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Sait UYSAL, Spil Mining Ltd.

GRAPHITE IN TURKEY AND ITS POSITION IN
EUROPE



www.saituysal.com.tr
                                         March 2012
Graphite At a Glance
 The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes, and pure form of carbon.
 Allotropes of carbon are;
          - Graphite
          - Diamond
          - Coal
 Graphite is;
          - Excellent HEAT conductor
          - Excellent ELECTRICITY conductor
          - Heat resistant
          - Corrosion resistant


                                                                            www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                                          March 2012
GRAPHITE TYPES




                 www.saituysal.com.tr

                               March 2012
Applications by Graphite Type
               Type of Graphite              Application
               Synthetic Graphite Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy,
                                  Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Thread
                                  Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Rubber and Polymer
                                  Composites, Packings & Seals.
               Natural Graphite
               Amorphous Grap.     Lubricant Additives, Friction Materials, Pencils, Refractories,
                                   Paints, Rubber and Polymer Composites, Metal Covers, Thread
                                   Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives.
               Flake Graphite      Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy,
                                   Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Insulation,
                                   Thread Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Packings & Seals.
               Vein Graphite       Energy Materials, Lubricants, Grinding Wheels, Powder
                                   Metallurgy, Electrical Components, Friction Materials, Plastics,
                                   Carbon Brushes and Parts                      www.saituysal.com.tr
Source : Mackie Research Capital
                                                                                               March 2012
www.saituysal.com.tr

              March 2012
New Graphite’s Applications

 Lithium-ion batteries
 Fuel cells
 Nuclear technology
 Plastics and composite frames (Boeing Co.'s new Dreamliner)




                                                                www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                              March 2012
www.saituysal.com.tr
Saurce: Byron Capital Market

                                             March 2012
Graphite in Turkey
 Majority of the graphite occurrences in Turkey is mainly “amorphous” type.
 A graphite occurrence around Balikesir city (West part of Turkey) has bigger crystalline
  structure. Most promising, most graphitized and high Carbon contented graphite
  mineralization explored in Balikesir, Yozgat, Konya, Kastamonu and Adıyaman cities.
 Occurrences in other places like Kutahya, Mugla, Bandirma is mostly semi graphite.




                                                                            www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                                             March 2012
Reserves in Turkey
                                                Reserve
                                                              Average
                            Place/City         Quantity
                                                                C%
                                               (Tonnes)
                 Yozgat                           > 100 000      45
                 Kastamonu                        Unknown        60
                 Aydin                             150 000       10
                 İzmir - Tire – Karamersin         150 000       8
                 İzmir - Tire – Çeşme              200 000       6
                 İzmir - Tire – Başköy             150 000       10
                 Istanbul                          150 000       30
                 Mersin                            500 000       35
                 Adiyaman                         Unknown        45
                 Mugla                             510 000     40-70
                 Kutahya-Oysu                      130 000       20


                 Source : MTA reports
                 (MTA = General Directorate of Minerals Research and
                 Exploration)
                                                                        www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                                      March 2012
Graphite Mineralizations Map of Turkey




                                         www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                       March 2012
Production in Turkey 1985-1999
                    Production     Consumption
        Year        (tonnes)       (tonnes)
        1985                   -        4.100,00
        1986            3.586,00        4.000,00                  Production (tonnes) -
        1987            8.900,00        3.400,00      30.000,00
        1988           12.911,00       13.000,00
                                                      25.000,00
        1989           11.000,00       12.000,00
        1990           18.712,00       18.712,00      20.000,00
        1991           26.763,00       26.763,00      15.000,00                            Production
        1994            5.000,00         25.000*                                           (tonnes) -
                                                      10.000,00
        1995            5.000,00         25.000*
        1996            5.000,00         25.000*       5.000,00
        1997            5.000,00         25.000*           0,00



                                                                  1990




                                                                  1998
                                                                  1985
                                                                  1986
                                                                  1987
                                                                  1988
                                                                  1989

                                                                  1991
                                                                  1994
                                                                  1995
                                                                  1996
                                                                  1997
        1998            5.000,00         25.000*
        1999            5.000,00         25.000*

   Source: Turkey State Planning Institute, 8th Quinquennially
   Development Plan, 2001

   * = Rounded roughly                                                                    www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                                                        March 2012
Production in Turkey 2003-2009


     Year
                 Production             Production (tonnes)
                 (tonnes)
     2003                 0,00          3.500,00
                                        3.000,00
     2004                28,00
                                        2.500,00
     2005                 0,00          2.000,00
     2006                 0,00          1.500,00                                      Production
                                                                                      (tonnes)
     2007                               1.000,00
                          0,00
                                          500,00
     2008             3.236,00              0,00
     2009             2.400,00

 Source: http://www.migem.gov.tr/links/istatistikler/2003_2009_URETIM_%20BILGILERI.mht
 Migem = Turkish Republic Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - General Directorate of Mining Affairs
                                                                                            www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                                                             March 2012
Producers in Turkey
 - Bilginer Mining Ltd
          - Mine in Mugla city
          - Underground mine.
          - After 1992 they were the only graphite producers in Turkey. Annual Production was
            5,000 mt.
          - Production stop after 2001
 Karabacak Mining LTD (Now Oysu Graphite).
          - Mine in Kutahya City
          - Underground and Open Pit mine
          - Installed a flotation plant in 1992
          - In 1992 graphite market was collapsed and they stop production.
          - Occasionally try to run the facility after 2007                   www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                                            March 2012
Turkey Import of Graphite
                                                           HS      Code
  Year         Trade Flow       Reporter     Partner      (Natural        Trade Value          NetWeight (tonnes)
                                                          Graphite
  2000         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $2.467.855,00              6.087,66
  2001         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $2.526.441,00              6.430,61
  2002         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $2.635.532,00              7.010,38
  2003         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $2.725.770,00              7.429,34
  2004         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $3.903.755,00             10.212,25
  2005         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $5.255.075,00             11.956,33
  2006         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $4.498.559,00              9.687,78
  2007         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $5.531.200,00             11.920,36
  2008         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $9.109.963,00             13.230,36
  2009         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $4.863.912,00              6.792,96
  2010         Import           Turkey       World        2504                 $8.360.945,00             11.191,00


  Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database
  (http://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?cc=2504&px=HS&r=792&y=2000.2001.2002.2003.2004.2005.2006
  .2007.2008.2009.2010&p=0&rg=1&so=9999)


  Source: Turkish Statistical Institute                                                         www.saituysal.com.tr
  (http://www.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret_ing.zul?param1=25&param2=0&sitcrev=0&isicrev=0&sayac=5902)
                                                                                                              March 2012
Turkey Export of Graphite
                                                            HS    Code
 Year          Trade Flow       Reporter      Partner      (Natural       Trade Value          NetWeight (tonnes)
                                                           Graphite
 2000          Export           Turkey        World        2504                    $9.171,00                  20,87
 2001          Export           Turkey        World        2504                    $3.547,00                  44,71
 2002          Export           Turkey        World        2504                    $3.018,00                  41,03
 2003          Export           Turkey        World        2504                    $5.514,00                  40,92
 2004          Export           Turkey        World        2504                    $6.885,00                   6,12
 2005          Export           Turkey        World        2504                   $45.633,00                  73,82
 2006          Export           Turkey        World        2504                  $107.541,00                 292,25
 2007          Export           Turkey        World        2504                  $180.928,00                 471,68
 2008          Export           Turkey        World        2504                  $198.479,00                 390,30
 2009          Export           Turkey        World        2504                  $188.218,00                 256,94
 2010          Export           Turkey        World        2504                  $182.214,00                 220,43

 Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database
 (http://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?cc=2504&px=HS&r=792&y=2000.2001.2002.2003.2004.2005.2006.200
 7.2008.2009.2010&p=0&rg=1&so=9999)

 Source : Turkish Statistical Institute
                                                                                                  www.saituysal.com.tr
 (http://www.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret_ing.zul?param1=25&param2=0&sitcrev=0&isicrev=0&sayac=5902)

                                                                                                               March 2012
EUROPE
 - EU is up to 95% dependent on imports, mainly from China
 - recycling is very limited
 - EU determined graphite as one of the critical raw material

                                Main Production        Main EU Import       Import Dependence
                                  Countries               Sources                 (2006)
                                                          2007:
                                    2008:
                                                        China 75%
                                  China 72%
           Graphite                                      Brazil 8%                  95%
                                  India 13%
                                                       Madagascar 3%
                                   Brazil 7%
                                                        Canada 3%
     Source : European Union Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw
     materials

                                                                                     www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                                                   March 2012
Critical raw materials at EU level




                                     www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                   March 2012
www.saituysal.com.tr

              March 2012
www.saituysal.com.tr

              March 2012
Europe Export of Natural Graphite


                                                                   NetWeight
    Period   Trade Flow   Reporter   Partner   Trade Value
                                                                    (tonnes)

    2007       Export      EU-27     World        $11,355,239            5,104.84


    2008       Export      EU-27     World        $11,088,802            4,414.25


    2009       Export      EU-27     World         $8,112,888            4,732.48


    2010       Export      EU-27     World         $9,515,029            4,440.32




                                                             www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                           March 2012
Europe Import of Natural Graphite


                                                                    NetWeight
    Period   Trade Flow   Reporter   Partner   Trade Value
                                                                     (tonnes)

    2007       Import      EU-27     World        $70,385,114          122,663.50


    2008       Import      EU-27     World       $102,595,611          158,653.82


    2009       Import      EU-27     World        $47,715,833           55,339.15


    2010       Import      EU-27     World        $87,186,397          103,187.26




                                                             www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                           March 2012
NetWeight
       Period   Trade Flow   Reporter   Partner   Code   Trade Value
                                                                         (tonnes)


2007              Import     Germany    World     2504    $25,577,000      54,629.43



2008              Import     Germany    World     2504    $40,142,000      62,186.71



2009              Import     Germany    World     2504    $26,364,000      33,303.13



2010              Import     Germany    World     2504    $47,369,064      56,332.80




                                                               www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                             March 2012
Conclusions
 Turkey has undiscovered, undeveloped graphite potential
 Some of the graphite potential areas is promising
 New applications also create new graphite demand (extra 500,000 mt by 2020)
 Europe depend on Import for graphite, very limited graphite potential in Europe, and graphite
  along with REE and PGM was declared as critical raw material for EU.
 China is the main supplier of Europe (75%) and China has now implemented a 20% export
  duty on graphite, along with a 17% VAT and an export licensing system, and this creates
  supply risks. Europe has to develop new alternative suppliers
 Because of its position and closeness to Europe, low operating costs, and promising
  potentials of undeveloped graphite reserves, Turkey could be an alternative supplier for
  Europe



                                                                            www.saituysal.com.tr

                                                                                          March 2012
Thank You!

   Sait UYSAL
 Manisa/TURKEY
www.saituysal.com.tr




                       www.saituysal.com.tr

                                     March 2012

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Graphite in Turkey

  • 1. Sait UYSAL, Spil Mining Ltd. GRAPHITE IN TURKEY AND ITS POSITION IN EUROPE www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 2. Graphite At a Glance  The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes, and pure form of carbon.  Allotropes of carbon are; - Graphite - Diamond - Coal  Graphite is; - Excellent HEAT conductor - Excellent ELECTRICITY conductor - Heat resistant - Corrosion resistant www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 3. GRAPHITE TYPES www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 4. Applications by Graphite Type Type of Graphite Application Synthetic Graphite Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy, Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Thread Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Rubber and Polymer Composites, Packings & Seals. Natural Graphite Amorphous Grap. Lubricant Additives, Friction Materials, Pencils, Refractories, Paints, Rubber and Polymer Composites, Metal Covers, Thread Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives. Flake Graphite Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy, Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Insulation, Thread Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Packings & Seals. Vein Graphite Energy Materials, Lubricants, Grinding Wheels, Powder Metallurgy, Electrical Components, Friction Materials, Plastics, Carbon Brushes and Parts www.saituysal.com.tr Source : Mackie Research Capital March 2012
  • 5. www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 6. New Graphite’s Applications  Lithium-ion batteries  Fuel cells  Nuclear technology  Plastics and composite frames (Boeing Co.'s new Dreamliner) www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 8. Graphite in Turkey  Majority of the graphite occurrences in Turkey is mainly “amorphous” type.  A graphite occurrence around Balikesir city (West part of Turkey) has bigger crystalline structure. Most promising, most graphitized and high Carbon contented graphite mineralization explored in Balikesir, Yozgat, Konya, Kastamonu and Adıyaman cities.  Occurrences in other places like Kutahya, Mugla, Bandirma is mostly semi graphite. www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 9. Reserves in Turkey Reserve Average Place/City Quantity C% (Tonnes) Yozgat > 100 000 45 Kastamonu Unknown 60 Aydin 150 000 10 İzmir - Tire – Karamersin 150 000 8 İzmir - Tire – Çeşme 200 000 6 İzmir - Tire – Başköy 150 000 10 Istanbul 150 000 30 Mersin 500 000 35 Adiyaman Unknown 45 Mugla 510 000 40-70 Kutahya-Oysu 130 000 20 Source : MTA reports (MTA = General Directorate of Minerals Research and Exploration) www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 10. Graphite Mineralizations Map of Turkey www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 11. Production in Turkey 1985-1999 Production Consumption Year (tonnes) (tonnes) 1985 - 4.100,00 1986 3.586,00 4.000,00 Production (tonnes) - 1987 8.900,00 3.400,00 30.000,00 1988 12.911,00 13.000,00 25.000,00 1989 11.000,00 12.000,00 1990 18.712,00 18.712,00 20.000,00 1991 26.763,00 26.763,00 15.000,00 Production 1994 5.000,00 25.000* (tonnes) - 10.000,00 1995 5.000,00 25.000* 1996 5.000,00 25.000* 5.000,00 1997 5.000,00 25.000* 0,00 1990 1998 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1991 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 5.000,00 25.000* 1999 5.000,00 25.000* Source: Turkey State Planning Institute, 8th Quinquennially Development Plan, 2001 * = Rounded roughly www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 12. Production in Turkey 2003-2009 Year Production Production (tonnes) (tonnes) 2003 0,00 3.500,00 3.000,00 2004 28,00 2.500,00 2005 0,00 2.000,00 2006 0,00 1.500,00 Production (tonnes) 2007 1.000,00 0,00 500,00 2008 3.236,00 0,00 2009 2.400,00 Source: http://www.migem.gov.tr/links/istatistikler/2003_2009_URETIM_%20BILGILERI.mht Migem = Turkish Republic Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - General Directorate of Mining Affairs www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 13. Producers in Turkey  - Bilginer Mining Ltd - Mine in Mugla city - Underground mine. - After 1992 they were the only graphite producers in Turkey. Annual Production was 5,000 mt. - Production stop after 2001  Karabacak Mining LTD (Now Oysu Graphite). - Mine in Kutahya City - Underground and Open Pit mine - Installed a flotation plant in 1992 - In 1992 graphite market was collapsed and they stop production. - Occasionally try to run the facility after 2007 www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 14. Turkey Import of Graphite HS Code Year Trade Flow Reporter Partner (Natural Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes) Graphite 2000 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.467.855,00 6.087,66 2001 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.526.441,00 6.430,61 2002 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.635.532,00 7.010,38 2003 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.725.770,00 7.429,34 2004 Import Turkey World 2504 $3.903.755,00 10.212,25 2005 Import Turkey World 2504 $5.255.075,00 11.956,33 2006 Import Turkey World 2504 $4.498.559,00 9.687,78 2007 Import Turkey World 2504 $5.531.200,00 11.920,36 2008 Import Turkey World 2504 $9.109.963,00 13.230,36 2009 Import Turkey World 2504 $4.863.912,00 6.792,96 2010 Import Turkey World 2504 $8.360.945,00 11.191,00 Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (http://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?cc=2504&px=HS&r=792&y=2000.2001.2002.2003.2004.2005.2006 .2007.2008.2009.2010&p=0&rg=1&so=9999) Source: Turkish Statistical Institute www.saituysal.com.tr (http://www.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret_ing.zul?param1=25&param2=0&sitcrev=0&isicrev=0&sayac=5902) March 2012
  • 15. Turkey Export of Graphite HS Code Year Trade Flow Reporter Partner (Natural Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes) Graphite 2000 Export Turkey World 2504 $9.171,00 20,87 2001 Export Turkey World 2504 $3.547,00 44,71 2002 Export Turkey World 2504 $3.018,00 41,03 2003 Export Turkey World 2504 $5.514,00 40,92 2004 Export Turkey World 2504 $6.885,00 6,12 2005 Export Turkey World 2504 $45.633,00 73,82 2006 Export Turkey World 2504 $107.541,00 292,25 2007 Export Turkey World 2504 $180.928,00 471,68 2008 Export Turkey World 2504 $198.479,00 390,30 2009 Export Turkey World 2504 $188.218,00 256,94 2010 Export Turkey World 2504 $182.214,00 220,43 Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (http://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?cc=2504&px=HS&r=792&y=2000.2001.2002.2003.2004.2005.2006.200 7.2008.2009.2010&p=0&rg=1&so=9999) Source : Turkish Statistical Institute www.saituysal.com.tr (http://www.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret_ing.zul?param1=25&param2=0&sitcrev=0&isicrev=0&sayac=5902) March 2012
  • 16. EUROPE  - EU is up to 95% dependent on imports, mainly from China  - recycling is very limited  - EU determined graphite as one of the critical raw material Main Production Main EU Import Import Dependence Countries Sources (2006) 2007: 2008: China 75% China 72% Graphite Brazil 8% 95% India 13% Madagascar 3% Brazil 7% Canada 3% Source : European Union Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 17. Critical raw materials at EU level www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 18. www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 19. www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 20. Europe Export of Natural Graphite NetWeight Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Trade Value (tonnes) 2007 Export EU-27 World $11,355,239 5,104.84 2008 Export EU-27 World $11,088,802 4,414.25 2009 Export EU-27 World $8,112,888 4,732.48 2010 Export EU-27 World $9,515,029 4,440.32 www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 21. Europe Import of Natural Graphite NetWeight Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Trade Value (tonnes) 2007 Import EU-27 World $70,385,114 122,663.50 2008 Import EU-27 World $102,595,611 158,653.82 2009 Import EU-27 World $47,715,833 55,339.15 2010 Import EU-27 World $87,186,397 103,187.26 www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 22. NetWeight Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Code Trade Value (tonnes) 2007 Import Germany World 2504 $25,577,000 54,629.43 2008 Import Germany World 2504 $40,142,000 62,186.71 2009 Import Germany World 2504 $26,364,000 33,303.13 2010 Import Germany World 2504 $47,369,064 56,332.80 www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 23. Conclusions  Turkey has undiscovered, undeveloped graphite potential  Some of the graphite potential areas is promising  New applications also create new graphite demand (extra 500,000 mt by 2020)  Europe depend on Import for graphite, very limited graphite potential in Europe, and graphite along with REE and PGM was declared as critical raw material for EU.  China is the main supplier of Europe (75%) and China has now implemented a 20% export duty on graphite, along with a 17% VAT and an export licensing system, and this creates supply risks. Europe has to develop new alternative suppliers  Because of its position and closeness to Europe, low operating costs, and promising potentials of undeveloped graphite reserves, Turkey could be an alternative supplier for Europe www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012
  • 24. Thank You! Sait UYSAL Manisa/TURKEY www.saituysal.com.tr www.saituysal.com.tr March 2012