The document provides definitions and examples for several key genetics terms: - A human baby's sex is determined by its chromosome makeup - XX for female and XY for male. - Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics. He was an Austrian monk who studied inheritance patterns in pea plants. - Incomplete dominance is exemplified by variations in coat color seen in purebred dogs and horses. - A Punnett square uses capital letters to represent dominant alleles and predicts possible genotypes of offspring. - Polygenic inheritance involves more than two alleles controlling a trait, like eye and skin color in humans.

1. A human baby has two X chromosomes. Its sex is ______________.

2. A human baby has two X chromosomes. Its sex is FEMALE. If it is XY it is a MALE. Remember: “if it’s got a Y, it’s a guy!”

3. The father of genetics is an Austrian monk named ____________________.

4. The father of genetics is an Austrian monk named GREGOR MENDEL.

5. Purebred dogs often show variations in coat color. This is an example of ____________________ dominance in genetics.

6. Purebred dogs (or horses)often show variations in coat color. This is an example of INCOMPLETE dominance in genetics.

7. Every sex cell has ____________________ allele(s) for each trait.

8. Every sex cell has ONE allele(s) for each trait.

9. What is selective breeding?

10. Selecting plants or animals with the most desired traits to breed for the next generation.

11. You are looking at four T all pea plants. What are their phenotypes and genotypes? genotype(s):_________________ phenotype(s): _______________

12. You are looking at four T all pea plants. What are their phenotypes and genotypes? genotype(s):TT OR Tt phenotype(s): TALL Genotype =genetic makeup Phenotype=what you can physically see

13. What possible geno types will the offspring have if the parents' blood types are O and AB?

14. What possible geno types will the offspring have if the parents' blood types are O and AB? O O A AO AO B BO BO Remember the GENOTYPE is the GENETIC makeup so the GENOTYPES are the possible outcomes that are represented by the PAIRS of ALLELES in the Punnett square. GENOTYPES: AO, BO

15. Mendel called plants that received different alleles for a trait from each parent ____.

16. Mendel called plants that received different alleles for a trait from each parent a HYBRID . This car is a HYBRID of a gasoline and an electric car.

17. Blood type in humans is controlled by ____ alleles .

18. Blood type in humans is controlled by THREE alleles . (A, B, O ) These combination of alleles gives us 4 different phenotypes of blood. (A,B,AB,O) They also give us 6 different Genotypes (AA,AO,BB,BO,AB,OO)

19. In a Punnett square, a capital letter stands for a ____ allele.

20. In a Punnett square, a capital letter stands for a DOMINANT allele

21. Pedigree?

22. PEDIGREE: tool for tracing a trait through a family

23. Heterozygous?

24. Heterozygous: organisms with two different alleles for a trait

25. incomplete dominance

26. incomplete dominance: when an intermediate form is expressed in offspring

27. polygenic inheritance?

28. polygenic inheritance: when more than two alleles control a trait Traits that are affected by more than one gene are called polygenic traits . The genes that affect a polygenic trait may be closely linked on a chromosome, unlinked on a chromosome, or on different chromosomes. Polygenic traits are often difficult for geneticists to track because the polygenic trait may have many alleles. Also, independent assortment ensures the genes combine differently in gametes. Therefore, many different intermediate phenotypes exist in offspring. Eye color ( Figure below ), and skin color are examples of polygenic traits in humans. Eye color and skin color are examples of polygenic traits; they are influenced by more than one gene.

29. Homozygous?

30. Homozygous: when there are two alleles that are exactly the same

31. KNOW how to do Punnett squares! KNOW your vocab! (especially homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, and phenotype) if you don’t KNOW these words you will NOT do well on the test. Do your BEST! There are not many grade opportunities left! Make your Mama PROUD!