4. ACKNOWLEDMENT
I would like to thank all those unknown
individuals/entities whose pictures I
have used for making this presentation
for educational purpose.
28. What is an Entrepreneur?
• An Entrepreneur (ahn’tra pra nur) is a
person who organizes and manages a
business undertaking, assuming the risk for
the sake of profit. Any person (any age) who
starts and operates a business is an
entrepreneur.
30. Entrepreneurship
• The Smith-Hughes Act of 1917
(which provided federal funding
for agricultural programs)
required all students to have an
entrepreneurship program – but
they weren’t called entrepreneurs
back then.
31. Early Entrepreneurship
• These early entrepreneurship programs
were called different names:
– Farming Program
– Productive or Production
Enterprises
– Ownership
32. Early Entrepreneurship
• The early SAE Entrepreneurship program
primarily involved:
– Raising Livestock
– Growing Crops
33. Entrepreneurship Today
• Today, agricultural students are involved in
many different types of entrepreneurial activities.
• Entrepreneurship in agriculture can still be
raising livestock and growing crops, but it can be
much, much more than that.
34. Agricultural Entrepreneurship
• Entrepreneurship: The student plans,
implements, operates and assumes financial
risks in a farming activity or agricultural
business. In entrepreneurship programs, the
student owns the materials and other required
inputs and keeps financial records to determine
return to investments.
40. Three Aspects of Entrepreneurship
• 1. The identification/recognition of market
opportunity and the generation of a business
idea (product or service) to address the
opportunity
41. Three Aspects of Entrepreneurship
• 2. The marshalling and commitment of
resources in the face of risk to pursue the
opportunity
42. Three Aspects of Entrepreneurship
• 3. The creation of an operating business
organization to implement the opportunity-
motivated business idea
43. Successful Entrepreneurs
• According to the Small
Business Administration,
successful entrepreneurs
have five characteristics:
– Drive, which is defined as the
most important attribute.
Entrepreneurs can expect long
hours, high stress and endless
problems, as they launch a new
business.
44. Successful Entrepreneurs
• According to the Small
Business Administration,
successful entrepreneurs have
five characteristics:
– Thinking Ability, or the characteristic
that encompasses creativity, critical
thinking, analytical abilities and
originality.
45. Successful Entrepreneurs
• According to the Small Business
Administration, successful
entrepreneurs have five
characteristics:
– Aptitude for Human Relations. This
characteristic recognizes the
importance of the ability to motivate
employees, sell customers,
negotiate with suppliers and
convince lenders. Personality plays
a big part in success in this area..
46. Successful Entrepreneurs
• According to the Small Business
Administration, successful
entrepreneurs have five
characteristics:
– Communication Skills, or the ability
to make yourself understood.
47. Successful Entrepreneurs
• According to the Small
Business Administration,
successful entrepreneurs
have five characteristics:
– Technical Ability speaks to the
need of the entrepreneur to know
their product and their market.
They must consider the long- and
short-term implications of their
decisions, their strengths and
weaknesses, and their competition.
In short, they need strategic
management skills.
48. Entrepreneurship
• Some advantages
– You are your own boss
– Enjoy the profits from you efforts
– Sense of pride in your business
– Flexibility in your work schedule
49. Entrepreneurship
• Some disadvantages
– Will need to put in long hours
– Need money to start
– Have to keep up with government rules and
regulations
– May have to mark hard decisions (hiring,
firing, etc.)
– May lose money
50. FFA and Entrepreneurship
• During the past decade the Kauffman
Foundation has supported a new FFA
initiative to support entrepreneurship
activities
– Awards program (and money)
– Video “You’re the Boss”
– Materials
51. FFA Agri-Entrepreneurship
Program
• Each state recognizes the agricultural
student who has the best
entrepreneurship program.
• There is cash award of $100 at the
state level.
• All entries at the state level go on for
national competition.
52. FFA Agri-Entrepreneurship
Program
• At the national level, 10
outstanding entrepreneurship
students are recognized.
• There is cash award of $1000
for each national winner
• The FFA chapters of the
national award winners each
receive $500.
53. What is Entrepreneurship?
• The Process of
Bearing Risk of
Running a
Business
Who is an Entrepreneur ?
• A person who takes the
risk of converting a
new idea into reality.
54.
55. Requirements to be an entrepreneur
• Innovation,
• Creativity
• Risk Taking
• Organization
The Builder of Indian Industry
J R D TATA
56. Promoting Entrepreneurship
In India, where over 30 crores people are living
below the poverty line, it is simply impossible for any
government to provide means of livelihood to
everyone.
Such situations surely demand for a continuous effort
from the society, where the people are encouraged to
come up with their entrepreneurial initiative.
57. • Dhirubhai Ambani alias Dhirajlal
Hirachand Ambani was born on
December 28, 1932, at Chorwad,
Gujarat, into a Modh family. His
father was a school teacher.
Dhirubhai Ambani started his
entrepreneurial career by selling
"bhajias" to pilgrims in Mount
Girnar over the weekends.
58. • After doing his matriculation at the age of 16,
Dhirubhai moved to Aden, Yemen. He worked
there as a gas-station attendant, and as a clerk
in an oil company. He returned to India in
1958 with Rs 50,000 and set up a textile
trading company.
59. • Assisted by his two sons, Mukesh and Anil,
Dhiru Bhai Ambani built India's largest private
sector company, Reliance India Limited, from
a scratch. Over time his business has
diversified into a core specialisation in
petrochemicals with additional interests in
telecommunications, information technology,
energy, power, retail, textiles, infrastructure
services, capital markets, and logistics.
60. • N.R.Narayana Murthy
An Indian IT chief who's really
made it big without dropping his
ethical precepts by the wayside is
Nagawara Ramarao Narayana
Murthy, Chairman of Infosys.
• Born in 1946, Murthy's father was
a schoolteacher in Kolar district,
Karnataka, India. A bright student,
Murthy went on to acquire a degree
in Electrical Engineering from
Mysore University and later
studied Computer Science at the
IIT, Kanpur, India.
61. • The Infosys legend began in
1981 when Narayana
Murthy dreamt of forming
his own company, along
with six friends. There was
a minor hitch, though-he
didn't have any seed money.
Luckly, like many Indian
women who save secretly
without their husband's
knowledge, his wife Sudha-
then an engineer with Tatas-
had saved Rs 10,000. This
was Murthy's first big break.
62. Infosys
• The decade until 1991 was a tough period
when the couple lived in a one-room house.
The second break came in 1991 when Indian
doors to liberalization were flung open…
Murthy grabbed the opportunity with both
hands and has never looked back ever since.
Today, Infosys is the first Indian company to
be listed on the US NASDAQ.
• It provides employment to 85,000 people.
63. Food king
• When 27-year old Sarathbabu
graduated from the Indian
Institute of Management,
Ahmedabad, he created quite a
stir by refusing a job that
offered him a huge salary. He
preferred to start his own
enterprise -- Foodking Catering
Service -- in Ahmedabad.
67. What will be the qualities needed to
succeed in this new world?
First and foremost, we need the entrepreneurial spirit.
• Outside India, this spirit has been very evident in the
IT industry.
• 35% of the start-ups in Silicon Valley are by
Indians.
• We need to have similar risk-taking ability within
the country as well.
68.
69. • What they need is the continuous energy and
optimism.
• Entrepreneurs must learn how to overcome
the risk of failure, or of vulnerability.
70. Qualities of an Entrepreneur:
1. Common Sense:
2. Specialized Knowledge of the Field:
3. Self Confidence:
4. Ability to Get Things Done:
5. Creativity:
6. Leadership:
7. Communication Skill:
8. Willingness to take Risk:
9. Willingness to Accept Criticism:
10. Self Motivation and
11. Determination :
71. Qualities of an Entrepreneur:
7. Communication Skill:
8. Willingness to take Risk:
9. Willingness to Accept
Criticism:
10. Self Motivation and
11. Determination :
72. Suggested Areas for TAMILNADU
1. Food sector - Food Processing, Packaging, Cashew
processing, Bakery and confectionery.
2. Fisheries - Fish Hatchery, Processing units, Aquarium, Sea
Food sector,
3. Plant tissue culture, Nursery, Horticulture, Floriculture and
Farm management.
4. Diagnostic testing labs – Biochemical tests, water testing,
Environmental testing and medical laboratory testing.
5. Information Technology Enabled Services, Software
Development and Data analysis.
73. Suggested Products
• Decorative papers
• Paper Bags
• Paper board cartons
• Paper cups/plates
• Paper envelopes
• Drinking straws
74. Suggested Products
• Paper napkins including
facial tissue napkins
• Gummed tape
• Teleprinter rolls
• Stencil paper
• Toilet paper rolls and
sheets
• Letter pads
75. Suggested Products
• Hot water bags Rubber
• Rubber balloons
• Rubber washers
• Rubber eraser
• 'O' ring rubber
80. INTRODUCTION
• A Project report is a written
document containing
complete information about
the proposed project in
summary form.
81. IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT
REPORT
• It act like a reference guide.
• It is a basis for obtaining loans.
• The government sanction license or certificate of
registration.
• It is like a controlling device.
• It supplies information.
• It is used as a basis by promoters to take
investment decisions
• It enables to evaluate the soundness of the
project
82. CONTENT OF THE PROJECT
REPORT
Name and address of the promoters/ firm.
Objectives and scope of the project.
Market Study:
Project report gives the analysis of the market in
respect of:
Size of the market for the proposed product.
Present demand and supply position.
Future prospects of market share.
Number of suppliers/manufactures and extend of
competition.
Availability of intermediaries – wholesalers and
retailers.
83. TECHNICAL STUDIES
• The Project report should provide details about the
technonology and tools needed and the sources of
availability technical study coves area like-
– A)Technical specifications of the product to be
manufactured.
– B) Raw materials including the source of supply.
– C) Manufacturing process.
– D)Plat and machinery. Tools and equipment etc.
– E)requirements of land and building.
– F) Location and Layout of the Plant
104. PREPARATION OF PROJECT
REPORT
PRELIMINARY PROJECT REPORT
LOCATION : URBAN AREA
PROJECT: PAPER BOARD CARTOONS
TYPE OF ORGANISATION :SMALL SCALE
INDUSTRY
NAME OF THE FIRM: PRINT CRAFT
128. Project Cycle
1. Preparatory phase
Project development
2. Project design
3. Preparation of the document
4. Internal approval
5. Fund raising
6. External approval
7. Implementation
8. Evaluation
129. Preparatory phase
1. Identification of needs
2. Identification of priorities at the
a. International level Conference of the Parties
(COP)
b. Regional level Business Plan of the BCRC in
your region
c. National level
3. Development of a Strategic Plan /
National Plan for (Sustainable) Development
4. Identification of activities, goals and time frame
Awareness raising
130. Project Identification
• Project Environmental
Identification Assessment
(technical, social,
based on
economic)
identified
activities, goals
and time frames
Project
Development
131. Project design
What do you want to achieve with your project
(goals, outcomes)?
What kind of background information is
needed/available to quantify the need (data)?
How much time is available and needed to achieve
these goals (time frame, project implementation phase)?
What activities have to be undertaken to achieve the
goals?
Which partners/stakeholders are needed or need to be
involved?
What financial resources are necessary?
136. Project content: Project summary
1. Contains a summary of the projects
2. Is comparable to an Abstract of a Scientific Paper
3. Highlights the main
a) Background information
b) Needs
c) Objectives
d) Activities
e) Results
f) Outputs
137. Project content: Background
1. Gives the basis, background, starting point for the project
2. Focuses on information relevant to pointing out the needs
and objectives
3. Highlights the gaps of
a) Information,
b) Data
c) Capacity, etc.
4. Sets the political and policy framework
a) International agreements
b) Goals of National Strategic Plans/Development Plans
c) Voluntary agreements/initiatives
5. Provides a list of needs
138. Project content: Proposal
1. Needs to be short;
2. Explains in a few sentences the purpose of the project;
3. Describes the chosen methodology;
4. Provides criteria or justification for the countries/region
selected;
5. Describes the division of responsibilities amongst the
partners;
6. Lists the main activities, e.g. pilot projects, survey, pilot
disposal activities, awareness;
7. Is the introduction to the description of the section on
objectives, results, outputs;
8. Touches on the expected beneficiaries, expected impacts.
139. Project content: Objectives
• Objectives are high level aims which the project’s
results will not necessarily fully satisfy.
• Objectives should identify short, medium and long-
term benefits.
• Have a concrete list of what you want to achieve
• Make a clear distinction between the objectives and
the results
140. Project content: Results
• Results are desired outcomes involving tangible
benefits to end-users expressed as a standard value or
aspects (…)
1. Express results as qualitative, quantitative or value-
added aspects;
2. Give results a concrete nature in relation to the
objectives;
3. Make sure results have a clear cause-and-effect
relationship with the objectives;
4. Results should identify the end-users or beneficiaries;
5. State a meaningful and detectable change;
6. Avoid long-term goals;
7. Never formulate results in an open-ended or on-going
manner.
141. Project content: Outputs
• Outputs are the lowest level results in the logical
intervention chain and the final and concrete products
of the activities undertaken.
• An output is a specific product delivered by the
activities that are needed to accomplish the project’s
objectives and results.
1. Outputs should constitute the optimal combination
necessary for achieving the results;
2. They should be deliverable, given the project
timeframe and resources;
3. They should be described as concretely and precisely
as possible, and in quantifiable terms.
142. Project content: Activities
• Activities describe the specific work or tasks to be
performed within the project to transform resources
into outputs =
• Activities illustrate the link between inputs and outputs
and produce the outputs.
1. Activities should be formulated in a concrete manner.
2. Activities should be selected based on a clear
understanding of the problems and an analysis of the
opportunities and risks of the situation.
INPUT Activities OUTPUT
143. Project Budget and Work Plan
• Budget
• Needs to be prepared according to the formats of the
donor agency, e.g. according to the UNEP Project
Manual
• Work plan
• Provides the concrete implementation plan for the
project;
• Sets the deadlines to achieve milestones, to finish
modules/phases of the projects;
• Assigns to each activity a period and moment within
the project implementation phase when the activity is
supposed to be carried out.
144. Project Approval Procedure
National National Focal Point National
Stakeholders Stakeholders
Commitment on Co- Revision of proposal
Approval for approval by Int.
Funding, Partnership,
etc. Partner
International Partner
(UNEP, IE for GEF, etc.)
Revision of proposal for
approval by Int. Donor Agency
International Donor (Agency)
(UNEP, IE for GEF, etc.)
146. MEANING OF PROJECT REPORT
• A Project Report is a written document
pertaining to any investment proposal. It
contains relevant data, on the basis of
which the project has been appraised and
found relevant to the entrepreneur.
• A project Report is prepared by the expert
after detailed study & analysis of the various
aspects of a project.
147. FEATURES OF THE PROJECT REPORT
It is basically a business plan.
It outlines the desired goals.
It describes all the necessary inputs to
the enterprises.
It explains the mode of utilization of
the resources.
It details the strategies for the
execution of the project.
148. OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT REPORT
To identify the requirement of the resources
(technical, financial, commercial,
managerial and operational)
To find out the critical components of the
project idea.
To obtain the opinions of experts from
various fields.
To facilitates financial appraisal of the
project by financial institutions, banks,
insurance companies, etc.
149. USES OF PROJECT REPORT
The information contained in the project
report is very useful for:-
ENTREPRENEUR
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
GOVERNMENT
150. Need for project formulation
• Selection of appropriate technology
• Influence of External Economics
• Dearth of Technically Qualified
Personnel
• Resource mobilization
• Knowledge about Government
Regulations
151. ELEMENTS OF PROJECT REPORT
Description of the entrepreneur
Description of the enterprise & brief summary of
the project.
Inputs for the proposed project
Financial Aspects
Economic Viability
Total income, operative net profit, etc.
Profitability analysis.
Information regarding technical feasibility,
marketing ,present demand, etc.
152. STEPS IN THE PREPARATION OF A
PROJECT REPORT
General Information
Preliminary analysis of alternatives
Project Description
Marketing Plan
Capital Requirement & Costs
Operating Requirement & Costs
Financial Analysis
Economic Analysis
Miscellaneous analysis
153. Significance of a project formulation
• Project formulation is the best passport for obtaining
the required assistance from financial institutions.
• It will also be of great assistance for obtaining
necessary Government clearances and in meeting
the hurdles of procedure formalities.
• It will pinpoint the matters for which government
sanctions have to be obtained.
• It will provide an independent assessment of the
feasibility of obtaining the sanctions based on the
existing government policies.
154. Elements of Project Formulation
• Feasibility analysis
• Techno-economic analysis
• Project design and network analysis
• Input analysis
• Financial analysis
• Social cost benefit analysis
• Project appraisal
155. Project selection
• Economic size
• Status of industry or scope
• Raw material availability
• Cost of production
• Capital cost
• Utility requirements
• Infrastructure facilities needed
• Profitability
• government policy
156. Preparation of project formulation
1.Preliminary study
2.Group discussion
3.Prepare project report
4.Obtain government clearance
5.Submit the application to financial institutions
6.Implement
7.review
157. 3. Prepare project report
Phase 1
Prepare primary data
Technical Personnel Project Net Work
Marketing
• Estimate Demand
•Identify •Identify activities
Cost of forecast promoters •Prepare time
assets Estimate of
•Decide Estimates
product price organization •Draw network
• Estimate
•Plan man diagram
cost of Estimate
product mix
power
inputs requirement
• Prepare
flow chart
158. Phase 2 Financial projections
• Estimate of working
• Cost of project
results
• Means of finance • Balance sheet and cash
flow
159. Phase 3 Economic analysis
• Compute • Compute •Sensitivity •Debt service
payback break oven
analysis Coverage ratio
period analysis
• Internal rate
of return
161. 5.Submit the application to financial institutions
Obtain funds Create security
Comply with Procure sanction
terms and
conditions
162. Planning commission guidelines
• General information
• Preliminary analysis of alternatives
• Project description
• Marketing plan
• Capital requirements and costs
• Operating requirements and costs
• Financial analysis
• Economic analysis
