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Timeline Koffivi
1. -1905 First school museum opened in St Louis -1908 Beginning of Visual Instruction Movement-1910 - The first catalog of instructional films was published-1914-1923Five national professional organizations for visual instruction were created-1920-1930 Increased interest in Audio Visual Instruction-March 1925 First public demonstration of television Media
2. -1940’s The origins of Instructional Design Gagné,Briggs
3. 1950’s The formative years Miller,Skinner,Bloom
Instructional Media Physical means via which instruction is presented to learners(Reiser & Gagné, 1983) -Instructional Media Physical means via which instruction is presented to learners(Reiser & Gagné, 1983)-School museums « serve as the central administrative for visual instruction by distribution of portable museum exhibits, stereographs, slides, films, study prints, charts and other instructional materials »(Saettler, 1990)
During World War II, the U.S. military faced the monumental task of training hundreds of thousands of volunteers to become effective soldiers and support personnel. The War Department turned to psychologists and educators for help in finding the most efficient way possible to do this. Among those who participated were Robet Gagne, Leslie Briggs, and other educational psychology researchers who are today considered the founders of instructional design. They used their knowledge of psychometrics to conduct testing and evaluation, often for the purpose of screening volunteers and placing them in the jobs that best suited their skills and knowledge. They also developed instructional resources, primarily employing behaviorist techniques (e.g., drill and practice, checklists), which reflected the dominance of behavioral psychology at the time.
Mager (1962) formalized procedures for writing behavioral objectives (using behavior, standards, and conditions), a practice that had been in use since the turn of the century. Until the 1960s, most tests were norm-referenced, so that scores were spread around a normal ("bell") curve. Glaser (1963) was the first researcher to coin the term criterion-referenced testing, which involves testing learners against a given standard of performance (not against each other). Also, Scriven (1967) pointed out the importance of fomative evaluation (testing instructional resources before implementation), constrasting it with summative evaluation (testing the instructional resources after implementation). In modern instructional design, writing behavioral ("learning") objectives, applying criterion-referenced testing, as well as conducting formative and summative evaluation are critical (if sometimes overlooked) components
During the 1970s, a variety of new models were developed for the systematic design of instruction, including the now famous Dick & Carey Model. By the end of the decade, Andrews and Goodson (1980) counted more than 40 models. During this decade, instructional design flourished, expanding its hold within the military branches; taking root in academia with the development of graduate degree programs in instructional systems and academic journals dedicated to instructional design issues; and gaining acceptance within educational and corporate settings as a way to improve the consistency and quality of instruction. Internationally many nations use instructional design to soleve instructional problems in their countries.
The 1980s marked a downward trend in the influence of instructional design on educational settings (K-12 and higher education). On the other hand, it found more favorable conditions in corporate settings and continued to flourish in training departments and consulting firms across the country. With the advent of microcomputers, many instructional designers turned their attention to computer-based instruction. As computer technology became more powerful and more commonly available, CBI began to dominate the field.
As instructional design made greater head-way into corporate settings, corporate settings began to have a greater impact on instructional design. One major example of this is the influence of human performance technology, which stems from research in the area of organizational development. In the 1990s, instructional designers began to realize that not every performance problem can be solved by developing more instruction. In fact, as they began to focus more effort on analysis and evaluation, designers realized that most performance problems cannot be solved through training, and so they began to prescribe non-instructional interventions (e.g., workflow redesign, incentive plans, improved communication, etc.) to solve performance problems. This greatly expanded the role of instructional designers, paving the way for advancement within organizations to positions of leadership. A direct result of the increased presence of instructional leaders is the advent of knowledge management (and high-level positions like Chief Learning Officer, VP, Learning and Performance, etc.). Another factor that has impacted the role of instructional design is the explosion of instructional technology. With the proliferation of personal computers and the Internet, instructional designers have been extremely busy developing/modifying instruction for delivery over intranets and the Internet in the form of stand-alone web-based applications and instructor-led online distance education. These have overshadowed yet also spurred interest in electronic performance support systems (EPSS) and rapid prototyping instructional development techniques. Constructivists views of learning and instruction have had a major impact on thoughts and actions of practionners in the instructional design field
