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Reproducible Research: An Introduction to knitr

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sahirbhatnagar

With the ever increasing size of data and complexity of methods required to analyze them, the reproducibility of results is necessary to ensure a high quality of scientific research. In this workshop, we will discuss the main concepts and motivations for reproducible research (RR). Mr. Bhatnagar will then introduce useful tools for RR, including RStudio, knitr, and Markdown. We will work through several examples to see how these tools can be used to perform efficiently common tasks such as writing reports, Beamer presentations, running simulations, repetitive function calls that require single or multiple inputs to be changed, and sharing results. Basic knowledge of R and LaTeX is assumed.

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RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Reproducible Research An Introduction to knitr Sahir Rai Bhatnagar1 May 28, 2014 1https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial 1 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Acknowledgements • Dr. Erica Moodie • Maxime Turgeon (Windows) • Kevin McGregor (Mac) • Greg Voisin • Don Knuth (TEX) • Friedrich Leisch (Sweave) • Yihui Xie (knitr) • You 2 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Disclaimer #1 • Feel free to Ask questions • Interrupt me often • You don’t need to raise your hand to speak 3 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Disclaimer #2 I don’t work for, nor am I an author of any of these packages. I’m just a messenger. 4 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Disclaimer #3 • Material for this tutorial comes from many sources. For a complete list see: https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial • Alot of the content in these slides are based on these two books 5 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Eat Your Own Dog Food • These slides are reproducible • Source code: https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr- tutorial/tree/master/slides 6 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Main objective for today 7 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks What is Science Anyway? 8 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks What is Science Anyway? According to the American Physical Society: Science is the systematic enterprise of gathering knowledge about the universe and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories. The success and credibility of science are anchored in the willingness of scientists to expose their ideas and results to independent testing and replication by other scientists 8 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks RR: A Minimum Standard to Verify Scientific Findings 9 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks RR: A Minimum Standard to Verify Scientific Findings Reproducible Research (RR) in Computational Sciences The data and the code used to make a finding are available and they are sufficient for an independent researcher to recreate the finding 9 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Why should we care about RR? For Science Standard to judge scientific claims Avoid duplication Cumulative knowledge development
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Why should we care about RR? For Science Standard to judge scientific claims Avoid duplication Cumulative knowledge development For You Better work habits Better teamwork Changes are easier Higher re- search impact 10 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks A Motivating Example Demonstrate: 001-motivating-example Survey: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/CDVXW3C 11 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Tools for Reproducible Research2 Free and Open Source Software • RStudio: Creating, managing, compiling documents • LATEX: Markup language for typesetting a document • R: Statistical analysis language • knitr: Integrate LATEXand R code. Based on Prof. Friedrich Leisch’s Sweave 2http://onepager.togaware.com/ 12 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Comparison Figure 1 : Comparison • LATEX has a greater learning curve • Many tasks are very tedious or impossible (most cases) to do in MS Word or Libre Office 13 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks The Philosophy behind LATEX Figure 2 : Adam Smith, author of The Wealth of Nations (1776), in which he conceptualizes the notion of the division of labour Division of Labour Composition and logical structuring of text is the author’s specific contribution to the production of a printed text. Matters such as the choice of the font family, should section headings be in bold face or small capitals? Should they be flush left or centered? Should the text be justified or not? Should the notes appear at the foot of the page or at the end? Should the text be set in one column or two? and so on, is the typesetter’s business 14 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks The Genius Behind LATEX Figure 3 : The TEX project was started in 1978 by Donald Knuth (Stanford). He planned for 6 months, but it took him nearly 10 years to complete. Coined the term “Literate programming”: mixture of code and text segments that are “human” readable. Recipient of the Turing Award (1974) and the Kyoto Prize (1996). 15 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Integrated Development Environment (IDE) 16 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Demonstrate: Explore RStudio 16 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks What knitr does LATEX example: Report.Rnw (contains both code and markup) Report.tex knitr::knit(’Report.Rnw’)
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks What knitr does LATEX example: Report.Rnw (contains both code and markup) Report.tex knitr::knit(’Report.Rnw’) Report.pdf latex2pdf(’Report.tex’) 17 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Compiling a .Rnw document The two steps on previous slide can be executed in one command: knitr::knit2pdf() or in RStudio: 18 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Incorporating R code • Insert R code in a Code Chunk starting with << >>= and ending with @ In RStudio: 19 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Example 1 <<example-code-chunk-name, echo=TRUE>>= library(magrittr) rnorm(50) %>% mean @ produces library(magrittr) rnorm(50) %>% mean ## [1] 0.031 20 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Example 2 <<example-code-chunk-name2, echo=TRUE, tidy=TRUE>>= for(i in 1:5){ (i+3) %>% print} @ produces for (i in 1:5) { (i + 3) %>% print } ## [1] 4 ## [1] 5 ## [1] 6 ## [1] 7 ## [1] 8 21 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Example 2.2 <<example-code-chunk-name3, echo=FALSE>>= for(i in 1:5){ (i+3) %>% print} @ produces ## [1] 4 ## [1] 5 ## [1] 6 ## [1] 7 ## [1] 8 22 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Example 2.3 <<example-code-chunk-name4, echo=FALSE, eval=FALSE>>= for(i in 1:5){ (i+3) %>% print} @ produces Demonstrate: Try it yourself 23 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks R output within the text • Include R output within the text • We can do that with “S-expressions” using the command Sexpr{. . .} Example: The iris dataset has Sexpr{nrow(iris)} rows and Sexpr{ncol(iris)} columns produces The iris dataset has 150 rows and 5 columns 24 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Include a Figure <<fig.ex, fig.cap='Linear Regression',fig.height=3,fig.width=3>>= plot(mtcars[ , c('disp','mpg')]) lm(mpg ~ disp , data = mtcars) %>% abline(lwd=2) @ 100 200 300 400 1025 disp mpg Figure 4 : Linear regression 25 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Include a Table <<table.ex, results='asis'>>= library(xtable) iris[1:5,1:5] %>% xtable(caption='Sample of Iris data') %>% print(include.rownames=FALSE) @ Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species 5.10 3.50 1.40 0.20 setosa 4.90 3.00 1.40 0.20 setosa 4.70 3.20 1.30 0.20 setosa 4.60 3.10 1.50 0.20 setosa 5.00 3.60 1.40 0.20 setosa Table 1 : Sample of Iris data 26 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Minimum Working Example https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/002- minimum-working-example 27 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Extracting output from Regression Models https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/003- model-output 28 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Figures https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/004- figures 29 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Beamer Presentations https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/005- beamer-presentation 30 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Changing one Parameter in an Analysis https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/006- sensitivity-analysis-one-parameter 31 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Changing Many Parameters in an Analysis https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/007- sensitivity-analysis-many-parameters 32 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Large Documents https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/008- large-documents 33 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks HTML Reports https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/009- rmarkdown 34 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks HTML Presentations https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/010- rmarkdown-presentation 35 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks 36 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Always Remember ... Reproducibility ∝ 1 copy paste 37 / 38
RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Is the juice worth the squeeze? 38 / 38

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Reproducible Research: An Introduction to knitr

  • 1. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Reproducible Research An Introduction to knitr Sahir Rai Bhatnagar1 May 28, 2014 1https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial 1 / 38
  • 2. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Acknowledgements • Dr. Erica Moodie • Maxime Turgeon (Windows) • Kevin McGregor (Mac) • Greg Voisin • Don Knuth (TEX) • Friedrich Leisch (Sweave) • Yihui Xie (knitr) • You 2 / 38
  • 3. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Disclaimer #1 • Feel free to Ask questions • Interrupt me often • You don’t need to raise your hand to speak 3 / 38
  • 4. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Disclaimer #2 I don’t work for, nor am I an author of any of these packages. I’m just a messenger. 4 / 38
  • 5. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Disclaimer #3 • Material for this tutorial comes from many sources. For a complete list see: https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial • Alot of the content in these slides are based on these two books 5 / 38
  • 6. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Eat Your Own Dog Food • These slides are reproducible • Source code: https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr- tutorial/tree/master/slides 6 / 38
  • 7. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Main objective for today 7 / 38
  • 8. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks What is Science Anyway? 8 / 38
  • 9. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks What is Science Anyway? According to the American Physical Society: Science is the systematic enterprise of gathering knowledge about the universe and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories. The success and credibility of science are anchored in the willingness of scientists to expose their ideas and results to independent testing and replication by other scientists 8 / 38
  • 10. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks RR: A Minimum Standard to Verify Scientific Findings 9 / 38
  • 11. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks RR: A Minimum Standard to Verify Scientific Findings Reproducible Research (RR) in Computational Sciences The data and the code used to make a finding are available and they are sufficient for an independent researcher to recreate the finding 9 / 38
  • 12. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Why should we care about RR? For Science Standard to judge scientific claims Avoid duplication Cumulative knowledge development
  • 13. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Why should we care about RR? For Science Standard to judge scientific claims Avoid duplication Cumulative knowledge development For You Better work habits Better teamwork Changes are easier Higher re- search impact 10 / 38
  • 14. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks A Motivating Example Demonstrate: 001-motivating-example Survey: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/CDVXW3C 11 / 38
  • 15. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Tools for Reproducible Research2 Free and Open Source Software • RStudio: Creating, managing, compiling documents • LATEX: Markup language for typesetting a document • R: Statistical analysis language • knitr: Integrate LATEXand R code. Based on Prof. Friedrich Leisch’s Sweave 2http://onepager.togaware.com/ 12 / 38
  • 16. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Comparison Figure 1 : Comparison • LATEX has a greater learning curve • Many tasks are very tedious or impossible (most cases) to do in MS Word or Libre Office 13 / 38
  • 17. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks The Philosophy behind LATEX Figure 2 : Adam Smith, author of The Wealth of Nations (1776), in which he conceptualizes the notion of the division of labour Division of Labour Composition and logical structuring of text is the author’s specific contribution to the production of a printed text. Matters such as the choice of the font family, should section headings be in bold face or small capitals? Should they be flush left or centered? Should the text be justified or not? Should the notes appear at the foot of the page or at the end? Should the text be set in one column or two? and so on, is the typesetter’s business 14 / 38
  • 18. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks The Genius Behind LATEX Figure 3 : The TEX project was started in 1978 by Donald Knuth (Stanford). He planned for 6 months, but it took him nearly 10 years to complete. Coined the term “Literate programming”: mixture of code and text segments that are “human” readable. Recipient of the Turing Award (1974) and the Kyoto Prize (1996). 15 / 38
  • 19. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Integrated Development Environment (IDE) 16 / 38
  • 20. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Demonstrate: Explore RStudio 16 / 38
  • 21. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks What knitr does LATEX example: Report.Rnw (contains both code and markup) Report.tex knitr::knit(’Report.Rnw’)
  • 22. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks What knitr does LATEX example: Report.Rnw (contains both code and markup) Report.tex knitr::knit(’Report.Rnw’) Report.pdf latex2pdf(’Report.tex’) 17 / 38
  • 23. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Compiling a .Rnw document The two steps on previous slide can be executed in one command: knitr::knit2pdf() or in RStudio: 18 / 38
  • 24. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Incorporating R code • Insert R code in a Code Chunk starting with << >>= and ending with @ In RStudio: 19 / 38
  • 25. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Example 1 <<example-code-chunk-name, echo=TRUE>>= library(magrittr) rnorm(50) %>% mean @ produces library(magrittr) rnorm(50) %>% mean ## [1] 0.031 20 / 38
  • 26. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Example 2 <<example-code-chunk-name2, echo=TRUE, tidy=TRUE>>= for(i in 1:5){ (i+3) %>% print} @ produces for (i in 1:5) { (i + 3) %>% print } ## [1] 4 ## [1] 5 ## [1] 6 ## [1] 7 ## [1] 8 21 / 38
  • 27. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Example 2.2 <<example-code-chunk-name3, echo=FALSE>>= for(i in 1:5){ (i+3) %>% print} @ produces ## [1] 4 ## [1] 5 ## [1] 6 ## [1] 7 ## [1] 8 22 / 38
  • 28. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Example 2.3 <<example-code-chunk-name4, echo=FALSE, eval=FALSE>>= for(i in 1:5){ (i+3) %>% print} @ produces Demonstrate: Try it yourself 23 / 38
  • 29. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks R output within the text • Include R output within the text • We can do that with “S-expressions” using the command Sexpr{. . .} Example: The iris dataset has Sexpr{nrow(iris)} rows and Sexpr{ncol(iris)} columns produces The iris dataset has 150 rows and 5 columns 24 / 38
  • 30. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Include a Figure <<fig.ex, fig.cap='Linear Regression',fig.height=3,fig.width=3>>= plot(mtcars[ , c('disp','mpg')]) lm(mpg ~ disp , data = mtcars) %>% abline(lwd=2) @ 100 200 300 400 1025 disp mpg Figure 4 : Linear regression 25 / 38
  • 31. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Include a Table <<table.ex, results='asis'>>= library(xtable) iris[1:5,1:5] %>% xtable(caption='Sample of Iris data') %>% print(include.rownames=FALSE) @ Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species 5.10 3.50 1.40 0.20 setosa 4.90 3.00 1.40 0.20 setosa 4.70 3.20 1.30 0.20 setosa 4.60 3.10 1.50 0.20 setosa 5.00 3.60 1.40 0.20 setosa Table 1 : Sample of Iris data 26 / 38
  • 32. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Minimum Working Example https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/002- minimum-working-example 27 / 38
  • 33. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Extracting output from Regression Models https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/003- model-output 28 / 38
  • 34. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Figures https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/004- figures 29 / 38
  • 35. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Beamer Presentations https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/005- beamer-presentation 30 / 38
  • 36. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Changing one Parameter in an Analysis https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/006- sensitivity-analysis-one-parameter 31 / 38
  • 37. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Changing Many Parameters in an Analysis https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/007- sensitivity-analysis-many-parameters 32 / 38
  • 38. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Large Documents https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/008- large-documents 33 / 38
  • 39. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks HTML Reports https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/009- rmarkdown 34 / 38
  • 40. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks HTML Presentations https://github.com/sahirbhatnagar/knitr-tutorial/tree/master/010- rmarkdown-presentation 35 / 38
  • 41. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks 36 / 38
  • 42. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Always Remember ... Reproducibility ∝ 1 copy paste 37 / 38
  • 43. RR: Intro to knitr Reproducible Research What? Why? 001-motivating- example Getting Started LATEX RStudio knitr Examples 002-minimum- working-example 003-model- output 004-figures 005-beamer- presentation 006-sensitivity- analysis-one- parameter 007-sensitivity- analysis-many- parameters 008-large- documents 009-rmarkdown 010-rmarkdown- presentation Final Remarks Is the juice worth the squeeze? 38 / 38