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Scalar DL Technical Overview
1.
Scalar DL Technical
Overview 1 Jan, 2021 1
2.
© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Scalar
DL: Tamper-Evident and Scalable Database System 2
3.
© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Key
Characteristics in Scalar DL 3 Tamper-evident Scalable Correct Database-agnostic Cloud-agnostic Byzantine faults can be detected as long as N > f Performance and availability can be linearly scaled No intermediate states are visible, and data is always up-to-date No dependency on particular database products No dependency on particular public clouds N: # of administrative domains in a database system, f: # of faulty domains Cassandra, Amazon DynamoDB, Azure Cosmos DB, and JDBC-supported major RDBMSs are supported. AWS, Azure, EKS, and AKS are supported. ACID-compliant and strong consistent database system. DVi = DV / N・RF (RF: Replication Factor << N)
4.
© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Scalar
DL System Architecture 4 Pattern 1 Ledger Pattern 2 Pattern 3 Client SDK Ledger Ordering Client SDK Proofs Ledger Client SDK Smart Contract (signed) Private keys Public keys Auditor
5.
© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Scalar
DL: Ledger 5 User (Client) Java Contract Signature Private Key Scalar DL network function invoke() { if (accounts[0].data.balance < args.val) { throw new Error(“not enough balance”); } accounts[0].data.balance -= args.val; accounts[1].data.balance += args.val; results = { … }; } Payment Contract Request : (contract, args, sig) Asset ID Age Data (before) Data (after) Sigs Func (ref) Args Hash A 1 { } { balance = 100, …} charge { val = 100 } B 1 { } { balance = 200, …} charge { val = 200 } A 2 { A: {balance = 100}, B: {balance = 200} …} { balance = 90, …} payment { val = 10 } SN = Func (SN-1 , Args) Deterministic & TE TE If S0 is TE ⇒ SN is TE Public Key B 2 { A: {balance = 100}, B: {balance = 200} …} { balance = 210, …} payment { val = 10 } H(A1) H(B1) State hash chain Tamper Evidence (TE) of ledger entries: Arguments { accounts = [“A”, “B”], val = 10, …} * includes other accounts data Argument
6.
© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Scalar
DL: Auditor 6 Auditor managed by a different organization Client Execute Asset Proof Request Proof Asset Proof T Ledger Compare to detect tampering Auditor manages the proofs of execution to recompute assets without trusting the integrity of data given from Ledger (1 patented, 1 patent-pending)
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Scalar
DL: Ordering 7 7 Client SDK Scalar DL Ordering Private key Smart Contract (signed) Extracts parallelism by utilizing partial order property of contracts execution without violating determinism (patented) Execute contracts independently … Compare to detect tampering
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Key
Differences between Public Blockchains and Scalar DL 8 Public Blockchains (Ethereum …) Scalar DL • History diverges in normal cases – It diverges even if no malicious activities ⇒ Impossible to guarantee finality • History diverges only in abnormal cases – If it diverges, it is caused by malicious activities ⇒ Possible to guarantee finality IEEE ICDCS Workshop’16
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Key
Differences between Private Blockchains and Scalar DL 9 Private/Consortium Blockchains (HL fabric, Tendermint…) Scalar DL • Execution and validation are coupled ⇒ Hard to Scale • Execution and validation are decoupled ⇒ Scalable and Flexible • Data is totally ordered ⇒ Hard to parallelize • Data is partially ordered ⇒ Easy to parallelize Sequential processing is required Parallelizable Should be homogeneous performance
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Unique
Features 1 : ACID Nested Contract Execution • Multiple contracts can be executed atomically 10 Contract 1 Transaction Tamper-evident ledger Contract 2 Contract 3 Atomic execution
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Unique
Features 2 : User-defined Function (patent-pending) • Function is a business logic for creating deletable and easy to search records • Remedy the downsides of ledger structure and tamper-evidence property 11 Mutable database Function Contract Transaction Tamper-evident ledger Atomic execution Business logic Evidence that business logic is executed
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Benefits
of User-defined Function 12 App Not deletable Not searchable flexibly App Not tamper-evident Blockchain DB App DB Blockchain Inconsistent App Scalar DL log log Mutable records Tamper-evident records Tamper-evident Deletable Searchable flexibly Consistent
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Benchmark
Results • Each node: i3.4xlarge (16 vCPUs, 122 GB DRAM, 1900 GB NVMe SSD * 2 • Workload: Writing evidence of operations 13 Achieved 90 % scalability in 100-node cluster (Compared to the Ideal TPS based on the performance of 3-node cluster)
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Preliminary
Benchmark Results with Caliper • Caliper for Scalar DL is supported (unofficially) – https://github.com/scalar-labs/caliper (scalardl branch) • Smallbank – Fabric 1.4.1 (3 peers + 3 orderers), Scalar DL (3 C* + 3 Scalar DL nodes) 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Average Latency (s) Throughput (tps) Fabric (3org1peer) Fabric (1org3peer) Scalar DLT Fabric 1.4.1, EP=ALL Fabric 1.4.1, EP=1/3
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Verification
Results • Scalar DL has been heavily tested with Jepsen and our destructive tools – Note that Jepsen tests are created and conducted by Scalar – It has passed both tests for a long time – See https://github.com/scalar-labs/scalar-jepsen for more detail • TLA+ formal verification is also passing 15 Jepsen Passed
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© 2021Scalar, inc. Confidential Use
Cases : Where to use Scalar DL 16 • Data integrity is required – Data can not be altered or deleted maliciously • Scalability is required – Many requests from many end-users or devices • There is a main organization – And there are a few auditors • On-demand tamper detection is acceptable Digital evidence One of our focuses:
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