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Diego Vergani - Institute of Liver Studies
King’s College London School of Medicine
at King’s College Hospital, London UK
Rejection and tolerance
in liver transplantation
Hyperacute
Liver rejection
Rare
Cellular liver rejection
 Common
 Due to T-cell recogniton
of alloantigens
Cellular immunity physiology
 T-cell activation
 T-cell commitment
Th
naive
APC
IFN-
IL-4
Costimuli 1986, Mosmann &
Coffman
Th0
Th2Th1
Cell mediated
Immunity
Humoral
Immunity
IL-12
IL-4, IL-10
ModifiedfromNickersonetal
APC
ModifiedfromNickersonetal
Antigen
Th
naive
APC
Costimuli
ModifiedfromNickersonetal
Th
naive
APC
Costimuli
Th0
ModifiedfromNickersonetal
Th
naive
APC
Costimuli
Th0
Th1
Cell mediated
Immunity
IL-12
ModifiedfromNickersonetal
Rejection
Th
naive
APC
IL-4, IL-10
Costimuli
Th0
Th2
Humoral
Immunity
ModifiedfromNickersonetal
Tolerance
Th
naive
APC
Costimuli 1986, Mosmann &
Coffman
Th0
Th1
IL-12
ModifiedfromNickersonetal
Rejection
Th2
Tolerance
IL-4, IL-10
IFN-
Th
naive
APC
Costimuli 1986, Mosmann &
Coffman
Th0
Th2
IL-4, IL-10
ModifiedfromNickersonetal
Tolerance
Th1
IL-12
Rejection
IL-4, IL-10
Immune mechanisms of
 Rejection
 Tolerance
Th1
APC
IL-2
IL-2R
Costimuli
Allograft
Rejection
Alloantigen
Modified from Nickerson et al
Th1
APC
IL-2
IL-2R
Costimuli
Allograft
Rejection
Alloantigen
Modified from Nickerson et al
Th1
CTL
APC
IL-2
Costimuli
Allograft
Rejection
Alloantigen
Modified from Nickerson et al
Th1
CTL
APC
IL-2RIL-2
IL-2R
Costimuli
Allograft
Granzyme B
Rejection
Alloantigen
Modified from Nickerson et al
Th1
IFN- IFN-
CTL
APC
DTH
Costimuli
Allograft
Rejection
Alloantigen
IL-2
IL-2R
IL-2R
Modified from Nickerson et al
Th2
pCTL
APC
IL-4R
IL-2R
Allograft
Tolerance
Alloantigen
Modified from Nickerson et al
Th2
pCTL
APC
IL-4R
IL-2R
Allograft
Tolerance
Alloantigen
IL-4
Modified from Nickerson et al
Th2
pCTL
APC
IL-4R
IL-2R
Allograft
Tolerance
Alloantigen
IL-10
IL-4
Modified from Nickerson et al
Th2
pCTL
APC
IL-4
IL-4R IL-2R
Allograft
Tolerance
Alloantigen
Th1
IL-10
IL-10
Modified from Nickerson et al
Induction of tolerance
Induction of tolerance
Induction of tolerance
Real life data
PATIENTS
72 paediatric liver transplant recipients
with normal liver function for > 6 months
29 healthy children
(15 M, median age 2 yrs, 2 days - 13 yrs)
CONTROLS
‘Tolerant’
Median CyA trough level 70ng/ml [range: 0-80]:
13 patients [6 M, median age at transplant 4 yrs
(range: 8 mths – 10 yrs.)]
‘Non-Tolerant’
CyA 150ng/ml (90-250), or Tacrolimus 7mg/l (5-12):
59 patients [32 M, median age at transplant 3 yrs
(range: 6 mths - 10 yrs)]
PATIENTS
100
60
20
0
Normal ‘Tolerant’ ‘Non -tolerant’
TGF-b1(pg/ml) Levels of TGF-b1
N S
‘Non-Tolerant’‘Tolerant’Normal
500
0
1000
IL-4(pg/ml)
N S
Levels of IL-4
‘Tolerant’Normal
0
500
900
IFN-(pg/ml)
Levels of IFN-
P=0.003
‘Non-
Tolerant’
IL-10(pg/ml)
‘Tolerant’ ‘Non-
Tolerant’
2000
Normal
0
4000
P= 0.005
6680
6995
7650
7490
9297
9280
Levels of IL-10
9303
IL-10/IFN-Ratio IL-10/IFN- ratio
‘Tolerant’
1000
3000
5000
‘Non-Tolerant’
P= 0.00001
IL-10/IFN- ratio
P= 0.00001
CONCLUSIONS
A regulatory cytokine profile characterizes
those patients requiring
minimal immunosuppression
Immunosuppressive
strategies
T cell activation
Possible sites of
intervention
Tacrolimus
Calcineurin
inhibitors
Ciclosporin
Steroids
IL-2 secretion
Basiliximab
Daclizumab
Anti-IL-2R Mabs
Knowledge of rejection mechanisms is
key to:
Designing rationale regimens
Developing new modes of intervention
Mofetil
Azathioprine
Rapamycin
Rapamycin
Mofetil
Azathioprine

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2 diego vergani rejection& tolerance in lt