources and protect fisheries, prevent over-grazing, conserve forests, and the like, following the environmental implications of Shari`a (Islamic law).,[object Object]
Islam,[object Object],Fishermen in Zanzibar used dynamite fishing,[object Object],Not sustainable,[object Object],Years of a government ban on fishing with dynamite reinforced by gunboat patrols and educational programs by environmental agencies failed.,[object Object],Finally, local Muslim leaders applied principles from the Qur'an and Shari`a in order to successfully halt dynamite fishing.,[object Object],This local Islamic conservation initiative has become a model for other Muslim fishing communities around the world.,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],Buddhism is widespread geographically ,[object Object], 376 million adherents worldwide ,[object Object],fourth largest religion,[object Object],it shares several important attributes such as nonviolence (ahimsa) with Hinduism from which it sprang and Jainism with which it coevolved.,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],Three main types of Buddhism ,[object Object],Theravada,[object Object],Mahayana,[object Object],Vajrayana,[object Object],core principles ,[object Object],the Triple Refuge,[object Object],the Fourfold Noble Truths,[object Object], the Noble Eightfold Path.,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],A person becomes a Buddhist by publicly vowing to take refuge in,[object Object],the enlightened one (Buddha), ,[object Object],his teachings (Dharma), ,[object Object],the community of Buddhists (sangha). ,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],These three refuges can be related to nature. ,[object Object],The birth, enlightenment, teaching, and death of the Buddha were each closely associated with trees. ,[object Object],Dharma means nature, among other things. ,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],The more than 200 rules for monks (vinaya) include nonviolence, compassion, and loving kindness towards all beings. ,[object Object],monks are prohibited from killing other animals for food or even in self-defense. ,[object Object],They are not supposed to dig in the ground to prevent harming organisms in the soil. ,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],Laity, like monks, ,[object Object],may practice meditation in natural places such as forests and caves, ,[object Object],pursue pilgrimages to sacred sites associated with the Buddha, ,[object Object],practice vegetarianism to reduce harm to other beings, ,[object Object],participate in environmentalism as a form of socially engaged Buddhism. ,[object Object],Environmental degradation obviously contributes to the suffering of humans and other beings. ,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],Buddhist practice includes nonviolence, compassion, and loving-kindness through awareness, simplicity, restraint, and action on behalf of all sentient beings. ,[object Object],Non-harming (ahimsa) is the cardinal ethical precept of Buddhism, recognizing that other beings and things shun suffering and seek happiness each in their own ways.,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],The Four Noble Truths that the Buddha discovered through enlightenment are that ,[object Object],all existence is suffering (dukkha); ,[object Object],suffering is caused by ignorance, hatred, and desire; ,[object Object],suffering can end by eliminating these causes;,[object Object], the means to end suffering is the Noble Eightfold Path..,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],This path encompasses ,[object Object],right view, ,[object Object],resolve, ,[object Object],speech, ,[object Object],action, ,[object Object],livelihood, ,[object Object],effort, ,[object Object],mindfulness,[object Object],meditation. ,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],These can be related to nature in various ways. ,[object Object],following right livelihood ideally includes avoiding any occupation that harms other beings such as hunting, fishing, or butchering. ,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],Also Buddhism distinguishes between need and greed. ,[object Object],A Buddhist would pursue the Middle Way by minimizing harm to other beings through modestly satisfying the four basic needs recognized by the Buddha (food, medicine, clothing, and shelter). ,[object Object],Clearly restraint in material consumption would also reduce pressure on the environment as well as waste and pollution,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],Since the 1970s, there has been a growing movement in many parts of the world that is variously called Buddhist ecology, Buddhist environmentalism, ecoBuddhism, or green Buddhism. ,[object Object],This movement applies concepts and principles from Buddhism to deal with particular environmental issues in order to relieve the suffering of other beings. ,[object Object]
Buddhism,[object Object],The Asian open-billed stork (Anastomusoscitans),[object Object],By the mid-1950s this stork had been extirpated from most of its natural range in Asia,[object Object],A few lived at a temple in Thiland,[object Object],Monks and wildlife conservationists joined forces, and a temple in Thailand was recognized as a bird sanctuary by law in 1970. ,[object Object],The population of open-billed storks in Thailand increased from 4,000 in 1964 to 30,000 in 1980, about half of the world's population of this species. ,[object Object]
Animism,[object Object],As a generic category, Animism is by far the most ancient, geographically widespread, and diverse of all religions. ,[object Object],Usually it focuses on spiritual beings and/or forces that reside in trees, forests, animals, lakes, rivers, waterfalls, springs, mountains, rocks, and so on. ,[object Object],Animists all that exists is alive and sacred.,[object Object],Animism is most inclusive in extending personhood, kinship, community, morality, and spirituality far beyond human society. ,[object Object]
Animism,[object Object],The ideal of Animism is to respectfully engage in a morality of kinship and reciprocity with others, especially extraordinary beings in nature encountered in daily life, rituals, and/or visions. ,[object Object],While Animism is the religion of many of the some 300 million indigenous people in the world it is not limited to such societies. ,[object Object],Asians often embrace aspects of Animism along with Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, or another faith in their own personal religion.,[object Object]
Animism,[object Object],Because Animinstic religions have special respect for the sacredness of nature, most likely through space and over time the cumulative environmental impact of these religions has been largely benign and adaptive. ,[object Object]
Animism,[object Object],Indeed, most indigenous societies that pursued Animism were relatively sustainable ecologically, as proven by their persistence for centuries or even millennia in the same region  without causing natural resource depletion and environmental degradation to an irreversible degree.,[object Object]
Animism,[object Object],Traditional indigenes who intimately interact with their natural habitat on a daily basis for survival and subsistence through deep knowledge of their bioregion and its ecosystems, and who revere nature as sacred, are unlikely to seriously degrade their environment unless faced with exceptional circumstances. ,[object Object]
Animism,[object Object],A most remarkable case of the practical application of an indigenous spiritual ecology is the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve. The small island of Kaho`olawe, located six miles southwest of Maui in the Hawaiian archipelago, was inhabited for over a thousand years. ,[object Object],Native Hawaiians called the island Kanaloa for the god of the ocean. It has long been a sacred place (wahipana) for spiritual regeneration (pu`uhonua). ,[object Object],From the beginning of World War II until 1990, the U.S. military took control of the island for bombing practice from ships and airplanes. ,[object Object],Native Hawaiians formed the Protect Kaho`olawe`Ohana to protest the bombing of the island and call for its return. ,[object Object]
Animism,[object Object],Finally in 1993 this transpired with the passage of a law by the U.S. Congress recognizing the cultural significance of the island and directing the Navy to remove unexploded ordnance and restore the environment. ,[object Object],In the same year the State Legislature of Hawai`i established the Kaho`olawe Island Reserve restricting the land and a two mile zone around it for exclusive use by Native Hawaiians for their subsistence, cultural, and spiritual purposes as well as for environmental restoration, historic preservation, and education. Ancestral temples, shrines, and other religious and cultural places have been rededicated through appropriate ceremonies. ,[object Object]
10 General Principles,[object Object],Many religions consider all of reality, or some of its components, to be an organic whole or a living being. ,[object Object],There is an emphasis on cultivating rapport with the local environment through developing intimate knowledge about it and practicing reverence for its beauty, mystery, and power through ritual celebrations of recognition and appreciation. ,[object Object],The human and nonhuman realms are directly interrelated, often in the sense of some kind of kinship, and in certain cases, even to the extent of animals being viewed as another form of humans or persons. ,[object Object],The appropriate relationship between humans and nature should be reciprocal; that is, humans do not merely recognize interdependence, but also promote mutually beneficial interactions with nature. ,[object Object],Ultimately the dichotomy between humans and their environment is nonexistent; humans are embedded in nature as an integral part of the larger whole or cosmos. ,[object Object]

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