1. Air and Noise Pollution
By: Mehul Shah (D041)
Vatsal Shah (D042)
Ishan Sharma (D043)
Richa Sharma (D044)
2. Air Pollution
ā¢ Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulates, biological
materials, or other harmful materials into the Earths atmosphere, possibly
causing disease, death of humans, damage to other living organisms such
as food crops, or the natural or built environment.
ā¢ Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the worldās
worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's
Worst Polluted Places report.
ā¢ According to the 2014 WHO report, in 2012 the air pollution caused the
deaths of around 7 million people worldwide.
3. Pollutants
ā¢ An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and
the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A
pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or
secondary.
ā¢ Primary Pollutants: Emitted directly into air from:
- Natural sources like volcanoes
- Mobile sources like cars
- Stationary sources like smoke stacks
ā¢ Examples:
1)PM10 āParticulate matter, solid matter suspended in a gas used to describe particles of
10 micrometers or less (soot) .
2) Nitric Oxide (NO).
3)Nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
4)Sulphur dioxide (SO2).
5)Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).
4. ā¢ Secondary Pollutants result from the reaction of primary pollutants in the
atmosphere to form a new pollutant
ā¢ Example:
1)Sulphur trioxide (SO3)
2)Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)
3)Ozone (O3)
4)Chemicals in photochemical smog:
- PANS are powerful respiratory and eye irritants
-Peroxyacyl nitrates; Free radical reactions catalyzed by UV light from the sun
oxidize hydrocarbons to aldehydes, ketones, and dicarbonyl
compounds, whose secondary reactions create peroxyacyl radicals, which
combine with nitrogen dioxide to form peroxyacyl nitrates.
5.
6. Major Air Pollutants
1.Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
ā¢ Production
- Forms when fuels are burned at high temperature
- Results from forest fires, volcanoes, lightening and bacterial
decomposition in soil
ā¢ Makes (HNO3) nitric Acid which causes:
-Acid rain.
-āCulturalā eutrophication; man caused
ā¢ Human and environmental impact
- Lung irritation and damage
-May be cancer causing
-Suppresses plant growth
7. 2. Ozone (O3)
ā¢ Production
-Major component of photochemical smog
-Formed by sunlight reacting with Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) and NOx ļ
ā¢ Human and environmental impact
-Lung irritation and damage, bronchial constriction, coughing, wheezing
and eye irritation
-Damages plants, rubber and plastics
3.Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PAN)
ā¢ Production
-Hydrocarbons + O2 + NO2 + sunlight ļ CH3COOONO2 (PAN)
-PANs transport Nox away from urban areas where it easily produces O3
ā¢ Human and environmental impact
-In very small concentrations causes eye irritation
-Higher concentrations cause extensive damage to vegetation
8. 4.Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
ā¢ Production
-Coal burning, metal smelting, paper manufacturing and burning high sulphur
oils
ā¢ Combines with water vapor to produce
-acid precipitation
ā¢ Human and environmental impact
-Reduces productivity of plants
-Causes breathing difficulty
-There have been major decreases in SO2 concentrations in the US, this
is due to success of the Acid Rain Program and the Clean Air Act.
5.Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10) ; particles with diameter of 1/7th the
width of a human hair or less.
ā¢ Production
-Includes; smoke, dust, diesel soot, lead, and asbestos
ā¢ Human and environmental impact
-Lung irritation and damage
-Carcinogens and mutagens
-Highest measurable health benefits with reduction of these particles
10. Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity
or balance of human or animal life. Unwanted human-created sound that
disrupts the environment causes noise pollution.
ā¢ Dominant form is from transportation
-Motor vehicles
-Aircraft noise
-Rail transport noise
ā¢ Other sources
-Office equipment, factory machinery, appliances, power tools, sound
systems
ā¢ Regulation began in US, 1972; Federal Noise Control Act
11. Noise Pollution: Effects
ā¢ Three Kinds of Hearing Loss
-Conductive loss.
-Sensory loss; caused by the inner ear, most commonly
associated with noise.
-Neural loss.
ā¢ Cardiovascular problems: accelerated heart beat, high
blood pressure
ā¢ Decreased alertness and difficulty memorizing, nervousness, pupil
dilation, decrease of vision
ā¢ Long-term effects: insomnia, nervousness, bulimia, high-blood
pressure, anxiety, depression.
12. 1. Emissions from industries and manufacturing activities
2. Burning Fossil Fuels
3. Household and Farming Chemicals
14. Most polluted world cities by PM
Particulate
matter,
Ī¼g/mĀ³ (2004)
City
168 Cairo, Egypt
150 Delhi, India
128 Kolkata, India (Calcutta)
125 Tianjin, China
123 Chongqing, China
109 Kanpur, India
109 Lucknow, India
104 Jakarta, Indonesia
101 Shenyang, China
18. Major Air Pollution
Issues in India
ā¢ Air quality data generated by the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) for 2012 under the National Air
Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) presents
deadly facts about air pollution levels in Indian cities.
ā¢ During 2012 only 2 per cent cities have low air pollution
on the basis of PM10.
ā¢ In about 80 per cent of cities (of a total of 127
cities/towns monitored under the NAMP) at least one
criteria pollutant exceeded the annual average ambient
air quality standards.
19. Reasons for High Air Pollution in
India
Quality of fuel (coal, diesel, petrol, fuel oil)
Toxic and hazardous air pollutants emission from
chemical industries, (pesticides, dye and dye
intermediate, pharmaceutical etc) specially located in
industrial estates (Gujarat, Maharashtra, A.P. and
Tamil Nadu)
Use of high ash coal for power generation
No pollution preventive step taken (early stage of
industrialization)
20. Reasons for High Air Pollution in
India
Predominance of 2-stroke in use vehicles
Uncontrolled growth of vehicle population
Inadequate pollution prevention and
control system in small/ medium scale
industry (S.M.S) (brick kiln, foundry, stone
crusher etc.)
21. PM10
ā¢ Almost half of the total
cities monitored under
NAMP have critical levels
of PM10.
ā¢ Indian cities are reeling
under heavy particulate
pollution with 52 percent
of cities (63 cities) hitting
critical levels, 36 cities
with high levels and
merely 19 cities are at
moderate levels.
Sugar
10%
Thermal
Power
Plants
82%
Others
1%
Cement
7%
22. NOX
ā¢ NOx (measured as NO2) is emerging as the new national challenge
and a growing problem.
ā¢ In North India, cities such as Delhi Dehradun, Yamunanagar and
Ludhiana show a rising trend.
ā¢ Eastern cities, including Howrah, Kolkata, Dhanbad, Jamshedpur
and Jharia, have much higher levels compared to northern cities.
ā¢ Southern Indian cities show a rising trend especially in
Visakhapatnam, Hyderabad and Thiruvanthapuram.
ā¢ Western cities are relatively better off with almost constant to
declining NO2 levels.
23. SO2
ā¢ Sulphur dioxide is not
considered a problem in India
any more. Its levels in most
cities are already very low and
declining.
ā¢ Nashik, Jamshedpur and
Chandrapur have moderate
levels.
ā¢ SO2 levels at 79 per cent of the
monitoring stations in
industrial areas and 93 per
cent of the monitoring stations
in residential areas were less
than 20 microgram per cubic
metre.
Steel
5%
Thermal
Power
Plants
89%
Sulphuric
Acid
Plants
2%
Oil
Refineries
3% Others
1%
25. Vehicle Population in Nine Metro
Cities in India
35.5
10.89
8.26
13.09
15.74
13.32
8.46
5.5
3.93
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
D
elhi
M
um
bai
K
olkata
C
hennai
Bangalore
H
yderabadA
hem
dabad
Pune
K
anpur
Population(lakhs)
26. National Air Quality Monitoring
(NAQM)
Started in 1984 -7 Station ( Manual Station)
By 2000 - Increased to 295 Stations (Operated and Maintained by
SPCB /CPCB / Universities, etc. and funded by CPCB)
Monitoring in Delhi
ā¢ 3 Continuous AQMS
ā¢ 2 Mobile Vans
ā¢ 6 Manual AQMS
ā¢ 6 Integrated Air Quality Monitoring Station being set up
About 200 continuous stations maintained by large scale industries.
27. Noise pollution in India
ā¢ As far as noise pollution is concerned, the monitoring is
done mainly during festivals such as Deepawali.
ā¢ As per available data, the laid down noise norms for
respective zones (Industrial, Commercial, Residential or
Silence) are exceeded at many locations.
ā¢ The practice of exploding sound emitting firecrackers, use
of public address systems, construction activities and
operation of generator sets increase the ambient noise
levels in urban areas.
ā¢ As Motor Vehicles are the chief source of noise pollution,
the Motor Vehicle Act of 1998, gave numerous powers to
the state Administration to monitor the noise levels at their
own level.
28. MUMBAI SCENARIO
Air pollution
Main Causes
ā¢ Ever increasing population.
ā¢ Increasing cars in Mumbai.
ā¢ Excess driving of vehicle.
ā¢ Industrial activities.
35. Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the
public about the causes and effects of noise pollution.
Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources
is an effective solution for noise pollution.
Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce
the noise pollution.
Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material
for the walls , windows, and ceilings.
36. Workers should be provided with equipmentās such as ear
plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.
Similar to automobiles, Lubrication of the machinery and
servicing should be done to minimize noise generation.
Sound proof doors and windows can be installed to block
unwanted noise from outside.
Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of playing
loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.
37. 1. Use public mode of transportation: Encourage people to use more and
more public modes of transportation to reduce pollution. Also, try to make use of
car pooling. If you and your colleagues come from the same locality and have same
timings you can explore this option to save energy and money.
2. Conserve energy: Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. Large amount
of fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity. You can save the environment from
degradation by reducing the amount of fossil fuels to be burned.
3. Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: Do not throw away items
that are of no use to you. In-fact reuse them for some other purpose. For e.g. you can
use old jars to store cereals or pulses.
38. 4. Emphasis on clean energy resources: Clean energy technologies
like solar, wind and geothermal are on high these days. Governments of various
countries have been providing grants to consumers who are interested in
installing solar panels for their home. This will go a long way to curb air pollution.
5. Use energy efficient devices: CFL lights consume less electricity as against their
counterparts. They live longer, consume less electricity, lower electricity bills and also
help you to reduce pollution by consuming less energy.
Several attempts are being made world wide on a personal, industrial and
governmental levels to curb the intensity at which Air Pollution is rising and regain a
balance as far as the proportions of the foundation gases are concerned. This is a
direct attempt at slacking Global warming. We are seeing a series of innovations and
experiments aimed at alternate and unconventional options to reduce pollutants. Air
Pollution is one of the larger mirrors of manās follies, and a challenge we need to
overcome to see a tomorrow.
