1. The document discusses the history of concepts of race, racism, and eugenics. It describes how early scientists and thinkers proposed theories of racial hierarchies and differences in intellectual ability, which influenced later eugenicist movements. 2. Eugenicists in both the U.S. and Germany promoted the forced sterilization and institutionalization of those deemed "unfit" based on perceived racial or genetic deficiencies. Their theories directly influenced the racist policies and ideologies that emerged in Nazi Germany. 3. While eugenics fell out of favor after World War 2, some scientists continued to promote racist ideas about genetic differences between human populations through IQ and other testing well into the 20th century. Their work

1. What is "Race"? 1 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

2. A group of people arbitrarily classified and distinguished as a more or less distinct group by culture, language, genetically transmitted physical characteristics, common history, nationality or geographic distribution. A population so related. Any of the traditional divisions of humankind, the commonest being the Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negro. 2 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

3. . . . on the eighth day! of the race of Israel! of the tribe of Benjamin! a Hebrew of Hebrews! according to law a Pharisee! Phillipians 3:5 YLT 3 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

4. And you are a choice race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people acquired, that the excellences you may show forth of Him who out of darkness did call you to His wondrous light. 1Peter 2:9 YLT 4 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

5. That he declareth to her all his heart, and saith to her, `A razor hath not gone up on my head, for a Nazarite to God I am from the womb of my mother; if I have been shaven, then hath my power turned aside from me, and I have been weak, and have been as any of the human race.' Judges 16:17 YLT 5 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

6. What is "Black"? 6 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

7. A member of any of various dark-skinned peoples, esp. those of Africa, Oceania, and Australia. Of or belonging to an American ethnic group descended from African peoples having dark skin; African-American. 7 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

8. Of or belonging to a racial group having brown to black skin, especially one of African origin: the Black population of South Africa. Of or belonging to an American ethnic group descended from African peoples having dark skin; African-American. 8 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

9. I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, as the tents of Kedar, as the curtains of Solomon. Song of Soloman 1:5 9 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

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12. What is "Racism"? 12 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

13. A belief, policy or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the discriminatory idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others. Hatred or intolerance of another race or other races. 13 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

14. Then said the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that thou, being a Jew, ask a drink of me, which am a woman of [the race of] Samaria? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. John 4:9 14 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

15. Racism has always been with us, but it was never "institutionalized" and propagated so vehemently until two centuries ago. Here is some background information. 15 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

16. Charles Robert Darwin (1809 – 1882) was an English naturalist. After becoming eminent among scientists for his field work and inquiries into geology, he proposed and provided what he considered scientific evidence that all species of life have evolved over time from one or a few common ancestors through the process of natural selection. 16 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

17. His five-year voyage on the Beagle established him as a geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell’s uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. 17 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

18. Uniformitarianism, in the philosophy of science, is the assumption that the natural processes operating in the past are the same as those that can be observed operating in the present. Its methodological significance is frequently summarized in the statement: ‘The present is the key to the past.’ Uniformitarianism has been proven false, for just the opposite has been found to be true: ‘The past is the key to the present.’ 18 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

19. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated transmutation (the transformation of one species into another), and advanced the theory of natural selection in 1838. Transmutation has also been proven to be false. 19 Crepiled by PaulTrudeau

20. His 1859 book "On the Origin of Species" established evolution as fact, and was accepted by the scientific community and the general public, while his theory of natural selection came to be widely seen as the primary explanation of the process of evolution and now forms the basis of modern evolutionary theory. 20 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

21. As Charles Darwin's ideas on evolutionary theory gained acceptance in the late 1800s, the public's faith in science as a source for social remedies increased in popularity, and scientists have looked for ways to "improve" humanity. For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. For it is written, He snares the wise in their own craftiness. 1Corinthians 3:19 21 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

22. Accompanying these theories was the "science" of eugenics. Eugenics - The systematic attempt to increase desirable genetic traits and to decrease undesirable genetic traits in a population. 22 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

23. The term "eugenics" was first coined by Francis Galton in 1869 in his book Hereditary Genius. The term came from the Greek "eugenes," meaning "good in stock." And Galton claimed that judicious mating could "give more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable." 23 Crepiledby Paul Trudeau

24. Galton introduced the ideas that led to a "scientific" approach to eugenics, including the concept of "positive eugenics" in which he encouraged those he deemed the healthiest and most intelligent to marry one another and procreate. 24 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

25. The theory of eugenics also posed that defective persons procreated more rapidly and bred more readily than normal, the result being that society was flooded with inferior and unproductive people. Dobermanexample 25 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

26. Although Galton's theories did not gain widespread acceptance in England, in the United States his ideas were received enthusiastically and interpreted in programs of "negative eugenics" designed to keep certain people from bearing children. 26 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

27. Negative eugenics included such extreme measures as castration and sterilization as well as the institutionalization of people considered "defective" or "undesirable" – those deemed "lower races". 27 Crepiledby Paul Trudeau

28. Racial, social, and moral issues were key factors in the American eugenics movement, which grew greatly, not because of the number of people supporting it, but because of the perceived knowledge and importance of the people encouraging it. 28 Crepiledby Paul Trudeau

29. Eugenics victims included individuals diagnosed with mental retardation, psychiatric symptoms, epilepsy, deafness, blindness and people considered to be of low moral stature - unwed mothers, thieves, and prostitutes: for such behaviors were thought to be genetically based. And the LORD said unto him, Who hath made man's mouth? or who maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? have not I the LORD? Exodus 4:11 29 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

30. A number of states enacted miscegenation laws that prohibited marriage between people of different races because it was believed that mixing the genes of different races would allow undesirable traits to proliferate in the dominant population. 30 Crepiledby Paul Trudeau

31. In an attempt to keep the "unfit" from procreating, legislators passed compulsory sterilization laws. As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of the youth. Happy is the man that hath his quiver full of them: they shall not be ashamed, but they shall speak with the enemies in the gate. Psalms 127:4, 5 31 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

32. Indiana was the first state to pass such legislation in 1907; by 1932, thirty states had similar laws, and approximately 100,000 people had been sterilized. 32 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

33. The Eugenic Strategy First. The eugenicists still appeal to racism but the appeal is well disguised - going by such code names as "gene frequency", which is a legitimate term in genetics. This is intellectual camouflage guised as science. 33 Crepiledby Paul Trudeau

34. Second. The eugenicists adopted a policy of "crypto-eugenics" following World War II. "Crypto-eugenics" means working through other organizations, such as the International Planned Parenthood Federation. 34 CrepiledbyPaulTrudeau

35. Third. The eugenicists adopted the tactic of finding and using ambiguities and loopholes in the law to introduce the desired eugenic activity as a normal necessary medical procedure, so that the patient himself would request it. Then they would shroud it in medical privacy so that records would be hidden. 35 Crepiledby Paul Trudeau

36. Fourth. As anyone familiar with contemporary marketing knows, positioning oneself in the public’s mind with another who is a leader in some way or who is popular, automatically serves to enhance one’s own weaker position. The eugenicists use advertising and people of import and celebrities to rally support. They know that advertising knows how to motivate people emotionally while bypassing their brains and sense of logical reasoning. 36 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

37. Influence – the Power of Persuasion by Robert Cialdini 37 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

38. But suddenly, at the turn of the 20th century, the Germans would fervently embrace these ideas more energetically and on a greater scale than all others. 38 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

39. In 1897, because of the militaristic ambitions of Germany at the time, Professor Wilhelm Wundt of Leipzig University in Germany conducted research in experimental psychology with the goal of developing a way to make man more inclined to kill his fellow man. 39 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

40. And to make death more digestible, Wundt widely promoted the idea that as man's soul could not be measured with scientific instruments, therefore it obviously did not exist. Man was simply another evolved animal. However, God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness . . . Genesis 1:26 40 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

41. Stripped of his soul and now no more than a collection of genes and chemicals - as the theory went - man could be manipulated as easily as a dog could be trained to salivate at the sound of a bell. And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. Genesis 2:7 41 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

42. Eugene Fischer, Director of the ‘Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics’ in Berlin theorized that "blacks were devoid of value and useless for employment other than for manual crafts." Fischer also urged the annihilation of "Negro" children. And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. Genesis 6:5 42 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

43. In the early 1920s, a then-relatively unknown Adolf Hitler was deeply influenced by the eugenicists. Two books by psychiatrists, The Sanctioning of the Destruction of Lives Unworthy To Be Lived and The Principles of Human Heredity and Racial Hygiene shaped his psyche and the direction of his life. 43 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

44. Almost exclusively, from these two books came the theories he articulated in Mein Kampf(My Struggle), the book which later set the stage for the destruction of millions. 44 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

45. As Hitler stated, "The right of (a person’s) personal freedom recedes before his duty to preserve the race." It is almost universally accepted that Hitler pushed eugenics, but the truth is that eugenics pushed Hitler. 45 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

46. Ernst Rudin, a psychiatrist at Munich University, described as "one of the most evil men in Germany," was the chief architect of the Nazi's racial hygiene program. He preceded Hitler’s rise to power and started his campaign to purge Germany of its "unfit stock" as early as 1916. 46 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

47. He was a leader in claiming that psychiatry should take a major role in purifying the race, which he said, "involved ensuring that genetically ‘defective’ persons shall not be able to propagate." And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply Genesis 1:28 47 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

48. Rudin and Schutzstaffel (SS, Protection Squadron) chief Heinrich Himmler drew up Germany's 1933 sterilization law which called for the sterilization of all Jews and "colored" German children. Psychiatry's Racial Purity law implementing segregation was also introduced. Jewish Holocaust Museum 48 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

49. Nor was the United States immune to these repulsive theories. In 1887, G. Stanley Hall, founder of the American Journal of Psychology and first president of the American Psychological Association, theorized that Africans, Indians and Chinese were members of "adolescent races" in a stage of "incomplete growth." 49 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

50. As such, this justified psychiatry and psychology's intervention to save them from the "liabilities and dangers of freedom". 50 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

51. Doctors in the United States applauded Germany's sterilization program. Dr. Lorthrop Stoddard, director of the ‘US Birth Control League’ commented, "The sterilization law is weeding out the worst strains, those who are unfit to produce children, in the Germanic stock in a scientific and truly humanitarian way." 51 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

52. Margaret Sanger, a eugenicist and the Founder of Planned Parenthood of America, argued in 1939 for plans to stop the growth of black babies in the US. To cover up her plan to "exterminate the Negro population," she suggested approaching blacks "through a religious appeal" would be the "most successful educational approach." 52 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

53. She recommended that black ministers be infiltrated and that "three or four" of them with "engaging personalities" be hired to preach throughout the South that sterilization was a solution to poverty. 53 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

54. The common thread to psychiatry's "scientific" justification for sterilization, brutal surgery and other human rights violations was that IQ regulated behavior and status. Through the bogus "scientifically tested and proven" concepts of "low IQ" and "racial inferiority," psychiatry has given legitimacy to 20th century racism. 54 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

55. By the 1920s this was absolute dogma: IQ was congenital, inherited, and thus unchanging. In this way, the systematic social crippling of certain races could be carried out, if not by violent psychiatric treatments (which is another presentation in itself), then by denying them proper education, employment and other cultural advantages. 55 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

56. Around the same period, a prominent "expert" in IQ testing, psychologist Lewis Terman of Stanford University, a past president of the American Psychological Association, used his tests to claim that 83 percent of Jews were "feebleminded," that children of the poor could never be educated, and that Mexicans, Indians and Blacks "should never be allowed to reproduce." 56 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

57. Similar theories have been peddled in more recent times. In 1958, Audrey Shuey, author of the book Psychology and Life, wrote that IQ test scores "inevitably point to the presence of native [genetic] differences between Negroes and whites ..." 57 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

58. And this proposition has been spread even as recently as 1994 with Murray and Herrnstein's book, The Bell Curve, claiming that African Americans that do worse than whites in intelligence tests, are "genetically disabled" and therefore cannot cope with the demands of contemporary American society. 58 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

59. When Africans were torn from their families and homes and sold into slavery in the United States, science stood ready to define any disobedience or insubordination by them as a "mental illness." 59 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

60. Much "scientific" and statistical rhetoric was used to justify slavery. One 1840 census "proved" that blacks living under "unnatural conditions of freedom" in the North were more prone to insanity. 60 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

61. Dr. Edward Jarvis, a specialist in mental disorders, used this to conclude that slavery shielded blacks from "some of the liabilities and dangers of active self-direction." 61 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

62. The census was later found to be a racist facade in that many of the Northern towns credited with mentally deranged blacks had no black inhabitants at all! 62 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

63. In 1797, the "father" of American psychiatry, Dr. Benjamin Rush – whose face today still adorns the seal of the ‘American Psychiatric Association’ – declared that the color of blacks was caused by a rare, congenital disease called "negritude" which derived from leprosy. 63 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

64. Using "disease" as the reason for segregation, Rush drew the conclusion that ‘Blacks’ disease should entitle them to a double portion of humanity. However, by the same token, "whites should not intermarry with them, for this would tend to infect posterity with the 'disorder' . . . attempts must be made to cure the disease." 64 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

65. In an address to the ‘American Philosophical Society’, Rush said that the only evidence of a "cure" was when the skin color turned white. Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? . . . Jeremiah 13:23 The answer is “No”, so in other words, there is no cure! 65 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

66. Since the late 1800s, psychiatry's reasoning for "protecting" blacks from their own "disease" has had a common thread: that the color of skin somehow determines IQ and signals inferiority. 66 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

67. In 1851, Samuel Cartwright, a prominent Louisiana physician, published an essay entitled "Report on the Diseases and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race" in the "New Orleans and Surgical Journal". Cartwright claimed to have discovered two mental diseases peculiar to blacks, which he believed justified their enslavement. These were called "DysaesthesiaAethiopis" and "Drapetomania". 67 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

68. DysaethesiaAethiopis supposedly affected both mind and body. The diagnosable signs included disobedience to slave-owners, answering disrespectfully and refusing to work. Therefore, the slave was violating God’s will that he be a "submissive knee-bender", so by the master, "awe and reverence, must be exacted from them". The ‘cure’ was to put the person to some kind of hard labor which apparently sent "vitalized blood to the brain to give liberty to the mind." 68 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

69. "Drapetomania" came from drapetes, a runaway slave, and mania, meaning mad or crazy. Cartwright claimed that this "disease" caused blacks to have an uncontrollable urge to run away from their "masters". The "proper medical treatment" for this "illness" was "whipping the devil out of them." 69 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

70. US eugenics advocate Dr. Paul Popenoe published the findings of his study, entitled "Intelligence and Race – a Review of the Results of the Army Intelligence Tests – The Negro in 1918." Popenoe concluded, ". . . the Negroes' low mental estate is irremediable . . . The Negro is mentally, therefore eugenically, inferior to the white race. All treatment of the Negro . . . must take into account this fundamental fact." 70 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

71. He fabricated and propagated the idea that the IQ of blacks was determined by the amount of "white blood" they had. The lighter skinned the black was, the higher his IQ, and the blacker he was, the lower the IQ. 71 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

72. ‘Treatment’ of African Americans has included some of the most barbaric experiments ever carried out in the name of "scientific" research - and not very long ago. In the 1950s in New Orleans, black prisoners were used for psychosurgery experiments which involved electrodes being implanted into the brain (another presentation). 72 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

73. The experiments were conducted by an Australian psychiatrist, Dr. Harry Bailey and psychiatrist Dr. Robert Heath from Tulane University. Bailey boasted in a lecture to nurses 20 years later that the two psychiatrists had used blacks because it was "cheaper to use Niggers than cats because they were everywhere and cheap experimental animals." 73 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

74. . . . for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth . . . Genesis 8:21 The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it? Jeremiah 17:9 74 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

75. Young people and Black History. 75 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

76. Sept 1957 (Little Rock, Ark.) Nine black students are blocked from entering the all-white Central High School on the orders of Governor OrvalFaubus. President Eisenhower sends federal troops and the National Guard to intervene on behalf of the students, who become known as the "Little Rock Nine." 76 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

77. Feb 1960 (North Carolina) Four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. Although they are refused service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the South. 77 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

78. Sept 1963 (Alabama) Four young girls (Denise McNair, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson, and Addie Mae Collins) attending Sunday school are killed when a bomb explodes at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, a popular location for civil rights meetings. Riots erupt in Birmingham, leading to the deaths of two more black youths. The girls were ages 11 through 14. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover blocked evidence to the case. 78 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

79. Aug 1955 (Mississippi) Fourteen-year-old Chicagoan Emmett Till is visiting family in Mississippi when he is kidnapped, brutally beaten, shot, and dumped in the Tallahatchie River for allegedly whistling at a white woman. Two white men, J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant, are arrested for the murder and acquitted by an all-white jury, which took just over an hour to reach their verdict to acquit them. One juror said that they took a soda-pop break during the deliberations to stretch them out and "make it look good." The two men later boast about committing the murder in a Look magazine interview. 79 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

80. Aug 1964 (Mississippi) The bodies of three civil-rights workers -- two white, one black -- are found in an earthen dam, six weeks into a federal investigation. James E. Chaney, 21; Andrew Goodman, 21; and Michael Schwerner, 24, had been working to register black voters in Mississippi, and on June 21st had gone to investigate the burning of a black church. They were arrested by the police on speeding charges, incarcerated for several hours, and then released after dark into the hands of the Ku Klux Klan, who murdered them. 80 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

81. 1962-64 (Louisiana) Kid begs mother to take him to Pontchartrain Beach Amusement Park. Mother always refuses, saying "We cannot go there, and one day you’ll understand why.“ Now, I do. 81 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

82. There are many countless notable accomplishments by many Black men and women. Following are two of which I am personally familiar. 82 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

83. In 1939 Europe was in flames and chaos. President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that the United States would be "Fortress America," the last bastion of freedom for all men. The Axis empire must be defeated. We were on the brink of entering the war. 83 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

84. The newly-formed Army Air Corps was positive that no Black man could learn to fly or even service a combat aircraft; however, the Black press, the NAACP, members of Congress, and even the White House vehemently disagreed with this position. 84 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

85. Under considerable pressure, the War Department relented and undertook what was called the "Noble Experiment." It was tacitly considered to be doomed to failure, especially by those who initiated it. 85 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

86. The "Noble Experiment" resulted in the Black Air Force - an "equal" but separate part of the Army Air Corps. Due to the rigid pattern of racial segregation that prevailed in the United States during World War II, the War Department chose Tuskegee, Alabama for the base site – purposely far away from the center of things pertaining to the war. 86 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

87. In spite of a lack of official confidence, equipment and support, and a remote location, 992 pilots were graduated from Tuskegee Army Air Corps Flying School, which also trained and developed along with other air corps, training facilities and support personnel. 87 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

88. Thus, the "Noble Experiment" resulted in the Black Air Force - an "equal" but separate part of the Army Air Corps that was good as any and better than most. 88 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

89. These gallant men flew 15,553 sorties in 1,578 missions with the 12th and 15th Army Air Forces, where they were both feared and respected by the Germans who called them the "SchwartzeVogelmenschen", (Black Birdmen). 89 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

90. Because they came to realize just how good and adept these fighter pilots were, White American bomber crews revered them as the "Black Redtail Angels", because the identifying tail assemblies of their aircrafts were painted red. 90 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

91. They were so good, history states that The Black Redtail Angels were the only airmen to never lose a bomber to enemy aircraft fighter interdiction. The Black Airmen won 150 distinguished Flying Crosses and Legions of Merit. 91 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

92. Fighting the adversities of a segregated military from the inside, and an awesome enemy from the outside, the Black Air Force became an efficient, cohesive, motivated, and dedicated group. 92 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

93. Calvin Moret- Biographical Information Calvin G. Moret was born in New Orleans, La. August 15, 1925. Entered the military October 14, 1943. Accepted as aviation cadet and completed flying training program at Tuskegee on November 20, 1944, officially becoming a Tuskegee Airman. 93 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

94. Was a founding member of Pelican Flying Club, along with his brother, Adolph J. Moret, Jr., a flight instructor at Tuskegee throughout most of the war years. Owned The Moret Press from January 1, 1962 until Hurricane Katrina pounded New Orleans, August 29, 2005. 94 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

95. One of five brothers, all of whom served in the military from 1942 to 1953. Married BereniceDeleryRouegeMoret in 1954. Has three children - William, Maria and Patrice. Grandfather of 11, including granddaughter Cherie Trudeau. 95 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

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101. On June 7, 1892, a 30-year-old colored shoemaker named Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in the "White" car of the East Louisiana Railroad. Plessy was only one-eighths black and seven-eighths white, but under Louisiana law, he was considered black and therefore required to sit in the "Colored" car. Plessy went to court and argued, in Homer Adolph Plessy v. The State of Louisiana, that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. 101 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

102. The judge at the trial was John Howard Ferguson, a lawyer from Massachusetts who had previously declared the Separate Car Act "unconstitutional on trains that traveled through several states". In Plessy's case, however, he decided that the state could choose to regulate railroad companies that operated only within Louisiana. He found Plessy guilty of refusing to leave the white car. 102 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

103. Plessy appealed to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, which upheld Ferguson's decision. In 1896, the Supreme Court of the United States heard Plessy's case and found him guilty once again. Speaking for a seven-person majority, Justice Henry Brown wrote: 103 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

104. "That [the Separate Car Act] does not conflict with the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery ... is too clear for argument. A statute which implies merely a legal distinction between the white and colored races … and which must always exist so long as white men are distinguished from the other race by color -- has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races. 104 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

105. The object of the Fourteenth Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either." 105 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

106. This is nothing but legalese double-speak, but was readily accepted none-the-less.. 106 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

107. So, Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision (handed down by a vote of 7 to 1) in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal". 107 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

108. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that a Louisiana law mandating separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites on intrastate railroads was constitutional. This decision provided the legal foundation to justify many other actions by state and local governments to socially and legally separate blacks and whites. 108 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

109. "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its final repudiation in the later Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, almost 60 years later, in May of 1954. 109 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

110. May 1954 The Supreme Court rules on the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, unanimously agreeing that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. The ruling paves the way for large-scale desegregation. The decision overturns the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that sanctioned "separate but equal" segregation of the races. It is a victory for Blacks everywhere. Consulting legal counsel - A. M. Trudeau Jr. 110 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

111. Another case: James T. McCAIN, Plaintiff, v. James H. DAVIS et al., Defendants. Daisy BATES, Plaintiff, v. SHERATON CORPORATION OF AMERICA, a Corporation, et al., Defendants Civ. A. Nos. 12937, 12940 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA, NEW ORLEANS DIVISION 111 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

112. COUNSEL: [**1] Benjamin E. Smith, Robert Collins, Nils R. Douglas, Alvin B. Jones, New Orleans, La., for plaintiff, James T. McCain. A. P. Tureaud, Ernest N. Morial, A. M. Trudeau, Jr., New Orleans, La., Leroy D. Clark, New York City, for plaintiff, Daisy Bates. 112 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

113. These two cases raise an important Fourteenth Amendment question: the applicability of Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses to a state law forbidding 'white' hotels to provide accommodations for Negroes. 113 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

114. The Negro plaintiffs in these two class actions allege that certain New Orleans hotels, acting under the compulsion of a Louisiana criminal statute, LSA-R.S. 14:317, refused them stay because they were Negroes. The defendant hotel companies acknowledge this and state that the statute gave them no alternative but to deny accommodations. 114 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

115. The plaintiffs ask for a declaratory judgment declaring LSA-R.S. 14:317 unconstitutional and for a preliminary and permanent injunction enjoining the defendants from acting under LSA-R.S. 14:317 to deny accommodations to Negroes at hotels. 115 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

116. The Court holds that LSA-R.S. 14:317 is unconstitutional and, except as to the members of the Commission Council, grants the injunction as prayed for by the plaintiffs. 116 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

117. Henderson v. Louisiana. (SD La.) Def.-Negro convicted of rape; La. Sup. Ct. affirmed. Pet. for habeas corpus filed; issues include exclusion of Negroes from petit jury. Pending. Lionel Collins, Esq., 713 13th St., Gretna, La.; A. M. Trudeau, Esq., 1821 Orleans Ave., New Orleans, La. CLU. 117 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

118. SCHOOL DESEGREGATION CASES Earl Benjamin BUSH et al., Plaintiffs, v. ORLEANS PARISH SCHOOL BOARD et al., Defendants UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA, NEW ORLEANS DIVISION 118 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

119. 138 F. Supp. 336; 1956 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3761 February 15, 1956 Notable counsel: Robert L. Carter, New York City, A. M. Trudeau, Jr., New Orleans, La., Thurgood Marshall, New York City, for plaintiffs. 119 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

120. SCH. BD. — 594 F.2d 489 1979-05-07 United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Alternate formats: MOORE v. TANGIPAHOA PARISH SCHOOL BOARD. 594 F.2d 489 (5th Cir. 1979) 120 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

121. A. M. Trudeau, Jr., Ernest Morial, New Orleans, James C. Gray, New York City, A. P. Tureaud, La., Margaret Ford, Shreveport, La., for plaintiffs-appellees, cross-appellants. This class action school desegregation case of Tangipahoa Parish has been pending in the federal courts since 1965. 121 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

122. Without a doubt, the locality most impervious to federal authority, and where the most egregious violations of civil liberties occurred, was Plaquemines Parish, still under the heel of Leander Perez. "Blacks considered ‘uppity’ were tried before local courts on trumped-up charges and invariably received stiff sentences", writes Perez’s biographer. Most sentences were a travesty of justice. 122 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

123. Such victims very, very rarely enjoyed legal representation. There were no black lawyers in the parish and those in New Orleans tended to completely avoid Plaquemines Parish. In 1961 Earl Amadee and A. M. Trudeau had arrived at the courthouse in the city of Pointe a La Hache to find that their clients had already been tried, convicted, and sentenced. Perez then personally threatened them, ordering the two lawyers to leave the parish forthwith. 123 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

124. Papers of the NAACP Louisiana State Conference, 1961–1965. Major Topics: Fifteenth annual meeting (1961); Louisiana State Conference constitution and by-laws; education; membership and Freedom Fund statistics; police brutality; seventeenth annual meeting (1963); state conference and branch officers. Principal Correspondents: Clarence A. Laws; Roy Wilkins; A. M. Trudeau Jr.; Horace C. Bynum; Emmitt J. Douglas; Mary Jamieson. 124 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

125. Civil rights struggle lives on in La.'s public schools Segregation rising since mid-1980s Sunday, July 29, 2007 On a September morning in 1965, Lena Vern Dandridge and a handful of black girls climbed on to Bus No. 75 for their first-ever school day with white students at Riverdale High School in JEFFERSON PARISH. 125 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

126. Dandridge recounts the memories of that sophomore year in 1965: the name of her first bus driver, Walter Richardson; the whispered jeers and insults in gym class, "You're out of your element, baby," "Why don't you go back to where you came from?"; the cautious band of teachers standing watch in the mornings, waiting for signs of trouble. 126 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

127. About a month before she started school, her father, the Rev. Arthur Dandridge, a prominent local minister, took her on the 20-minute drive from their Little Farms home to catch her first glimpse of Riverdale High School, an all-girls school at the time. 127 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

128. "I remember saying, 'How does my daddy think I'm going to go to this white school on Jefferson Highway?' " Dandridge-Houston said. "I was like, 'You've lost your mind. Daddy has cracked for sure.' " Arthur Dandridge and lawyers A.M. Trudeau and Lionel Collins initiated the Jefferson case, which was decided for the plaintiff. 128 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

129. Antoine Marcel "Mutt" Trudeau Jr. was born on March 27, 1927, to Antoine Marcel Sr. and Amelia Miller. He received degrees from Xavier University in New Orleans and Southern University Law School. Before beginning civil rights activist work, Mutt Trudeau fought in World War II, being stationed in Japan. 129 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

130. In 1954, Trudeau was appointed to the NAACP Legal Defense Fund and Educational Fund by Thurgood Marshall. Additionally, Trudeau served as co-counsel in a number of civil rights cases from 1955 through 1978, and is best known for his work to end segregation in Southeast Louisiana Parishes. 130 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

131. Trudeau was President of the NAACP State Conference of Branches, President and member of the board of directors of the Urban League of Greater New Orleans, Assistant City Attorney, and President of the Safety Industrial Life Insurance and Sick Benefit Association Incorporated. Trudeau was also an Eisenhower appointee to the Presidential Commission on Government Contracts. 131 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

132. A. M. Trudeau, Jr. used legislation and the court system as weapons to fight for equality and equity. Among his most ardent causes were Jim Crow laws, fair housing laws, equal opportunity employment and school integration; he worked with A. P Tureaud, Lionel Collins, Earl Amedee, Roy Wilkins Thurgood Marshall, and other attorneys to help Blacks acquire constitutional justice. He is the other grandfather of Cherie Trudeau. 132 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

133. At the consummation of all things, in that great day of judgment, shall thou standest before Me O peoples of the earth: and I shall judge thee according to the colour of thy skins and its hue thereof. And woe, and anguish, and pain of heart shall be to those of shadowy shade and darker color. Absurdiah 6:66 133 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

134. And Peter said unto them, `You know how unlawful it is for a Jewish man to keep company with or go to one of another race. But God has shown me that I should not call any man common or unclean. Acts 10:28 134 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

135. And Jesus answering said, You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself. Luke 10:27 But he, willing to justify himself, said unto Jesus, And who is my neighbor?Luke 10:29 135 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

136. And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother [neighbor]? And he said, I know not: Am I my brother's keeper?Genesis 4:9 God says, Yes, you most certainly are!: Don't be concerned only about your own interests, but also be concerned about the interests of others. Philippians 2:4 136 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

137. If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he hath not seen? 1John 4:20 137 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

138. A new commandment I give unto you: That you love one another . As I have loved you, that you also love one another. By this shall all men know that you are my disciples, if you have love one for another. John 13:34-35 138 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

139. And God has made of ONEBLOOD [a common racial origin] all nations of men to dwell on all the face of the earth, and has determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation. [Why???] That they should seek the Lord!, if perhaps they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us. Acts 17:26, 27 139 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

140. There is one race that is superior and takes precedence over all the others. In the grand scheme of things, it is the one and only true race that is really of any importance – and it is “the race set before us”: Therefore seeing we also are surrounded with so great a cloud of witnesses [all the righteous people of the Bible], let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which does so easily ensnare us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us. Hebrews 12:1 140 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

141. Know you not that they who run in a race all run, but one receives the prize. So run, that you may obtain it! 1Corinthians 9:24 This race determines your final destiny, and if you lose this race, you lose EVERYTHING!!!: For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul? Matthew 16:26 141 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

142. Your race is surely coming to an end: I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift . . . but time and death happens to them all. For man also does not know his time: like fish taken in a cruel net, like birds caught in a snare, so the sons of men are snared in an evil time, when it falls suddenly upon them. Ecclesiastes 9:11, 12 Whereas you know not what shall be tomorrow. For what is your life? It is even a vapor, that appears for a little time, and then vanishes away. James 4:14 142 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

143. The race you are now running is infinitely more important than where you’ve already run – what your past personal race history is. And God says the only way to win this race is this: Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and you shall be saved . . . Acts 16:31If you shall confess with your mouth the Lord Jesus, and shall believe in your heart that God has raised him from the dead, you shall be saved. Romans 10:9 143 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau

144. Don’t lose the race and be lost forever. Don’t end up Where the worm dies not, and the fire is never quenched Mark 9:48– in hell! So, Let us hear the conclusion of the entirematter: Fear God, and keep his commandments -- for this is the whole duty of man! Ecclesiastes 12:13 Are you ready to leave this planet? Do you know Jesus? 144 Crepiled by Paul Trudeau