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“Resources like gold and silver (unlike diamonds and oil) are not 
produced by the Earth. Yes, they are mined here, but the Earth 
does not create them. ” - Continue reading to find out more!
Disclaimer 
This book is intended for entertainment and reference purposes only. It should not be used for 
legal, taxation, medical, or financial advice. The author of this book is not responsible for any 
risks taken or losses/damages incurred by the recipients of this book. 
Investors and/or consumers should seek advice from a certified financial professional before 
making any investments. 
We are not responsible for any scams or fraudulent practices by third-party organizations 
mentioned, as well as not mentioned, in this book. 
This book may be distributed as-is. This book may not be modified.
What's Covered In This Exclusive Book 
• An introduction to all precious metals 
• The top 4 traded metals: gold, silver, platinum, and palladium 
• Coins (rounds) and bullion (bars) 
• Gold and silver as investments 
• The gold standard and why the price of gold continues to rise since 1971 
• The different investment options for precious metals 
• Choosing gold or silver as a long-term investment 
• Why billionaires are investing in gold 
• Recommended method for investing in gold and/or silver (for maximum benefits and 
minimum risk) 
• UK precious metals investors notice
Table of Contents 
Introduction................................................................................................................................................1 
Precious Metal Determinants.....................................................................................................................2 
Rarity And High Economic Value.........................................................................................................2 
Bullion: Mass Of Precious Metals.............................................................................................................5 
Gold: Most Sought-After Precious Metal.............................................................................................7 
Gold & Silver: Traditional Coinage Metals.............................................................................................13 
Gold Standard: Definition And The Three Distinct Kinds..................................................................14 
Silver: The Highest Thermal And Electrical Conductivity.................................................................15 
Common Gold Investing Methods...........................................................................................................18 
Top Recommended ⋆ Gold Investing Method ⋆ ......................................................................19 
Silver As An Investment: Ways Of Investing In Silver.......................................................................19 
⋆ Top Recommended Silver Investing Method ⋆ ......................................................................21 
Platinum & Palladium..............................................................................................................................22 
The Four Platinum Bullion Coins: A Brief Description Of Each........................................................23 
Palladium: Least Dense Of The Platinum Group Metals....................................................................25 
Palladium And Platinum As Investment Commodities..................................................................27 
Which Should I Choose For My Investment?..........................................................................................30 
⋆ The Secrets To Investing In Gold ⋆ ..................................................................................................31 
What Is The Insider Secret?.............................................................................................................31 
The Power Of The Gold IRA Rollover.................................................................................................34 
What Is A Gold IRA?...................................................................................................................34 
Why Choose Gold For Your IRA?..............................................................................................35 
How It Works.....................................................................................................................................27 
UK Investors......................................................................................................................................39 
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................40
Introduction 
As an investor, it helps to understand where the inherent value of precious metals comes 
from. This book starts out with the history and technicalities of precious metals. 
For those who just want to discover the best way to invest in precious metals (the secret), 
click here to go to page 33. 
1
Precious Metal Determinants 
Rarity And High Economic Value 
A metal is considered "precious" if it is rare and is of high economic value. Under these two 
factors, nine metallic chemical elements qualify as precious metals. These are, in no 
particular order: gold, palladium, silver, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, platinum, osmium, and 
rhenium. 
Safety Issues Concerning Precious Metals 
The metallic chemical elements collectively known as precious metals are called as such 
because of their extreme rarity and high economic value. Precious metals occur naturally or 
are by-products of the processing of other less rare metals. 
In order of increasing mass abundance (parts per billion), the precious metals are rhenium, 
rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, gold, platinum, palladium, and silver. These metals are 
not radioactive and are mostly used for industrial purposes and for jewelry. 
Still, precious metals have some safety issues attached to them: 
Rhenium: 
Since rhenium is used in very small amounts, its toxicity is virtually unknown. The hazardous 
property of rhenium halide, for example, may be attributed either to rhenium itself or to the 
other elements that make up the compound. Another rhenium compound - potassium 
perrhenate - is known to have a median lethal dose much like that of sodium chloride 
(commonly known as table salt). 
Rhodium: 
Although rhodium is inert (being a noble metal, as almost all the other precious metals are), it 
can be reactive, especially if used as compounds. In its basic form, however, rhodium is not 
known to cause any harm. 
Iridium: 
Iridium, when finely divided, can pose some hazards - it can ignite in air. Apart from this, 
accidental exposure to a radioisotope of iridium may cause poisoning by radiation, burns, and 
even death. 
Ruthenium: 
Three conditions may be associated with exposure to ruthenium: it can stain the skin; it may 
2
accumulate in bones; and it may increase the risk of cancer. Ruthenium tetroxide, a yellow, 
diamagnetic tetrahedral ruthenium compound, is highly toxic and volatile; it may explode if it 
comes into contact with combustible materials. 
Osmium: 
Osmium, like iridium, can ignite spontaneously in air when in finely divided form. The 
compound osmium tetroxide, in particular, is highly volatile and is extremely toxic if 
accidentally inhaled, ingested, or comes into contact with the skin. 
Gold: 
In its elemental form, gold does not cause irritation and is not toxic even when ingested. In 
fact, it is used as a component in some alcoholic drinks and as a food additive. However, ionic 
chemical compounds of gold (example, gold chloride) can be extremely harmful to the 
kidneys and liver. 
Platinum: 
Findings by the U.S. federal agency CDC reveal that exposure to platinum salts, on the short 
term, may cause nose, throat, and eye irritation. Long-term exposure to these compounds, on 
the other hand, may cause skin and respiratory allergies. 
Palladium: 
Palladium in bulk metallic form is completely inert. The same can't be said though of the metal 
in finely divided form, which can readily ignite in air. 
Silver: 
Silver compounds (example, colloidal silver), when absorbed into the body, may cause 
argyria, a condition characterized by the bluish-gray pigmentation of the skin, mucous tissues, 
and the eyes. While the condition is not really harmful to one's health, it is often permanent. 
Otherwise, silver per se is not at all toxic. 
It certainly is important to know that each of the precious metals has possible health hazards 
so that first-time handlers can take the necessary precautions. We will mainly be discussing 
the four most commonly traded precious metals, which are: gold, silver, platinum, and 
palladium. 
So that while the chemical element tellurium is considered one of the rarest element in the 
Earth's crust (its mass abundance being the same as that of rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium), 
its estimated price is only less than 5 U.S. dollars per troy ounce, and, therefore, cannot be 
considered a precious metal. The same can be said of bismuth, which has a mass abundance 
half less than that of palladium, but with a price of only a little more than a tenth of tellurium's 
price. 
3
In terms of mass abundance, expressed in parts per billion (ppb), here's how the nine 
precious metals are ranked (rare to rarest): 9th: silver (75 ppb); 8th: palladium (15 ppb); 7th: 
gold (4 ppb); 6th: osmium (1.5 ppb); 5th to 3rd: iridium, rhodium, and ruthenium (1 ppb); 2nd: 
rhenium (0.7 ppb); and 1st: platinum (0.003 ppb). 
4
Bullion: Mass Of Precious Metals 
Bullion is a mass of any one of the known precious metals. By strict definition, precious 
metals are those metallic elements that are rare. Bullion is commonly made of either gold or 
silver. Its value is determined by the worth of the metal rather than by its face value as money. 
To put it another way, bullion is valued based on the mass and purity of the metal used, 
instead of its artificial currency value. 
New sources of ore have been discovered and there also have been improvements in the 
mining and refining processes. These two factors may cause the values of gold, silver, and 
the other precious metals to diminish. Also, the "precious" qualification of a metal is 
determined by the market value or high demand. 
Bullion is traded on commodity markets in two forms: bulk ingots or coins, the latter minted by 
the government of a country. At least ten countries are known to mint gold and silver bullion 
coins. These are Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, 
Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. 
While bullion coins are issued as legal tender, with nominal values assigned to them on 
minting, such face values are far below the commodity value of the metals themselves. Here's 
an example: Most of the gold coins issued by national governments, particularly those with 
currency values of between 10 and 100 U.S. dollars, usually contain no less than 31 grams of 
gold. On the average (considering the consistent rise in the exchange rate of gold), the value 
of gold is around USD12 per gram. Here, it is clear that the currency value assigned by the 
government to a gold bullion coin has no meaning. 
Below is a list of some of the government-issued gold and silver bullion coins: 
1. Australian Gold Nugget, Lunar Series I, and Lunar Series II 
2. Austrian Philharmoniker 
3. Canadian Maple Leaf 
4. Chinese Gold Panda 
5. Mexican Centenario, Libertad, and Onza 
6. Polish Orzel bielik 
7. South African Krugerrand 
8. Swiss Vreneli 
5
9. British Britannia and Sovereign 
10. American Buffalo, American Eagle, and Double Eagle 
The 10,000-dollar Australian Gold Nugget is one of the world's largest bullion coins. Minted by 
the Australian government, this bullion coin is made of 1 kilogram of 99.9% pure gold. Some 
other bullion coins larger than the Australian Gold Nugget have come out. However, these are 
not produced in mass quantities and are not practical to handle. Two examples are given 
here: One is the 100,000-euro Vienna Philharmonic, minted in 2004, which contains 31 
kilograms of gold; the other is the 1 million-dollar Canadian Maple Leaf, minted in 2007, which 
contains 100 kilograms of gold. 
Three factors - metal, purity, and weight - affect the value of bullion. The overall value of 
bullion is determined by the metal used. We know, of course, that platinum is worth more than 
gold, which, in turn, is worth more than silver. It is easy to understand, therefore, that silver 
bullion coins have become popular with collectors because of their relative affordability. 
Krugerrand: Most Well-Known Precious Metal Coin 
There are thirty-three known bullion coins in the world. Of these, 5 are made of platinum, 1 of 
palladium, 9 of silver, and 18 of gold. And of all these precious metal coins, the South African 
gold bullion coin Krugerrand is perhaps the most popular. 
In 1967, the South African Mint Company introduced the Krugerrand, with the intention of 
circulating it as currency. Its status as a legal tender was seen as the best way for marketing 
South African gold around the world. In fact, thirteen years after its introduction, this precious 
metal coin accounted for about ninety percent of the gold coin market. 
The Krugerrand comes in four varieties: 
1. One-tenth ounce coin (0.11 troy ounce in weight, 1.35 millimeters thick, and 16.55 
millimeters in diameter). 
2. Quarter ounce coin (0.27 troy ounce in weight, 1.89 millimeters thick, and 22.06 millimeters 
in diameter). 
3. Half ounce coin (0.55 troy ounce in weight, 2.22 millimeters thick, and 27.07 millimeters in 
diameter). 
4. One ounce coin (1.09 troy ounces in weight, 2.84 millimeters thick, and 32.77 millimeters in 
diameter). 
Each of these four coin varieties is 22K, containing 91.67% pure gold and 8.33% copper. This 
composition was meant to make the coins more durable and harder and thus resist dents and 
scratches, as, again, they were originally intended for circulation. 
On the obverse of the Krugerrand is the face of Stephanus Jonannes Paulus Kruger, fifth 
6
president of the South African Republic (note the surname Kruger and the South African 
currency Rand were combined to give this precious metal coin its name). Also here are the 
Afrikaans and English versions of the name "South Africa", both inscribed in capital letters. 
On the reverse of the coin is an image of the springbok, an antelope specie which is a South 
African national symbol. Atop the image is an inscription of the name of the coin, in capital 
letters, while below it is the coin's gold content, inscribed in Afrikaans and English. 
Special samples of the coin (proof Krugerrand) are minted and offered as collector's items. 
These proof Krugerrands are priced above the bullion Krugerrands. The two coin versions 
can be distinguished from one another by the number of serrations they have - the proof 
version has 220, while the bullion has 40 less than the former's. 
Other nations, such as Canada, Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom, started 
producing their own precious metal coins one after the other beginning in 1979. The decisions 
of these gold-producing countries to mint their own bullion coins were most likely inspired by 
the success of the Krugerrand in its role as a vehicle for promoting the South African gold to 
the international market. As of 2008, about 1.3 million kilograms of South African gold, 
contained in Krugerrand coins, have been sold. 
Unlike the bullion coin series of other countries, which come in gold and silver, the Krugerrand 
comes only in gold. Coins made of silver that are passed off as "Krugerrands" are neither 
produced by the South African Mint Company nor sanctioned by the government of South 
Africa. 
Gold: Most Sought-After Precious Metal 
Of all the different precious metals we can think of, gold is certainly the one most greatly 
desired. 
Since the beginning of recorded history, gold has been in use in many different works of art, 
7
coinage, and, of course, jewelry. 
Occurring as grains in rocks and in alluvial deposits, gold is shiny, soft, and dense. It is known 
to be the most ductile and malleable pure metal. 
Gold nuggets are naturally occurring large masses of native gold found in alluvial deposits. 
Often they are concentrated by watercourses and recovered by placer mining. In other 
instances, gold nuggets are found in piles of residue in sites where mining operations once 
took place. 
Two gold nuggets are noted for being the largest masses of gold ever discovered. These are 
the "Welcome Stranger" and the "Hand of Faith". Their respective "largest" titles, however, 
carry further qualifications. 
The Welcome Stranger Gold Nugget: 
The exact distinction given of this gold nugget is: "the largest alluvial gold nugget ever found". 
It was discovered on February 5, 1869 at Moliagul, a small township in Victoria, Australia 
about 37 miles west of the city of Bendigo. The discoverers, John Deason and Richard Oates, 
found the nugget just a couple inches below the surface on a slope in a place that's 
sometimes called Black Reef. 
Records have the following details about the Welcome Stranger: 
• Gross weight: 3,523.5 troy ounces (241.61 pounds) 
• Trimmed weight: 2,520 troy ounces (172.8 pounds) 
• Net weight: 2,315.5 troy ounces (158.78 pounds) 
• Measurement: 2 feet (0.61 meter) x 1.02 feet (0.31 meter) 
For their find, Deason and Oates were paid about £19,068 by the London Chartered Bank 
(located in the town of Dunolly in Victoria), where they took the nugget. 
The Welcome Stranger no longer exists today, although the gold from it understandably still 
does. Also, there exist two replicas of the nugget. One is in possession of the descendants of 
John Deason, while the other is in the City Museum in Treasury Place, in Melbourne. 
The Hand of Faith Gold Nugget: 
This gold nugget actually carries two distinctions: "the largest gold nugget found by a metal 
detector" and "the largest gold nugget currently in existence". It was discovered on 
September 26, 1980 somewhere near the small town of Kingower in Victoria, Australia. 
The nugget's discoverer, Kevin Hillier, was aided by a metal detector in this precious find. 
Hillier found the nugget in a vertical position just a foot below the surface. 
8
The Hand of Faith weighs 874.82 troy ounces (60 pounds) and measures 1.54 feet (0.47 
meter) x 0.66 feet (0.20 meter) x 0.30 feet (0.09 meter). The Golden Nugget Casino in Las 
Vegas, Nevada currently houses the nugget. Its sale price was reportedly around 1 million 
U.S. dollars. 
Gold nuggets actually are not composed of pure 24K gold. A safer estimate would be that 
they're somewhere between 20K and 23K. Those found in Australia often have higher purity 
than the ones found in Alaska. The color of a nugget often provides a clue as to the purity of 
its gold content. Nuggets that have very rich deep orange/yellow color are sure to have higher 
gold content than pale ones. 
Also, there is a system called "millesimal fineness" which is used to denote the purity of gold 
alloy (also of silver and platinum alloys) by parts per thousand of pure metal by mass in the 
alloy. A nugget containing 91.6% gold, for example, is denoted as "916 fine". This fineness is 
equivalent to 22K. 
What makes pure gold especially attractive is its bright yellow color and luster. These 
characteristics are maintained as gold is chemically unaffected by air or moisture. Here are 
some of the properties of gold: 
General: 
• Chemical Symbol: Au 
• Atomic Number: 79 
• Category (as an element): Transition Metal 
• Group/ Period/ Block (in the Periodic Table): 11/ 6/ d 
• Atomic Weight: 196.966569(4) g.mol-1 
• Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 
Physical: 
• Density (near room temperature): 19.30 g.cm-3 
• Liquid Density (at melting point): 17.31 g.cm-3 
• Melting Point: 1064.18°C, 1947.52°F, 1337.33°K 
• Boiling Point: 2856°C, 5173°F, 3129°K 
• Heat of Fusion: 12.55 kJ.mol-1 
9
• Heat of Vaporization: 324 kJ.mol-1 
Atomic: 
• Oxidation States: -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 
• Electronegativity: 2.54 (Pauling scale) 
• Atomic Radius: 144 picometre 
• Covalent Radius: 136±6 picometre 
• Van der Waals Radius: 166 picometre 
• Ionization Energies: 890.1 kJ.mol-1 (first), 1980 kJ.mol-1 (second) 
The term "gold" was derived from "geolu", an Old English Anglo-Saxon word which means 
"yellow". Its symbol "Au", on the other hand, originated from "aurum", the Latin word for 
"gold". The exact period when gold was first discovered could be a subject of dispute. While 
some accounts point to the year 1848 when gold was discovered in California, history tells us 
that this precious metal was already being used extensively by the ancient Egyptians, 
Romans, Greeks, Chinese, and South Americans. 
Throughout history, gold has served as a measure of value and a symbol of wealth. It is one 
of the coinage metals (along with silver and copper). It is used, customarily and legally, as a 
means of payment or a medium of exchange. Gram and troy weight are the units of 
measurement used for gold. To indicate the amount of gold present in, say, a piece of jewelry, 
the term "carat" is used. A necklace, for instance, that is 24 carats means that it is made of 
pure gold. 
While gold's price is determined through trading in the derivatives and gold markets, its daily 
benchmark price is provided in a procedure called the London Gold Fix. In this procedure, the 
price of the precious metal is determined each business day on the London market. The fixing 
is done twice - once in the morning and another in the afternoon. The latter actually was 
introduced about 49 years after the procedure itself was introduced, as a means of providing 
a price when US markets are open. 
This gold-price fixing procedure is done by the five members of the London Gold Market 
Fixing Ltd., namely The Bank of Nova Scotia, Barclays Capital, Deutsche Bank AG London, 
HSBC, and Societe Generale Corporate & Investment Banking. 
Gold nuggets are naturally occurring large masses of native gold found in alluvial deposits. 
Often they are concentrated by watercourses and recovered by placer mining. In other 
instances, gold nuggets are found in piles of residue in sites where mining operations once 
took place. 
Two gold nuggets are noted for being the largest masses of gold ever discovered. These are 
10
the "Welcome Stranger" and the "Hand of Faith". Their respective "largest" titles, however, 
carry further qualifications. 
The Welcome Stranger Gold Nugget: 
The exact distinction given of this gold nugget is: "the largest alluvial gold nugget ever found". 
It was discovered on February 5, 1869 at Moliagul, a small township in Victoria, Australia 
about 37 miles west of the city of Bendigo. The discoverers, John Deason and Richard Oates, 
found the nugget just a couple inches below the surface on a slope in a place that's 
sometimes called Black Reef. 
Records have the following details about the Welcome Stranger: 
• Gross weight: 3,523.5 troy ounces (241.61 pounds) 
• Trimmed weight: 2,520 troy ounces (172.8 pounds) 
• Net weight: 2,315.5 troy ounces (158.78 pounds) 
• Measurement: 2 feet (0.61 meter) x 1.02 feet (0.31 meter) 
For their find, Deason and Oates were paid about £19,068 by the London Chartered Bank 
(located in the town of Dunolly in Victoria), where they took the nugget. 
The Welcome Stranger no longer exists today, although the gold from it understandably still 
does. Also, there exist two replicas of the nugget. One is in possession of the descendants of 
John Deason, while the other is in the City Museum in Treasury Place, in Melbourne. 
The Hand of Faith Gold Nugget: 
This gold nugget actually carries two distinctions: "the largest gold nugget found by a metal 
detector" and "the largest gold nugget currently in existence". It was discovered on 
September 26, 1980 somewhere near the small town of Kingower in Victoria, Australia. 
The nugget's discoverer, Kevin Hillier, was aided by a metal detector in this precious find. 
Hillier found the nugget in a vertical position just a foot below the surface. 
The Hand of Faith weighs 874.82 troy ounces (60 pounds) and measures 1.54 feet (0.47 
meter) x 0.66 feet (0.20 meter) x 0.30 feet (0.09 meter). The Golden Nugget Casino in Las 
Vegas, Nevada currently houses the nugget. Its sale price was reportedly around 1 million 
U.S. dollars. 
Gold nuggets actually are not composed of pure 24K gold. A safer estimate would be that 
they're somewhere between 20K and 23K. Those found in Australia often have higher purity 
than the ones found in Alaska. The color of a nugget often provides a clue as to the purity of 
its gold content. Nuggets that have very rich deep orange/yellow color are sure to have higher 
gold content than pale ones. 
11
Also, there is a system called "millesimal fineness" which is used to denote the purity of gold 
alloy (also of silver and platinum alloys) by parts per thousand of pure metal by mass in the 
alloy. A nugget containing 91.6% gold, for example, is denoted as "916 fine". This fineness is 
equivalent to 22K. 
12
Gold & Silver: Traditional Coinage Metals 
Four transition metals make up group 11 of the periodic table of 
elements. All, except one, are considered traditional coinage 
metals. Qualifying this further, only two of these three traditional 
coinage metals are considered precious metals. These are gold 
and silver. 
Gold and silver are rare and have high economic values. These 
things can't be said of copper, the other traditional coinage metal. 
Occurring in nature in metallic form, these two precious metals can be produced sans the use 
of extraction metallurgy. These other characteristics of gold and silver make them both well 
suited for coinage: 
• They are not radioactive. 
• They are more ductile or softer than most other elements. 
• They are less reactive compared with other elements. 
• They have excellent luster. 
• They have higher melting points compared with other metals. 
The high-ductility property of gold and silver means they can be easily damaged as coins for 
circulation. Coins intended for circulation must be highly resistant to corrosion and wear. For 
this reason, gold or silver must be alloyed with other metals (example, manganese) so that 
the resulting coins will come out harder, more wear-resistant, and not easily damaged or 
deformed. 
As numismatic items, gold and silver coins are made almost entirely of the precious metals, 
respectively. Current collectible gold coins (the 22-carat gold coins), for example, are made of 
92% gold, with silver and copper comprising the rest. The coins in circulation in the United 
States prior to 1933 were made of 90% gold and 10% copper-silver combined. Canada's 
official gold bullion coin - The Canadian Gold Maple Leaf - is made of 99.999% gold; and so 
are these four other gold bullion coins: 
1. British Britannia (with a face value of 100 pounds). 
2. Chinese Gold Panda (with face values of 500, 200, 100, 50, and 25 Yuan). 
3. Swiss Helvetia Head (with face values of 100, 20, and 10 Swiss francs). 
4. Austrian Vienna Philharmonic (with face values of 100, 50, 25, and 10 euros). 
13
Silver coins, like the minted coins circulated in the United States and other countries prior to 
1965, were made of 90% silver and 10% copper. The American Silver Eagle and the Mexican 
Silver Libertad bullion coins, introduced in 1986 and 1982 respectively, were made of 99.9% 
silver and 0.1% copper. 
Other notable silver bullion coins include the Australian Silver Kookaburra, Chinese Silver 
Panda, and the Russian George the Victorious. 
Minting coins, whether gold or silver, always entails the risk of having the value of the metal 
used in the coin greater than the coin's face value. This is especially true in coins of low 
denomination. Because of this, there exists the possibility of some smelters taking gold or 
silver coins and melting these down for the scrap value of the precious metals. 
A couple examples, in this regard, are worth mentioning here: US pennies have been made of 
copper-clad zinc since 1982, when they were before this time made of copper alloys; and 
British pennies were once made of 97% copper, but are now made of copper-plated steel. 
As additional information, gold and silver both have a currency code of ISO 4217. 
Gold Standard: Definition And The Three Distinct Kinds 
The gold standard is defined in many different reference materials as a monetary system in 
which the unit of currency used is a fixed quantity or weight of gold. Under this system, all 
forms of money, including notes and bank deposits, were freely converted into gold at the 
fixed price. 
There are three known kinds of gold standard that have been adopted since the early 1700s - 
the gold specie, gold exchange, and gold bullion standards. Following is the definition and a 
brief historical account of each. 
Gold Specie Standard: 
In this gold standard, the unit of currency is linked to the gold coins that are in circulation. 
More specifically, the monetary unit is associated with the unit of value of a specific gold coin 
in circulation along with that of any secondary coinage (coins made of metal that is valued 
less than gold). 
Recorded history points to the existence of a gold specie standard in medieval empires. For 
example, the Eastern Roman Empire made use of a gold coin called Byzant (from the original 
Greek term Bezant). The first known major area in the world to be on a gold specie standard 
in modern times is the British West Indies. That standard, however, was more of a commonly 
applied system rather than an officially established one. It was based on the Spanish gold 
coin called the doubloon. 
14
The United States adopted the gold specie standard "de jure" (by law) in 1873, using the 
American Gold Eagle as unit. 
Gold Exchange Standard: 
In this gold standard, only the circulation of coins minted from lesser valuable metals (such as 
silver) may be involved. The authorities, however, will have undertaken a fixed exchange rate 
with a country that's on the gold standard. 
Before the turn of the 20th century, countries that were still on silver standard started pegging 
their monetary units to the gold standard of either the United States or the United Kingdom. 
For example, Mexico, the Philippines, and Japan pegged their respective silver units to the 
U.S. dollar at fifty cents. 
Gold Bullion Standard: 
In this gold standard, gold bullion is sold on demand at a fixed price. It was introduced in 1925 
by the British Parliament in an act which at the same time voided the gold specie standard. 
Six years later, the United Kingdom decided to temporarily stop the gold bullion standard 
because of the large amount of gold that flowed out across the Atlantic Ocean. The gold 
standard eventually ended that same year. 
One of the advantages of the gold standard is that it sort of restricts the government's power 
in inflating prices, which is possible through excessive issuance of paper currency. Also by 
providing a fixed pattern of exchange rates, the gold standard may effectively lessen 
uncertainty in international trade. 
As to its disadvantage, the gold standard may make monetary policy ineffective in stabilizing 
the economy in the event of a general slowdown in economic activity. This is likely, as many 
economists fear, since under the gold standard the supply of gold would be the exclusive 
determinant to the amount of money. 
15
Silver: The Highest Thermal And Electrical Conductivity 
Silver is generally described as a soft, white, lustrous metallic chemical element. It occurs 
naturally in its pure form, as an alloy with other metallic elements (especially gold), and in 
chlorargyrite and other minerals. As one of three coinage metals (the other two being copper 
and gold), silver is very malleable and ductile. 
Of the different metals, silver is known to have the highest thermal conductivity. Similarly of 
the different known elements, silver has the highest electrical conductivity. Provided below are 
some of the properties of this precious metal. 
General: 
• Chemical Symbol: Ag 
• Atomic Number: 47 
• Category (as an element): Transition Metal 
• Group/ Period/ Block (in the Periodic Table): 11/ 5/ d 
• Atomic Weight: 107.8682 g.mol-1 
• Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s1 
Physical: 
• Density (near room temperature): 10.49 g.cm-3 
• Liquid Density (at melting point): 9.320 g.cm-3 
• Melting Point: 961.78°C, 1234.93°F, 2041.4°K 
• Boiling Point: 2162°C, 3924°F, 2435°K 
16
• Heat of Fusion: 11.28 kJ.mol-1 
• Heat of Vaporization: 250.58 kJ.mol-1 
Atomic: 
• Oxidation States: 1, 2, 3 
• Electronegativity: 1.93 (Pauling scale) 
• Atomic Radius: 144 picometre 
• Covalent Radius: 145±5 picometre 
• Van der Waals Radius: 172 picometre 
• Ionization Energies: 731 kJ.mol-1 (first), 2070 kJ.mol-1 (second), 3361 kJ.mol-1 (third) 
Despite having higher electrical conductivity than copper, silver isn't as much used for 
electrical purposes as copper is. There are two reasons for this: first is that silver has a 
greater tendency to tarnish; and second is that silver is much more expensive. 
As a precious metal, silver has been much valued for ages with its so many applications, as in 
the following: 
1. Jewelry (sterling silver is used in making fine jewelry and watches). 
2. Silverware (sterling silver is also used in making utensils, tableware and ornaments). 
3. Photography (silver nitrate and silver halides are used in making films). 
4. Electrical and electronic products (silver paints are used in making printed circuits; silver 
electrical contacts are used in making computer keyboards). 
5. Dentistry (silver-mercury alloy is used in making dental amalgams). 
6. Optics and mirrors. 
7. Various industrial and commercial uses (silver is ideal for use as a catalyst in chemical 
reactions). 
8. Clothing (silver ions are mixed with the polymer to make yarns). 
9. Medicine (silver compounds and silver ions have toxic effect on some viruses, fungi and 
bacteria, but not on humans). 
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10. Currency or coinage (as in silver bullion). 
The principal sources of silver are copper, lead, zinc and gold ores. It also occurs in the 
minerals chlorargyrite and argentite. Of course, silver occurs natively, too. Some of the top 
silver-producing countries in the world are the United States, Canada, Peru, and Mexico. Fine 
silver, which has no less than 99.9% silver, is available commercially. 
Because of competing store-of-value and industrial demands, the price of silver has fluctuated 
considerably over the last century. As of the beginning of 2010, the price of this precious 
metal is estimated at about 18 U.S. dollars per troy ounce (or 588 U.S. dollars per kilogram). 
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Common Gold Investing Methods 
Four of the nine known precious metals are regarded as investment commodities. Of these 
four, gold is the most popular. Investing in gold is a way of protecting against crises that may 
be brought about by economic or political instability or by social unrest. 
There are at least seven ways of investing in gold: 
Buying gold coins: 
This is the most popular way of investing in gold. Gold bullion coins are typically priced based 
on their weight; a premium is added to the gold spot price. Gold coins may be bought or sold 
over the counter in most Swiss banks. However, only certain coins are allowed by the IRS in a 
gold IRA. They are listed here. 
Buying gold bars: 
This is the most traditional way of investing in gold. As in gold bullion coins, bullion gold bars 
can be bought or sold over the counter in most Swiss banks, as well as in major banks in 
Liechtenstein and Austria. There also are bullion dealers that provide this same kind of 
service. Gold bars however are becoming less and less an option among investors due to the 
difficulties (in the verification process, transportation, and storage) associated with them. 
Opening a gold account: 
Gold accounts are offered by most banks in Switzerland. Here, gold can be bought or sold in 
much the same way foreign currencies are dealt. A gold account is backed either through 
non-fungible (allocated) gold storage or pooled (unallocated) storage. 
Owning a gold certificate: 
A gold investor may opt to hold on to a gold certificate rather than store the physical gold 
bullion. The gold certificate allows the investor to buy and sell the security and do away with 
the many difficulties associated with the actual gold's transfer. 
Trading in Gold Exchange-Traded Funds (GETFs): 
Trading in GETFs is like trading shares in, say, the New York Stock Exchange or the London 
Stock Exchange. Gold Bullion Securities, the first GETF introduced (in 2003, on the Australian 
Stock Exchange), stood for 1/10 of an ounce of gold. GETFs are a good means of gaining 
exposure to the price of gold, minus the inconvenience of storage. Trading in GETFs involves 
payment of commission and storage fee (charged on an annual basis). The expenses 
incurred in relation to the handling of the fund are charged through the selling of a certain 
amount of the gold as represented by the certificate. Over time, the amount of gold in the 
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certificate, as may be expected, decreases. 
Entering in a Contract For Difference (CFD): 
Some of the noted financial services firms, especially those in the United Kingdom, provide 
Contract for Difference (CFD). In this gold investment vehicle, two parties (a "buyer" and a 
"seller") enter into a contract, in which the seller agrees to pay the buyer the difference 
between the current value of gold and its value at contract time. In case the difference is 
negative, the seller receives payment instead from the buyer. A CFD, therefore, allows an 
investor to take advantage of long or short positions, enabling him/her to speculate on these 
markets. 
In a related scenario, an investor may buy gold early in a condition where there is increased 
investor confidence. The investor then sells the gold before a general decline in the stock 
market sets in. Obviously in this case, the investor's aim is to gain financially. 
⋆ Top Recommended Gold Investing Method ⋆ 
Opening a Gold IRA (Retirement Account Rollover into Physical Gold): 
This is perhaps now the most common type of way people invest in gold because it allows 
them to invest large amounts with the same tax benefits of a traditional Roth IRA. The IRS 
now allows investors to allocate all or a portion of any or all of their eligible retirement 
accounts. 
Most gold/silver investors now choose this because it is simply the very best way to invest in 
precious metals as there are many benefits on top of the stability and growth potential. Click 
here to learn more. 
Silver As An Investment: Ways Of Investing In Silver 
Silver is like three other precious metals (gold, palladium, and platinum) in terms of being 
regarded as an investment commodity. In fact, this precious metal has been regarded as a 
form of currency and a store of value for over four centuries. 
There are different ways by which one may invest in silver. Seven are presented here: 
Buying silver coins: 
This is a popular way of taking hold of silver - physically. Perhaps the best example of a silver 
coin is the Canadian Silver Maple Leaf, which consists of 99.99% pure silver. Silver coins may 
either be "fine silver" or "junk silver". Junk silver coins are older coins with a lower percentage 
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of silver. Examples of these are the dime, quarter, and fifty-cent U.S. coins minted in 1964 or 
earlier. These coins contain 90% silver and are 8/10 troy ounce per 1 USD of face value. 
Buying silver bullion bars: 
This is the most traditional way of investing in silver. Silver bullion bars can be bought or sold 
over the counter in most banks in Switzerland. They may be stored in safe deposit boxes in 
banks or placed in non-fungible (allocated) or pooled (unallocated) storage with a silver 
dealer. 
Opening a silver account: 
An investor may open a silver account with one of the major banks in Switzerland. Here, silver 
can be bought or sold over the counter just like any foreign currency. However, the bank client 
does not own the actual silver metal. Instead, he/she has a claim against the bank for a 
specified quantity of the metal. A silver account is backed through either allocated or 
unallocated storage. 
Owning a silver certificate: 
In lieu of storing actual silver bullion, an investor may opt for ownership of a silver certificate. 
A silver certificate allows an investor to buy and sell the security sans the inconveniences 
associated with the physical silver's transfer. The Perth Mint Certificate Programme, which is 
fully guaranteed by the Government of Western Australia, is the only silver certificate program 
in the world that is guaranteed by a national government. 
Trading in Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs): 
An investor can have an easy way of gaining exposure to the price of silver through an ETF. 
Some of the well-known ETFs include iShares Silver Trust (with ticker symbol NYSE: SLV), 
Central Fund of Canada (with ticker symbols TSX: CEF.NV.A, NYSE: CEF), and ETFS Silver 
Trust (with ticker symbol NYSE: SIVR). Trading in ETFs means doing away with the 
inconveniences associated with the handling of physical silver bars. 
Entering in a Contract For Difference (CFD): 
Some of the noted financial services firms, especially those in the United Kingdom, provide 
Contract for Difference (CFD). In this silver investment vehicle, two parties (a "buyer" and a 
"seller") enter into a contract, in which the seller agrees to pay the buyer the difference 
between the current value of silver and its value at contract time. In case the difference is 
negative, the seller receives payment instead from the buyer. A CFD, therefore, allows an 
investor to take advantage of long or short positions, enabling him/her to speculate on these 
markets. 
It must be mentioned here though that silver has lost its forced tender status in the United 
States since the abandonment of the silver standard, when, on August 15, 1967, then U.S. 
President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that the U.S. would discontinue redeeming currency 
21
for silver (or any other precious metal). 
Top Recommended Silver ⋆ Investing Method ⋆ 
Opening a Gold IRA (Retirement Account Rollover into Physical Silver): 
This is perhaps now the most common type of way people invest in gold because it allows 
them to invest large amounts with the same tax benefits of a traditional Roth IRA. The IRS 
now allows investors to allocate all or a portion of any or all of their eligible retirement 
accounts. 
Most gold/silver investors now choose this because it is simply the very best way to invest in 
precious metals as there are many benefits on top of the stability and growth potential. Click 
here to learn more. 
22
Platinum & Palladium 
In the periodic table of the chemical elements, six metallic elements - all transition metals - 
are clustered together and lie in the d-block (the d-block in the periodic table refers to groups 
8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6). These six elements are collectively referred to as the platinum 
group metals. 
Of this group of metals, platinum is considered the most widely traded, as it is extensively 
used in the following: catalytic converters; dental alloys and other dentistry equipment; 
electrical conductors; resistive thermal devices, laboratory dishes and such other equipment 
capable of resisting chemical attack even in high temperature; and, of course, jewelry. 
As a transition element, platinum is gray-white in appearance. Often because of this, it is 
mistaken for silver. Its other physical characteristics include its being malleable, ductile, and 
dense. But while platinum is generally resistant to corrosion, it is corroded by certain 
elements, such as cyanides (potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide), caustic alkalis, sulfur, 
and any of the five halogens (astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine). 
The following lists some of the properties of platinum: 
General: 
* Chemical Symbol: Pt 
* Atomic Number: 78 
* Category (as an element): Transition Metal 
* Group/ Period/ Block (in the Periodic Table): 10/ 6/ d 
* Atomic Weight: 195.084 g.mol-1 
* Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 
Physical: 
* Density (near room temperature): 21.45 g.cm-3 
* Liquid Density (at melting point): 19.77 g.cm-3 
* Melting Point: 1768.3°C, 3214.9°F, 2041.4°K 
* Boiling Point: 3825°C, 6917°F, 4098°K 
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* Heat of Fusion: 22.17 kJ.mol-1 
* Heat of Vaporization: 469 kJ.mol-1 
Atomic: 
* Oxidation States: 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2 
* Electronegativity: 2.28 (Pauling scale) 
* Atomic Radius: 139 picometre 
* Covalent Radius: 136±5 picometre 
* Van der Waals Radius: 175 picometre 
* Ionization Energies: 870 kJ.mol-1 (first), 1791 kJ.mol-1 (second) 
Platinum is known to occur as only three thousandth parts-per notation (0.003 ppm) in the 
Earth's crust. This makes it an extremely rare metal. 
Compared to gold, platinum is more precious, although its price is considered more volatile. 
One of the reasons for this is that its demand is driven by industrial uses or applications. For 
example, its price tends to be double that of gold's when world economy is stable, but 
significantly goes down in times of economic uncertainty. 
Because it's wear-resistant and does not tarnish, platinum is highly valued by jewelers, 
especially watchmakers. In 2008, its price went up to as high as 2,252 U.S. dollars per troy 
ounce. 
Being rare and, therefore, very precious, platinum has been made synonymous to things that 
are considered "of the highest quality". We hear for instance of a platinum debit card holder 
enjoying a wide range of privileges; or of a platinum award being handed out to a music 
album that has sold over a million copies. 
Platinum's rarity and preciousness has been so pronounced in fact as early as the Eighteenth 
century, that then French King Louis XV even made a declaration making platinum "the only 
metal fit for a king". 
The Four Platinum Bullion Coins: A Brief Description Of Each 
Bullion coins are coins made from precious metals. Their market values are determined by 
their inherent precious metal contents. As such bullion coins are mainly kept as investments 
or stores of value. 
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Most of the bullion coins available are made from silver or gold. A few also come in platinum 
though, including the American Platinum Eagle, the Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf, the 
Australian Platinum Koala, and the Manx Noble. Here's a quick rundown of each of these four 
platinum bullion coins: 
The American Platinum Eagle: 
The American Platinum Eagle bullion coins were first minted and released in 1997 by the 
United States Mint. They are offered in four varieties: 
1. 1/10 ounce (oz.) coin - With a face value of USD10, 3.112 grams (g) in weight, 0.95 
millimeters (mm) thick, and 16.5 mm in diameter. 
2. 1/4 oz. coin - With a face value of USD25, 7.78 g in weight, 1.32 mm thick, and 22 mm in 
diameter. 
3. 1/2 oz. coin - With a face value of USD50, 15.56 g in weight, 1.75 mm thick, and 27 mm in 
diameter. 
4. 1 oz. coin - With a face value of USD100, 31.12 g in weight, 2.39 mm thick, and 32.7 mm in 
diameter. 
All coin varieties consist of 0.9995 fine platinum. One interesting feature of the American 
Platinum Eagle coin is that its reverse design changes every year. 
The Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf: 
The Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf bullion coins were issued from 1988 until 2002 by the 
Royal Canadian Mint (RCM). They were offered in four varieties: 1/10 oz. coin (with a face 
value (FV) of CD5), 1/4 oz. coin (FV: CD10), 1/2 oz. coin (FV: CD20), and 1 oz. coin (FV: 
CD50). 
Two additional varieties, 1/20 oz. coin (FV: CD1) and 1/15 oz. coin (FV: CD2), were issued by 
RCM, but only in 1994. In 2009, the 1 oz. coin was reintroduced. All coins, which have legal 
tender status in Canada, consist of 0.9995 pure platinum. 
The Australian Platinum Koala: 
The Australian Platinum Koala bullion coins were first released in 1988 by the Perth Mint, the 
oldest currently operating mint in Australia. The coin comes in 1 oz. variety, with a face value 
of AD100. As with most other bullion coins, this value is much lower than the coin's bullion 
value. 
On the coin's obverse is a koala, in sunken relief (i.e., lowered from the coin's plane); on the 
25
reverse is Queen Elizabeth II. The coin has legal tender status in Australia. 
The Manx Noble: 
The Manx Noble platinum bullion coins were minted from 1983 to 1989 by the Pobjoy Mint, 
the leading private mint in Europe. The coins were offered in five varieties: 
1. 1/20 oz. coin - With 1.555 g platinum content, 1.556 g in weight, and 13.9 mm in diameter. 
2. 1/10 ounce coin - With 3.11 g platinum content, 3.112 g in weight, and 16.5 mm in diameter. 
3. 1/4 ounce coin - With 7.776 g platinum content, 7.78 g in weight, and 22 mm in diameter. 
4. 1/2 ounce coin - With 15.552 g platinum content, 15.6 g in weight, and 27 mm in diameter. 
5. 1 ounce coin - With 31.103 g platinum content, 31.119 g in weight, and 32.7 mm in 
diameter. 
The coins have no currency value. Their value, rather, is equal to their respective platinum 
contents. All coins consist of 0.9995 pure platinum. 
On the coin's obverse is Queen Elizabeth II, along with these texts: "ISLE OF MAN" and 
"ELIZABETH II". On the reverse are a Viking ship, the denomination, platinum content, and 
the words "Platinum fine". 
Palladium: Least Dense Of The Platinum Group Metals 
Palladium is a rare precious metal characterized by its lustrous silvery-white appearance. It 
was discovered by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston in London, England in 1803, 
along with his discovery (together with Smithson Tennant, another English chemist) of the 
other metals in the platinum group. The name "palladium" was coined by Wollaston from the 
asteroid named "Pallas". 
Of the different precious metals in the platinum group (which includes iridium, platinum, 
osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium), palladium is known to be the least dense. It likewise has 
the lowest melting point. 
Palladium is utilized in many applications because of its unique properties, some of which are 
provided below. 
26
General: 
• Chemical Symbol: Pd 
• Atomic Number: 46 
• Category (as an element): Transition Metal 
• Group/ Period/ Block (in the Periodic Table): 10/ 5/ d 
• Atomic Weight: 106.42 g.mol-1 
• Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 
Physical: 
• Density (near room temperature): 12.023 g.cm-3 
• Liquid Density (at melting point): 10.38 g.cm-3 
• Melting Point: 1554.9°C, 2830.82°F, 1828.05°K 
• Boiling Point: 2963°C, 5365°F, 3236°K 
• Heat of Fusion: 16.74 kJ.mol-1 
• Heat of Vaporization: 362 kJ.mol-1 
Atomic: 
• Oxidation States: 0, +1, +2, +4, +6 
• Electronegativity: 2.2 (Pauling scale) 
• Atomic Radius: 137 picometre 
• Covalent Radius: 139±6 picometre 
• Van der Waals Radius: 163 picometre 
• Ionization Energies: 804.4 kJ.mol-1 (first), 1870 kJ.mol-1 (second), 3177 kJ.mol-1 (third) 
27
Palladium is used in the following: 
1. Catalytic converters; 
2. Jewelry and watch making; 
3. Dentistry and surgical instruments; 
4. Aircraft spark plugs; 
5. Electrical contacts; 
6. Connector platings; 
7. Manuscript illumination. 
Since the late 1930s, palladium has been utilized as a precious metal in jewelry. Because of 
its naturally white properties, palladium has been used as an alternative to white gold. Along 
with silver and nickel, palladium is popularly used in making white gold alloys. 
According to the British Geological Survey (BGS), the top four palladium-producing countries 
in the world are Russia, South Africa, Canada, and the United States (in this order). Russia 
produces at least half of the total amount of palladium produced in the world. 
Commercially, palladium is produced from copper-nickel deposits in Siberia, South Africa, and 
in Ontario in Canada. The precious metal is also found - alloyed with the other metals in the 
platinum group as well as with gold - in Ethiopia, Australia, North and South America, and in 
the Ural Mountains in Russia. 
The Norilsk Nickel Mining and Metallurgical Company in northern Russia is the largest single 
producer of palladium in the world. Significant amounts of mineable palladium are also found 
in two other places: the Lac des Îles igneous complex in northwestern Ontario, Canada and 
the Stillwater igneous complex in the state of Montana in the United States. 
Such is the rarity and preciousness of palladium that many metric tons of ore have to be 
processed to obtain just a troy ounce of the precious metal. The ISO currency codes of 
palladium, as a commodity, are XPD and 964. Its price is approximately 150 U.S. dollars per 
troy ounce. 
Palladium And Platinum As Investment Commodities 
Palladium and platinum are two of nine metallic chemical elements considered "precious" for 
28
their rarity and high economic value. Like all the other precious metals, palladium and 
platinum have various industrial uses. But apart from these, both are also regarded as 
investment commodities. 
Palladium as an investment commodity: 
Palladium is valued at around US$415 per troy ounce. Actually, this is much lower than its 
price of more than one thousand U.S. dollars per troy ounce in early 2001, when the 
automobile industry placed a high demand for the precious metal for use as catalytic 
converters. 
As an investment commodity, palladium may be bought in forms of bullion coins or bars. 
Palladium bullion coins are internationally recognized forms of currency and have the ISO 
codes XPD and 964. The first known palladium coins to be issued were those of Sierra Leone 
in 1966. The following year, Tonga started issuing theirs. 
Other countries later began issuing their own palladium bullion coins, including Canada (with 
its Big & Little Bear Constellations and the very popular Palladium Maple Leaf), Australia, 
France, China, Portugal, and the former Soviet Union. The latter, in fact, is known to have 
minted the most number of palladium coins in the world. 
Because of low circulation of palladium coins, palladium as an investment commodity is not 
as good as either silver or gold. Another reason for this is the relatively wider spread between 
the metal's buying and selling prices. 
Palladium is traded on the London Stock Exchange as an exchange-traded fund (ETF), under 
the ticker symbol LSE: PHPD. 
Platinum as an investment commodity: 
As of January 2010, platinum is valued at around us$1,555 per troy ounce (a couple years 
earlier, its price is about 48% higher than this - considered its peak price). Compared with 
silver or gold, platinum tends to trade at a higher per-unit price because it is scarcer and has 
lower mine output. The average mine production of platinum is 5 million troy ounces per year. 
This is lower by about 77 million troy ounces when compared with the annual mine production 
of gold, and even much lower - by about 547 million troy ounces - when compared with the 
yearly silver mine production. 
Platinum is traded on the London Stock Exchange (as ETF, under the ticker symbol LSE: 
PHPT) and on the New York Mercantile Exchange. One way of investing in platinum is 
through platinum ingots. Platinum ingots are first assayed and hallmarked before being sold 
on commodity markets. 
Another way of investing in platinum is through platinum coins. Platinum coins are 
internationally recognized forms of currency and have the ISO code XPT. However, there are 
29
only a few varieties of platinum coins minted, largely because of the cost of platinum and of 
the difficulty in working with it. 
Bullion coins minted from platinum include the Manx Noble (minted from 1983 to 1989), the 
Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf (1988 to 1999), the Australian Platinum Koala (1988 to the 
present), the Mexican Libertad (1989 only), and the American Platinum Eagle (1997 to the 
present). The Chinese Platinum Panda were minted in three periods: from 1988 to 1990, 
1993 to 1997, and lastly from 2002 to 2005. 
Platinum accounts are offered by most banks in Switzerland. Here, platinum is treated like 
any other foreign currency; that is, it can be bought or sold instantly. However, bank clients 
are not entitled to ownership of the physical metal. Instead, they have a claim against their 
banks for a specified quantity of the metal. 
30
Which Should I Choose For My Investment? 
There’s an age old debate about buying gold versus buying silver. Of course, both have their 
benefits. The obvious difference is price. If you were to buy one or the other and store it 
yourself, buying the same dollar amount in silver would require much more storage space 
since you can buy approximately 63 times the cash equivalent in silver as you can in gold. 
That means you need about 63 times the storage space for silver. 
When you are investing in a precious metals IRA, the gold or silver is stored by the company. 
This means you’d want to ensure the company you choose has top notch security, a heck of 
an insurance policy, and… especially if you are going for a silver IRA, you would benefit much 
more from a low flat storage fee rather than a sliding scale fee. These are all reasons why the 
top choice was obvious. 
Growth Of A Gold IRA (2001 - 2013) 
Growth Of A Silver IRA (2001 – 2013) 
31
⋆ The Secrets To Investing In Gold ⋆ 
Countries and governments are buying gold. On top of this, the world's top wealth holders are 
also investing in gold. 
⋆What Is The Insider Secret? 
Gold has been a successful unit of currency for over 6,000 years. Since then, its purchasing 
power has maintained the about the same. For example, if you bought a horse now, it would 
cost the same as it would have 6,000 years ago... that is... if you had bought it with gold. 
Gold and silver are limited resources. Not only are they precious metals to which people are 
drawn for their use in jewelry and other expressions of opulence, they are heavily used and 
often required in industrial processes and the production of goods. For example, did you know 
that the catalytic converter in your car necessitates platinum in order to filter out pollutants 
from your car's exhaust in order for it to pass EPA required emissions tests and be allowed to 
drive on the road? Nothing else works as well. 
The circuitry in your mobile phone, as well as in the multi-billion-dollar communication 
satellites that orbit Earth, need gold and silver because of their low electrical resistance (or 
high electrical conductivity). 
32
Resources like gold and silver (unlike diamonds and oil) are not produced by the Earth. Yes, 
they are mined here, but the Earth does not create them. 
They are either made by a rare kind of dying star and blasted across the galaxy in an intense 
process called supernova nucleosynthesis or through the collision of neutron stars. Not every 
supernova produces gold. 
Generally, when a star starts producing heavier metals, it begins to die very quickly and dies 
when it begins to make iron (never reaching gold production as it is an element much heavier 
and further down the Periodic Table of Elements than iron). 
The collision of two neutron stars is even more rare! It is extremely rare for new gold to be 
created even in our entire universe, so don't expect any raining down from the sky anytime 
soon. 
This means precious metals truly are precious because we cannot just make more (unlike 
diamonds again), and we cannot rely on the Earth to produce more over time. We will run out 
eventually. 
We will run out of petroleum eventually because of the increasing rate of our consumption, 
but at least the Earth does produce more of it. 
We just consume it to fast. On the contrary, the only way we can have more gold on Earth 
than it currently contains is if we receive it from an outside source. For example, if we are 
struck by a gold-rich asteroid. 
This is not impossible, but ask yourself, when do you see that happening? 
This powerful yet simple piece of knowledge is what drives billionaires as well as 
average investors add gold to their long-term portfolio and are taking advantage of the 
IRS-approved gold IRA rollover in order to: 
• Continue the tax benefits they receive from traditional retirement accounts (Roth IRA, 
401(k), 403(b), etc) 
• Be able to make annual contributions just like traditional retirement accounts 
• Move away from the instability of the fickle stock market and other financial markets 
(mutual funds, bonds, etc) 
• Become independent of the dying US dollar and hedge against inevitable inflation 
• Avoid the calamity of hyperinflation 
• Leave a tangible legacy that will maintain its worth (as it has for over 6,000 years) 
• Benefit from secure and insured risk-free storage 
• Be able to liquidate their assets into paper currency sell any or all gold back at anytime 
at spot price with the “buyback at spot price guarantee” 
• Avoid spending money that is needed on a day to day basis on precious metals 
33
• Leverage the continued growth of gold as there no longer is a Gold Standard backing 
our dollar (gold was less than $100 per ounce in 1971 – the year the Gold Standard 
was abandoned) 
• Buy at the lowest price for the period 
CLICK HERE TO GET STARTED 
(we use this company because of their sterling reputation and award-winning customer service) 
34
The Power Of The Gold IRA Rollover 
Before we explain how you can make it work for you, let’s talk about why it works. 
If you would have invested $33,000 in 2001, the table below depicts how much the account 
would have grown in only 13 years (including all fees if having used this company): 
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 Growth Factor 
$33,000.00 $35,211.00 $71,443.12 $159,3779.29 $175,155.64 530.77% 
What Is A Gold IRA? 
First let’s clarify what a traditional IRA entails. IRA stands for 
Individual Retirement Account and is not typically associated with 
an employer (apart from an SEP) as opposed to other forms of 
retirement accounts. Other forms of retirement accounts commonly 
also receive contributions from the employer or are designed for 
the self-employed. 
35
An IRA generally requires investing in funds such as: 
• Stocks 
• Bonds 
• Mutual funds 
• And other financial markets 
However, the US government now allows retirement accounts to be held in physical assets 
such as precious metals (as opposed to the fickle financial markets). 
Why Choose Gold For Your IRA? 
Did you know that you can buy approximately the same amount of basic necessities with one 
ounce of gold today as the ancient Egyptians could 6000 years ago? 
• April 5th, 1933 – In Executive Order 6102, President Franklin D. Roosevelt buys all (but a 
small amount) of gold bullion and gold coins and pays $20.67 per Troy Ounce (worth over 
$372.75 today = 1803.34% inflation of the US dollar). FDR forbids hoarding of gold with 
penalties of fines up to $10,000 and/or 10 years in imprisonment. Why? 
• August 15th, 1971 – President Nixon moves away from the gold standard and the US 
dollar is no longer backed by physical assets. Again… why? 
Okay… you’re not here for rhetoric and… Honestly we’re not here to sell you on the idea of 
investing in precious metals or how to optimize your retirement portfolio. 
Chances are you’ve already made the gradual but educated decision to invest in hard assets. 
So one question remains, how can you leverage such a significant change into the best 
possible outcome for your future and the security of your family? 
36
With the continuous devaluation of the dollar, more and more people are making the smart 
decision to secure a major portion of their assets in something that has made the world go 
’round for over 6000 years. 
However, a smart decision can still have a detrimental outcome without the proper 
knowledge. That is why it is recommended you get your free gold IRA investors kit. 
CLICK HERE TO GET YOUR FREE GOLD IRA INVESTORS KIT 
37
How It Works 
The following are the steps in order of the average process to the best of our 
recommendation. Please note that individual processes may vary based on specific 
circumstances (for example, sometimes a custodian will reject a transfer request because of 
very minute and simple inaccuracies in provided documentation or filling out the application 
which causes delays and redundancies on the applicant’s behalf). Providing accurate and 
complete information promptly from the start will help expedite the rollover process. 
The first few steps that require major decisions on your behalf should not be taken lightly. 
1. Research and understand the differences between investing in gold vs silver for retirement 
as different storage fees may apply 
2. Decide which or how much of your retirement account(s) you want to rollover 
3. Know the pros and cons of investing in bullion vs numismatic (collectible) coins as the IRS 
has strict laws about what is specifically allowed in a retirement account 
4. Review and choose a reputable company to handle your rollover 
5. Request their free investing kit to learn about their investment options (there is usually a 
$10K minimum investment requirement for gold or silver IRAs but can be waived) 
6. Speak to a representative by phone. Ask for a signed copy of their Terms and Conditions 
and fees disclosure 
7. For a quick and hassle-free process, choose the option for e-Signing and virtual paperwork 
8. Have the representative help you fill out the application for a self-directed IRA and partner 
up with a trustworthy custodian 
9. When choosing a silver or gold IRA custodian, be sure they: are FDIC ensured, are 
licensed, meet IRS requirements, are experienced with precious metals, disclose any and all 
fees. Experienced investors may chose a custodian directly, but in most cases a reputable 
company will take care of this and present your situation to the best and most trusted 
custodians that deal with precious metals 
10. Again, be sure you are choosing assets that are legal in a retirement account (numerous 
gold/silver coins are not allowed by the IRS) 
11. Be sure the transfer or rollover of your selected retirement funds will be tax-free and not 
subject to penalties 
12. Have the representative review and submit the application to the chosen custodian 
(ensure all details are accurate: account numbers, contact info, etc) 
13. Custodian will reject or accept the transfer (rollover) request. If necessary, make 
requested corrections and re-submit 
38
14. Once the gold IRA custodian has accepted the rollover application, the gold IRA custodian 
will initiate the transfer of funds and purchase the chosen precious metals on your behalf 
using the retirement account funds you have provided (through a wire transfer) 
15. When the funds have been received, you will receive the invoice and the precious metals 
will be shipped 
16. Once the precious metals shipment is received, the precious metals will be securely 
stored and the rollover process is complete 
17. You and the custodian will receive receipts for the IRA purchase 
18. If using our recommended company, you will be able to sell back any or all of your 
precious metals when you desire with the “buyback at spot price guarantee” 
Have A Gold IRA Account Professional Set It Up For You (US Only) 
Risk-Free With Zero Obligation 
Call Toll-Free Now (US Only): 1-866-906-3023 
Or 
CLICK HERE TO CHAT LIVE 
39
UK Investors 
If you live in the UK, get your free investors kit here: 
40
Conclusion 
The vast majority of precious metals investment experts and billionaires, such as Peter Schiff, Seth 
Klarman, George Soros, John Paulson, David Einhorn, Jim Rogers, and many many others all predict 
the price of gold per ounce to hit extreme record highs of $5,000 per ounce within the next few years. 
The price of gold only continues to rise as the value of the dollar continues to fall. When is the right 
time to invest in a gold IRA? 
The answer is: years and years ago... obviously. However, speaking realistically, it was not yet 
available back then. 
The gold IRA has recently become an option for investors that is fully approved by the IRS and has 
many tax benefits. 
Therefore, the time to invest in a gold IRA is of course... RIGHT NOW! 
YES! I WANT TO INVEST IN THE GROWTH & SECURITY OF A GOLD IRA! 
41

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Precious metals investing cheat sheet for maximum roi & minimum risk - Gold IRA Investing Explained

  • 1.
  • 2. “Resources like gold and silver (unlike diamonds and oil) are not produced by the Earth. Yes, they are mined here, but the Earth does not create them. ” - Continue reading to find out more!
  • 3. Disclaimer This book is intended for entertainment and reference purposes only. It should not be used for legal, taxation, medical, or financial advice. The author of this book is not responsible for any risks taken or losses/damages incurred by the recipients of this book. Investors and/or consumers should seek advice from a certified financial professional before making any investments. We are not responsible for any scams or fraudulent practices by third-party organizations mentioned, as well as not mentioned, in this book. This book may be distributed as-is. This book may not be modified.
  • 4. What's Covered In This Exclusive Book • An introduction to all precious metals • The top 4 traded metals: gold, silver, platinum, and palladium • Coins (rounds) and bullion (bars) • Gold and silver as investments • The gold standard and why the price of gold continues to rise since 1971 • The different investment options for precious metals • Choosing gold or silver as a long-term investment • Why billionaires are investing in gold • Recommended method for investing in gold and/or silver (for maximum benefits and minimum risk) • UK precious metals investors notice
  • 5. Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................................1 Precious Metal Determinants.....................................................................................................................2 Rarity And High Economic Value.........................................................................................................2 Bullion: Mass Of Precious Metals.............................................................................................................5 Gold: Most Sought-After Precious Metal.............................................................................................7 Gold & Silver: Traditional Coinage Metals.............................................................................................13 Gold Standard: Definition And The Three Distinct Kinds..................................................................14 Silver: The Highest Thermal And Electrical Conductivity.................................................................15 Common Gold Investing Methods...........................................................................................................18 Top Recommended ⋆ Gold Investing Method ⋆ ......................................................................19 Silver As An Investment: Ways Of Investing In Silver.......................................................................19 ⋆ Top Recommended Silver Investing Method ⋆ ......................................................................21 Platinum & Palladium..............................................................................................................................22 The Four Platinum Bullion Coins: A Brief Description Of Each........................................................23 Palladium: Least Dense Of The Platinum Group Metals....................................................................25 Palladium And Platinum As Investment Commodities..................................................................27 Which Should I Choose For My Investment?..........................................................................................30 ⋆ The Secrets To Investing In Gold ⋆ ..................................................................................................31 What Is The Insider Secret?.............................................................................................................31 The Power Of The Gold IRA Rollover.................................................................................................34 What Is A Gold IRA?...................................................................................................................34 Why Choose Gold For Your IRA?..............................................................................................35 How It Works.....................................................................................................................................27 UK Investors......................................................................................................................................39 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................40
  • 6. Introduction As an investor, it helps to understand where the inherent value of precious metals comes from. This book starts out with the history and technicalities of precious metals. For those who just want to discover the best way to invest in precious metals (the secret), click here to go to page 33. 1
  • 7. Precious Metal Determinants Rarity And High Economic Value A metal is considered "precious" if it is rare and is of high economic value. Under these two factors, nine metallic chemical elements qualify as precious metals. These are, in no particular order: gold, palladium, silver, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, platinum, osmium, and rhenium. Safety Issues Concerning Precious Metals The metallic chemical elements collectively known as precious metals are called as such because of their extreme rarity and high economic value. Precious metals occur naturally or are by-products of the processing of other less rare metals. In order of increasing mass abundance (parts per billion), the precious metals are rhenium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, gold, platinum, palladium, and silver. These metals are not radioactive and are mostly used for industrial purposes and for jewelry. Still, precious metals have some safety issues attached to them: Rhenium: Since rhenium is used in very small amounts, its toxicity is virtually unknown. The hazardous property of rhenium halide, for example, may be attributed either to rhenium itself or to the other elements that make up the compound. Another rhenium compound - potassium perrhenate - is known to have a median lethal dose much like that of sodium chloride (commonly known as table salt). Rhodium: Although rhodium is inert (being a noble metal, as almost all the other precious metals are), it can be reactive, especially if used as compounds. In its basic form, however, rhodium is not known to cause any harm. Iridium: Iridium, when finely divided, can pose some hazards - it can ignite in air. Apart from this, accidental exposure to a radioisotope of iridium may cause poisoning by radiation, burns, and even death. Ruthenium: Three conditions may be associated with exposure to ruthenium: it can stain the skin; it may 2
  • 8. accumulate in bones; and it may increase the risk of cancer. Ruthenium tetroxide, a yellow, diamagnetic tetrahedral ruthenium compound, is highly toxic and volatile; it may explode if it comes into contact with combustible materials. Osmium: Osmium, like iridium, can ignite spontaneously in air when in finely divided form. The compound osmium tetroxide, in particular, is highly volatile and is extremely toxic if accidentally inhaled, ingested, or comes into contact with the skin. Gold: In its elemental form, gold does not cause irritation and is not toxic even when ingested. In fact, it is used as a component in some alcoholic drinks and as a food additive. However, ionic chemical compounds of gold (example, gold chloride) can be extremely harmful to the kidneys and liver. Platinum: Findings by the U.S. federal agency CDC reveal that exposure to platinum salts, on the short term, may cause nose, throat, and eye irritation. Long-term exposure to these compounds, on the other hand, may cause skin and respiratory allergies. Palladium: Palladium in bulk metallic form is completely inert. The same can't be said though of the metal in finely divided form, which can readily ignite in air. Silver: Silver compounds (example, colloidal silver), when absorbed into the body, may cause argyria, a condition characterized by the bluish-gray pigmentation of the skin, mucous tissues, and the eyes. While the condition is not really harmful to one's health, it is often permanent. Otherwise, silver per se is not at all toxic. It certainly is important to know that each of the precious metals has possible health hazards so that first-time handlers can take the necessary precautions. We will mainly be discussing the four most commonly traded precious metals, which are: gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. So that while the chemical element tellurium is considered one of the rarest element in the Earth's crust (its mass abundance being the same as that of rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium), its estimated price is only less than 5 U.S. dollars per troy ounce, and, therefore, cannot be considered a precious metal. The same can be said of bismuth, which has a mass abundance half less than that of palladium, but with a price of only a little more than a tenth of tellurium's price. 3
  • 9. In terms of mass abundance, expressed in parts per billion (ppb), here's how the nine precious metals are ranked (rare to rarest): 9th: silver (75 ppb); 8th: palladium (15 ppb); 7th: gold (4 ppb); 6th: osmium (1.5 ppb); 5th to 3rd: iridium, rhodium, and ruthenium (1 ppb); 2nd: rhenium (0.7 ppb); and 1st: platinum (0.003 ppb). 4
  • 10. Bullion: Mass Of Precious Metals Bullion is a mass of any one of the known precious metals. By strict definition, precious metals are those metallic elements that are rare. Bullion is commonly made of either gold or silver. Its value is determined by the worth of the metal rather than by its face value as money. To put it another way, bullion is valued based on the mass and purity of the metal used, instead of its artificial currency value. New sources of ore have been discovered and there also have been improvements in the mining and refining processes. These two factors may cause the values of gold, silver, and the other precious metals to diminish. Also, the "precious" qualification of a metal is determined by the market value or high demand. Bullion is traded on commodity markets in two forms: bulk ingots or coins, the latter minted by the government of a country. At least ten countries are known to mint gold and silver bullion coins. These are Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. While bullion coins are issued as legal tender, with nominal values assigned to them on minting, such face values are far below the commodity value of the metals themselves. Here's an example: Most of the gold coins issued by national governments, particularly those with currency values of between 10 and 100 U.S. dollars, usually contain no less than 31 grams of gold. On the average (considering the consistent rise in the exchange rate of gold), the value of gold is around USD12 per gram. Here, it is clear that the currency value assigned by the government to a gold bullion coin has no meaning. Below is a list of some of the government-issued gold and silver bullion coins: 1. Australian Gold Nugget, Lunar Series I, and Lunar Series II 2. Austrian Philharmoniker 3. Canadian Maple Leaf 4. Chinese Gold Panda 5. Mexican Centenario, Libertad, and Onza 6. Polish Orzel bielik 7. South African Krugerrand 8. Swiss Vreneli 5
  • 11. 9. British Britannia and Sovereign 10. American Buffalo, American Eagle, and Double Eagle The 10,000-dollar Australian Gold Nugget is one of the world's largest bullion coins. Minted by the Australian government, this bullion coin is made of 1 kilogram of 99.9% pure gold. Some other bullion coins larger than the Australian Gold Nugget have come out. However, these are not produced in mass quantities and are not practical to handle. Two examples are given here: One is the 100,000-euro Vienna Philharmonic, minted in 2004, which contains 31 kilograms of gold; the other is the 1 million-dollar Canadian Maple Leaf, minted in 2007, which contains 100 kilograms of gold. Three factors - metal, purity, and weight - affect the value of bullion. The overall value of bullion is determined by the metal used. We know, of course, that platinum is worth more than gold, which, in turn, is worth more than silver. It is easy to understand, therefore, that silver bullion coins have become popular with collectors because of their relative affordability. Krugerrand: Most Well-Known Precious Metal Coin There are thirty-three known bullion coins in the world. Of these, 5 are made of platinum, 1 of palladium, 9 of silver, and 18 of gold. And of all these precious metal coins, the South African gold bullion coin Krugerrand is perhaps the most popular. In 1967, the South African Mint Company introduced the Krugerrand, with the intention of circulating it as currency. Its status as a legal tender was seen as the best way for marketing South African gold around the world. In fact, thirteen years after its introduction, this precious metal coin accounted for about ninety percent of the gold coin market. The Krugerrand comes in four varieties: 1. One-tenth ounce coin (0.11 troy ounce in weight, 1.35 millimeters thick, and 16.55 millimeters in diameter). 2. Quarter ounce coin (0.27 troy ounce in weight, 1.89 millimeters thick, and 22.06 millimeters in diameter). 3. Half ounce coin (0.55 troy ounce in weight, 2.22 millimeters thick, and 27.07 millimeters in diameter). 4. One ounce coin (1.09 troy ounces in weight, 2.84 millimeters thick, and 32.77 millimeters in diameter). Each of these four coin varieties is 22K, containing 91.67% pure gold and 8.33% copper. This composition was meant to make the coins more durable and harder and thus resist dents and scratches, as, again, they were originally intended for circulation. On the obverse of the Krugerrand is the face of Stephanus Jonannes Paulus Kruger, fifth 6
  • 12. president of the South African Republic (note the surname Kruger and the South African currency Rand were combined to give this precious metal coin its name). Also here are the Afrikaans and English versions of the name "South Africa", both inscribed in capital letters. On the reverse of the coin is an image of the springbok, an antelope specie which is a South African national symbol. Atop the image is an inscription of the name of the coin, in capital letters, while below it is the coin's gold content, inscribed in Afrikaans and English. Special samples of the coin (proof Krugerrand) are minted and offered as collector's items. These proof Krugerrands are priced above the bullion Krugerrands. The two coin versions can be distinguished from one another by the number of serrations they have - the proof version has 220, while the bullion has 40 less than the former's. Other nations, such as Canada, Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom, started producing their own precious metal coins one after the other beginning in 1979. The decisions of these gold-producing countries to mint their own bullion coins were most likely inspired by the success of the Krugerrand in its role as a vehicle for promoting the South African gold to the international market. As of 2008, about 1.3 million kilograms of South African gold, contained in Krugerrand coins, have been sold. Unlike the bullion coin series of other countries, which come in gold and silver, the Krugerrand comes only in gold. Coins made of silver that are passed off as "Krugerrands" are neither produced by the South African Mint Company nor sanctioned by the government of South Africa. Gold: Most Sought-After Precious Metal Of all the different precious metals we can think of, gold is certainly the one most greatly desired. Since the beginning of recorded history, gold has been in use in many different works of art, 7
  • 13. coinage, and, of course, jewelry. Occurring as grains in rocks and in alluvial deposits, gold is shiny, soft, and dense. It is known to be the most ductile and malleable pure metal. Gold nuggets are naturally occurring large masses of native gold found in alluvial deposits. Often they are concentrated by watercourses and recovered by placer mining. In other instances, gold nuggets are found in piles of residue in sites where mining operations once took place. Two gold nuggets are noted for being the largest masses of gold ever discovered. These are the "Welcome Stranger" and the "Hand of Faith". Their respective "largest" titles, however, carry further qualifications. The Welcome Stranger Gold Nugget: The exact distinction given of this gold nugget is: "the largest alluvial gold nugget ever found". It was discovered on February 5, 1869 at Moliagul, a small township in Victoria, Australia about 37 miles west of the city of Bendigo. The discoverers, John Deason and Richard Oates, found the nugget just a couple inches below the surface on a slope in a place that's sometimes called Black Reef. Records have the following details about the Welcome Stranger: • Gross weight: 3,523.5 troy ounces (241.61 pounds) • Trimmed weight: 2,520 troy ounces (172.8 pounds) • Net weight: 2,315.5 troy ounces (158.78 pounds) • Measurement: 2 feet (0.61 meter) x 1.02 feet (0.31 meter) For their find, Deason and Oates were paid about £19,068 by the London Chartered Bank (located in the town of Dunolly in Victoria), where they took the nugget. The Welcome Stranger no longer exists today, although the gold from it understandably still does. Also, there exist two replicas of the nugget. One is in possession of the descendants of John Deason, while the other is in the City Museum in Treasury Place, in Melbourne. The Hand of Faith Gold Nugget: This gold nugget actually carries two distinctions: "the largest gold nugget found by a metal detector" and "the largest gold nugget currently in existence". It was discovered on September 26, 1980 somewhere near the small town of Kingower in Victoria, Australia. The nugget's discoverer, Kevin Hillier, was aided by a metal detector in this precious find. Hillier found the nugget in a vertical position just a foot below the surface. 8
  • 14. The Hand of Faith weighs 874.82 troy ounces (60 pounds) and measures 1.54 feet (0.47 meter) x 0.66 feet (0.20 meter) x 0.30 feet (0.09 meter). The Golden Nugget Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada currently houses the nugget. Its sale price was reportedly around 1 million U.S. dollars. Gold nuggets actually are not composed of pure 24K gold. A safer estimate would be that they're somewhere between 20K and 23K. Those found in Australia often have higher purity than the ones found in Alaska. The color of a nugget often provides a clue as to the purity of its gold content. Nuggets that have very rich deep orange/yellow color are sure to have higher gold content than pale ones. Also, there is a system called "millesimal fineness" which is used to denote the purity of gold alloy (also of silver and platinum alloys) by parts per thousand of pure metal by mass in the alloy. A nugget containing 91.6% gold, for example, is denoted as "916 fine". This fineness is equivalent to 22K. What makes pure gold especially attractive is its bright yellow color and luster. These characteristics are maintained as gold is chemically unaffected by air or moisture. Here are some of the properties of gold: General: • Chemical Symbol: Au • Atomic Number: 79 • Category (as an element): Transition Metal • Group/ Period/ Block (in the Periodic Table): 11/ 6/ d • Atomic Weight: 196.966569(4) g.mol-1 • Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 Physical: • Density (near room temperature): 19.30 g.cm-3 • Liquid Density (at melting point): 17.31 g.cm-3 • Melting Point: 1064.18°C, 1947.52°F, 1337.33°K • Boiling Point: 2856°C, 5173°F, 3129°K • Heat of Fusion: 12.55 kJ.mol-1 9
  • 15. • Heat of Vaporization: 324 kJ.mol-1 Atomic: • Oxidation States: -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 • Electronegativity: 2.54 (Pauling scale) • Atomic Radius: 144 picometre • Covalent Radius: 136±6 picometre • Van der Waals Radius: 166 picometre • Ionization Energies: 890.1 kJ.mol-1 (first), 1980 kJ.mol-1 (second) The term "gold" was derived from "geolu", an Old English Anglo-Saxon word which means "yellow". Its symbol "Au", on the other hand, originated from "aurum", the Latin word for "gold". The exact period when gold was first discovered could be a subject of dispute. While some accounts point to the year 1848 when gold was discovered in California, history tells us that this precious metal was already being used extensively by the ancient Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, Chinese, and South Americans. Throughout history, gold has served as a measure of value and a symbol of wealth. It is one of the coinage metals (along with silver and copper). It is used, customarily and legally, as a means of payment or a medium of exchange. Gram and troy weight are the units of measurement used for gold. To indicate the amount of gold present in, say, a piece of jewelry, the term "carat" is used. A necklace, for instance, that is 24 carats means that it is made of pure gold. While gold's price is determined through trading in the derivatives and gold markets, its daily benchmark price is provided in a procedure called the London Gold Fix. In this procedure, the price of the precious metal is determined each business day on the London market. The fixing is done twice - once in the morning and another in the afternoon. The latter actually was introduced about 49 years after the procedure itself was introduced, as a means of providing a price when US markets are open. This gold-price fixing procedure is done by the five members of the London Gold Market Fixing Ltd., namely The Bank of Nova Scotia, Barclays Capital, Deutsche Bank AG London, HSBC, and Societe Generale Corporate & Investment Banking. Gold nuggets are naturally occurring large masses of native gold found in alluvial deposits. Often they are concentrated by watercourses and recovered by placer mining. In other instances, gold nuggets are found in piles of residue in sites where mining operations once took place. Two gold nuggets are noted for being the largest masses of gold ever discovered. These are 10
  • 16. the "Welcome Stranger" and the "Hand of Faith". Their respective "largest" titles, however, carry further qualifications. The Welcome Stranger Gold Nugget: The exact distinction given of this gold nugget is: "the largest alluvial gold nugget ever found". It was discovered on February 5, 1869 at Moliagul, a small township in Victoria, Australia about 37 miles west of the city of Bendigo. The discoverers, John Deason and Richard Oates, found the nugget just a couple inches below the surface on a slope in a place that's sometimes called Black Reef. Records have the following details about the Welcome Stranger: • Gross weight: 3,523.5 troy ounces (241.61 pounds) • Trimmed weight: 2,520 troy ounces (172.8 pounds) • Net weight: 2,315.5 troy ounces (158.78 pounds) • Measurement: 2 feet (0.61 meter) x 1.02 feet (0.31 meter) For their find, Deason and Oates were paid about £19,068 by the London Chartered Bank (located in the town of Dunolly in Victoria), where they took the nugget. The Welcome Stranger no longer exists today, although the gold from it understandably still does. Also, there exist two replicas of the nugget. One is in possession of the descendants of John Deason, while the other is in the City Museum in Treasury Place, in Melbourne. The Hand of Faith Gold Nugget: This gold nugget actually carries two distinctions: "the largest gold nugget found by a metal detector" and "the largest gold nugget currently in existence". It was discovered on September 26, 1980 somewhere near the small town of Kingower in Victoria, Australia. The nugget's discoverer, Kevin Hillier, was aided by a metal detector in this precious find. Hillier found the nugget in a vertical position just a foot below the surface. The Hand of Faith weighs 874.82 troy ounces (60 pounds) and measures 1.54 feet (0.47 meter) x 0.66 feet (0.20 meter) x 0.30 feet (0.09 meter). The Golden Nugget Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada currently houses the nugget. Its sale price was reportedly around 1 million U.S. dollars. Gold nuggets actually are not composed of pure 24K gold. A safer estimate would be that they're somewhere between 20K and 23K. Those found in Australia often have higher purity than the ones found in Alaska. The color of a nugget often provides a clue as to the purity of its gold content. Nuggets that have very rich deep orange/yellow color are sure to have higher gold content than pale ones. 11
  • 17. Also, there is a system called "millesimal fineness" which is used to denote the purity of gold alloy (also of silver and platinum alloys) by parts per thousand of pure metal by mass in the alloy. A nugget containing 91.6% gold, for example, is denoted as "916 fine". This fineness is equivalent to 22K. 12
  • 18. Gold & Silver: Traditional Coinage Metals Four transition metals make up group 11 of the periodic table of elements. All, except one, are considered traditional coinage metals. Qualifying this further, only two of these three traditional coinage metals are considered precious metals. These are gold and silver. Gold and silver are rare and have high economic values. These things can't be said of copper, the other traditional coinage metal. Occurring in nature in metallic form, these two precious metals can be produced sans the use of extraction metallurgy. These other characteristics of gold and silver make them both well suited for coinage: • They are not radioactive. • They are more ductile or softer than most other elements. • They are less reactive compared with other elements. • They have excellent luster. • They have higher melting points compared with other metals. The high-ductility property of gold and silver means they can be easily damaged as coins for circulation. Coins intended for circulation must be highly resistant to corrosion and wear. For this reason, gold or silver must be alloyed with other metals (example, manganese) so that the resulting coins will come out harder, more wear-resistant, and not easily damaged or deformed. As numismatic items, gold and silver coins are made almost entirely of the precious metals, respectively. Current collectible gold coins (the 22-carat gold coins), for example, are made of 92% gold, with silver and copper comprising the rest. The coins in circulation in the United States prior to 1933 were made of 90% gold and 10% copper-silver combined. Canada's official gold bullion coin - The Canadian Gold Maple Leaf - is made of 99.999% gold; and so are these four other gold bullion coins: 1. British Britannia (with a face value of 100 pounds). 2. Chinese Gold Panda (with face values of 500, 200, 100, 50, and 25 Yuan). 3. Swiss Helvetia Head (with face values of 100, 20, and 10 Swiss francs). 4. Austrian Vienna Philharmonic (with face values of 100, 50, 25, and 10 euros). 13
  • 19. Silver coins, like the minted coins circulated in the United States and other countries prior to 1965, were made of 90% silver and 10% copper. The American Silver Eagle and the Mexican Silver Libertad bullion coins, introduced in 1986 and 1982 respectively, were made of 99.9% silver and 0.1% copper. Other notable silver bullion coins include the Australian Silver Kookaburra, Chinese Silver Panda, and the Russian George the Victorious. Minting coins, whether gold or silver, always entails the risk of having the value of the metal used in the coin greater than the coin's face value. This is especially true in coins of low denomination. Because of this, there exists the possibility of some smelters taking gold or silver coins and melting these down for the scrap value of the precious metals. A couple examples, in this regard, are worth mentioning here: US pennies have been made of copper-clad zinc since 1982, when they were before this time made of copper alloys; and British pennies were once made of 97% copper, but are now made of copper-plated steel. As additional information, gold and silver both have a currency code of ISO 4217. Gold Standard: Definition And The Three Distinct Kinds The gold standard is defined in many different reference materials as a monetary system in which the unit of currency used is a fixed quantity or weight of gold. Under this system, all forms of money, including notes and bank deposits, were freely converted into gold at the fixed price. There are three known kinds of gold standard that have been adopted since the early 1700s - the gold specie, gold exchange, and gold bullion standards. Following is the definition and a brief historical account of each. Gold Specie Standard: In this gold standard, the unit of currency is linked to the gold coins that are in circulation. More specifically, the monetary unit is associated with the unit of value of a specific gold coin in circulation along with that of any secondary coinage (coins made of metal that is valued less than gold). Recorded history points to the existence of a gold specie standard in medieval empires. For example, the Eastern Roman Empire made use of a gold coin called Byzant (from the original Greek term Bezant). The first known major area in the world to be on a gold specie standard in modern times is the British West Indies. That standard, however, was more of a commonly applied system rather than an officially established one. It was based on the Spanish gold coin called the doubloon. 14
  • 20. The United States adopted the gold specie standard "de jure" (by law) in 1873, using the American Gold Eagle as unit. Gold Exchange Standard: In this gold standard, only the circulation of coins minted from lesser valuable metals (such as silver) may be involved. The authorities, however, will have undertaken a fixed exchange rate with a country that's on the gold standard. Before the turn of the 20th century, countries that were still on silver standard started pegging their monetary units to the gold standard of either the United States or the United Kingdom. For example, Mexico, the Philippines, and Japan pegged their respective silver units to the U.S. dollar at fifty cents. Gold Bullion Standard: In this gold standard, gold bullion is sold on demand at a fixed price. It was introduced in 1925 by the British Parliament in an act which at the same time voided the gold specie standard. Six years later, the United Kingdom decided to temporarily stop the gold bullion standard because of the large amount of gold that flowed out across the Atlantic Ocean. The gold standard eventually ended that same year. One of the advantages of the gold standard is that it sort of restricts the government's power in inflating prices, which is possible through excessive issuance of paper currency. Also by providing a fixed pattern of exchange rates, the gold standard may effectively lessen uncertainty in international trade. As to its disadvantage, the gold standard may make monetary policy ineffective in stabilizing the economy in the event of a general slowdown in economic activity. This is likely, as many economists fear, since under the gold standard the supply of gold would be the exclusive determinant to the amount of money. 15
  • 21. Silver: The Highest Thermal And Electrical Conductivity Silver is generally described as a soft, white, lustrous metallic chemical element. It occurs naturally in its pure form, as an alloy with other metallic elements (especially gold), and in chlorargyrite and other minerals. As one of three coinage metals (the other two being copper and gold), silver is very malleable and ductile. Of the different metals, silver is known to have the highest thermal conductivity. Similarly of the different known elements, silver has the highest electrical conductivity. Provided below are some of the properties of this precious metal. General: • Chemical Symbol: Ag • Atomic Number: 47 • Category (as an element): Transition Metal • Group/ Period/ Block (in the Periodic Table): 11/ 5/ d • Atomic Weight: 107.8682 g.mol-1 • Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s1 Physical: • Density (near room temperature): 10.49 g.cm-3 • Liquid Density (at melting point): 9.320 g.cm-3 • Melting Point: 961.78°C, 1234.93°F, 2041.4°K • Boiling Point: 2162°C, 3924°F, 2435°K 16
  • 22. • Heat of Fusion: 11.28 kJ.mol-1 • Heat of Vaporization: 250.58 kJ.mol-1 Atomic: • Oxidation States: 1, 2, 3 • Electronegativity: 1.93 (Pauling scale) • Atomic Radius: 144 picometre • Covalent Radius: 145±5 picometre • Van der Waals Radius: 172 picometre • Ionization Energies: 731 kJ.mol-1 (first), 2070 kJ.mol-1 (second), 3361 kJ.mol-1 (third) Despite having higher electrical conductivity than copper, silver isn't as much used for electrical purposes as copper is. There are two reasons for this: first is that silver has a greater tendency to tarnish; and second is that silver is much more expensive. As a precious metal, silver has been much valued for ages with its so many applications, as in the following: 1. Jewelry (sterling silver is used in making fine jewelry and watches). 2. Silverware (sterling silver is also used in making utensils, tableware and ornaments). 3. Photography (silver nitrate and silver halides are used in making films). 4. Electrical and electronic products (silver paints are used in making printed circuits; silver electrical contacts are used in making computer keyboards). 5. Dentistry (silver-mercury alloy is used in making dental amalgams). 6. Optics and mirrors. 7. Various industrial and commercial uses (silver is ideal for use as a catalyst in chemical reactions). 8. Clothing (silver ions are mixed with the polymer to make yarns). 9. Medicine (silver compounds and silver ions have toxic effect on some viruses, fungi and bacteria, but not on humans). 17
  • 23. 10. Currency or coinage (as in silver bullion). The principal sources of silver are copper, lead, zinc and gold ores. It also occurs in the minerals chlorargyrite and argentite. Of course, silver occurs natively, too. Some of the top silver-producing countries in the world are the United States, Canada, Peru, and Mexico. Fine silver, which has no less than 99.9% silver, is available commercially. Because of competing store-of-value and industrial demands, the price of silver has fluctuated considerably over the last century. As of the beginning of 2010, the price of this precious metal is estimated at about 18 U.S. dollars per troy ounce (or 588 U.S. dollars per kilogram). 18
  • 24. Common Gold Investing Methods Four of the nine known precious metals are regarded as investment commodities. Of these four, gold is the most popular. Investing in gold is a way of protecting against crises that may be brought about by economic or political instability or by social unrest. There are at least seven ways of investing in gold: Buying gold coins: This is the most popular way of investing in gold. Gold bullion coins are typically priced based on their weight; a premium is added to the gold spot price. Gold coins may be bought or sold over the counter in most Swiss banks. However, only certain coins are allowed by the IRS in a gold IRA. They are listed here. Buying gold bars: This is the most traditional way of investing in gold. As in gold bullion coins, bullion gold bars can be bought or sold over the counter in most Swiss banks, as well as in major banks in Liechtenstein and Austria. There also are bullion dealers that provide this same kind of service. Gold bars however are becoming less and less an option among investors due to the difficulties (in the verification process, transportation, and storage) associated with them. Opening a gold account: Gold accounts are offered by most banks in Switzerland. Here, gold can be bought or sold in much the same way foreign currencies are dealt. A gold account is backed either through non-fungible (allocated) gold storage or pooled (unallocated) storage. Owning a gold certificate: A gold investor may opt to hold on to a gold certificate rather than store the physical gold bullion. The gold certificate allows the investor to buy and sell the security and do away with the many difficulties associated with the actual gold's transfer. Trading in Gold Exchange-Traded Funds (GETFs): Trading in GETFs is like trading shares in, say, the New York Stock Exchange or the London Stock Exchange. Gold Bullion Securities, the first GETF introduced (in 2003, on the Australian Stock Exchange), stood for 1/10 of an ounce of gold. GETFs are a good means of gaining exposure to the price of gold, minus the inconvenience of storage. Trading in GETFs involves payment of commission and storage fee (charged on an annual basis). The expenses incurred in relation to the handling of the fund are charged through the selling of a certain amount of the gold as represented by the certificate. Over time, the amount of gold in the 19
  • 25. certificate, as may be expected, decreases. Entering in a Contract For Difference (CFD): Some of the noted financial services firms, especially those in the United Kingdom, provide Contract for Difference (CFD). In this gold investment vehicle, two parties (a "buyer" and a "seller") enter into a contract, in which the seller agrees to pay the buyer the difference between the current value of gold and its value at contract time. In case the difference is negative, the seller receives payment instead from the buyer. A CFD, therefore, allows an investor to take advantage of long or short positions, enabling him/her to speculate on these markets. In a related scenario, an investor may buy gold early in a condition where there is increased investor confidence. The investor then sells the gold before a general decline in the stock market sets in. Obviously in this case, the investor's aim is to gain financially. ⋆ Top Recommended Gold Investing Method ⋆ Opening a Gold IRA (Retirement Account Rollover into Physical Gold): This is perhaps now the most common type of way people invest in gold because it allows them to invest large amounts with the same tax benefits of a traditional Roth IRA. The IRS now allows investors to allocate all or a portion of any or all of their eligible retirement accounts. Most gold/silver investors now choose this because it is simply the very best way to invest in precious metals as there are many benefits on top of the stability and growth potential. Click here to learn more. Silver As An Investment: Ways Of Investing In Silver Silver is like three other precious metals (gold, palladium, and platinum) in terms of being regarded as an investment commodity. In fact, this precious metal has been regarded as a form of currency and a store of value for over four centuries. There are different ways by which one may invest in silver. Seven are presented here: Buying silver coins: This is a popular way of taking hold of silver - physically. Perhaps the best example of a silver coin is the Canadian Silver Maple Leaf, which consists of 99.99% pure silver. Silver coins may either be "fine silver" or "junk silver". Junk silver coins are older coins with a lower percentage 20
  • 26. of silver. Examples of these are the dime, quarter, and fifty-cent U.S. coins minted in 1964 or earlier. These coins contain 90% silver and are 8/10 troy ounce per 1 USD of face value. Buying silver bullion bars: This is the most traditional way of investing in silver. Silver bullion bars can be bought or sold over the counter in most banks in Switzerland. They may be stored in safe deposit boxes in banks or placed in non-fungible (allocated) or pooled (unallocated) storage with a silver dealer. Opening a silver account: An investor may open a silver account with one of the major banks in Switzerland. Here, silver can be bought or sold over the counter just like any foreign currency. However, the bank client does not own the actual silver metal. Instead, he/she has a claim against the bank for a specified quantity of the metal. A silver account is backed through either allocated or unallocated storage. Owning a silver certificate: In lieu of storing actual silver bullion, an investor may opt for ownership of a silver certificate. A silver certificate allows an investor to buy and sell the security sans the inconveniences associated with the physical silver's transfer. The Perth Mint Certificate Programme, which is fully guaranteed by the Government of Western Australia, is the only silver certificate program in the world that is guaranteed by a national government. Trading in Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs): An investor can have an easy way of gaining exposure to the price of silver through an ETF. Some of the well-known ETFs include iShares Silver Trust (with ticker symbol NYSE: SLV), Central Fund of Canada (with ticker symbols TSX: CEF.NV.A, NYSE: CEF), and ETFS Silver Trust (with ticker symbol NYSE: SIVR). Trading in ETFs means doing away with the inconveniences associated with the handling of physical silver bars. Entering in a Contract For Difference (CFD): Some of the noted financial services firms, especially those in the United Kingdom, provide Contract for Difference (CFD). In this silver investment vehicle, two parties (a "buyer" and a "seller") enter into a contract, in which the seller agrees to pay the buyer the difference between the current value of silver and its value at contract time. In case the difference is negative, the seller receives payment instead from the buyer. A CFD, therefore, allows an investor to take advantage of long or short positions, enabling him/her to speculate on these markets. It must be mentioned here though that silver has lost its forced tender status in the United States since the abandonment of the silver standard, when, on August 15, 1967, then U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that the U.S. would discontinue redeeming currency 21
  • 27. for silver (or any other precious metal). Top Recommended Silver ⋆ Investing Method ⋆ Opening a Gold IRA (Retirement Account Rollover into Physical Silver): This is perhaps now the most common type of way people invest in gold because it allows them to invest large amounts with the same tax benefits of a traditional Roth IRA. The IRS now allows investors to allocate all or a portion of any or all of their eligible retirement accounts. Most gold/silver investors now choose this because it is simply the very best way to invest in precious metals as there are many benefits on top of the stability and growth potential. Click here to learn more. 22
  • 28. Platinum & Palladium In the periodic table of the chemical elements, six metallic elements - all transition metals - are clustered together and lie in the d-block (the d-block in the periodic table refers to groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6). These six elements are collectively referred to as the platinum group metals. Of this group of metals, platinum is considered the most widely traded, as it is extensively used in the following: catalytic converters; dental alloys and other dentistry equipment; electrical conductors; resistive thermal devices, laboratory dishes and such other equipment capable of resisting chemical attack even in high temperature; and, of course, jewelry. As a transition element, platinum is gray-white in appearance. Often because of this, it is mistaken for silver. Its other physical characteristics include its being malleable, ductile, and dense. But while platinum is generally resistant to corrosion, it is corroded by certain elements, such as cyanides (potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide), caustic alkalis, sulfur, and any of the five halogens (astatine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine). The following lists some of the properties of platinum: General: * Chemical Symbol: Pt * Atomic Number: 78 * Category (as an element): Transition Metal * Group/ Period/ Block (in the Periodic Table): 10/ 6/ d * Atomic Weight: 195.084 g.mol-1 * Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 Physical: * Density (near room temperature): 21.45 g.cm-3 * Liquid Density (at melting point): 19.77 g.cm-3 * Melting Point: 1768.3°C, 3214.9°F, 2041.4°K * Boiling Point: 3825°C, 6917°F, 4098°K 23
  • 29. * Heat of Fusion: 22.17 kJ.mol-1 * Heat of Vaporization: 469 kJ.mol-1 Atomic: * Oxidation States: 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1, -2 * Electronegativity: 2.28 (Pauling scale) * Atomic Radius: 139 picometre * Covalent Radius: 136±5 picometre * Van der Waals Radius: 175 picometre * Ionization Energies: 870 kJ.mol-1 (first), 1791 kJ.mol-1 (second) Platinum is known to occur as only three thousandth parts-per notation (0.003 ppm) in the Earth's crust. This makes it an extremely rare metal. Compared to gold, platinum is more precious, although its price is considered more volatile. One of the reasons for this is that its demand is driven by industrial uses or applications. For example, its price tends to be double that of gold's when world economy is stable, but significantly goes down in times of economic uncertainty. Because it's wear-resistant and does not tarnish, platinum is highly valued by jewelers, especially watchmakers. In 2008, its price went up to as high as 2,252 U.S. dollars per troy ounce. Being rare and, therefore, very precious, platinum has been made synonymous to things that are considered "of the highest quality". We hear for instance of a platinum debit card holder enjoying a wide range of privileges; or of a platinum award being handed out to a music album that has sold over a million copies. Platinum's rarity and preciousness has been so pronounced in fact as early as the Eighteenth century, that then French King Louis XV even made a declaration making platinum "the only metal fit for a king". The Four Platinum Bullion Coins: A Brief Description Of Each Bullion coins are coins made from precious metals. Their market values are determined by their inherent precious metal contents. As such bullion coins are mainly kept as investments or stores of value. 24
  • 30. Most of the bullion coins available are made from silver or gold. A few also come in platinum though, including the American Platinum Eagle, the Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf, the Australian Platinum Koala, and the Manx Noble. Here's a quick rundown of each of these four platinum bullion coins: The American Platinum Eagle: The American Platinum Eagle bullion coins were first minted and released in 1997 by the United States Mint. They are offered in four varieties: 1. 1/10 ounce (oz.) coin - With a face value of USD10, 3.112 grams (g) in weight, 0.95 millimeters (mm) thick, and 16.5 mm in diameter. 2. 1/4 oz. coin - With a face value of USD25, 7.78 g in weight, 1.32 mm thick, and 22 mm in diameter. 3. 1/2 oz. coin - With a face value of USD50, 15.56 g in weight, 1.75 mm thick, and 27 mm in diameter. 4. 1 oz. coin - With a face value of USD100, 31.12 g in weight, 2.39 mm thick, and 32.7 mm in diameter. All coin varieties consist of 0.9995 fine platinum. One interesting feature of the American Platinum Eagle coin is that its reverse design changes every year. The Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf: The Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf bullion coins were issued from 1988 until 2002 by the Royal Canadian Mint (RCM). They were offered in four varieties: 1/10 oz. coin (with a face value (FV) of CD5), 1/4 oz. coin (FV: CD10), 1/2 oz. coin (FV: CD20), and 1 oz. coin (FV: CD50). Two additional varieties, 1/20 oz. coin (FV: CD1) and 1/15 oz. coin (FV: CD2), were issued by RCM, but only in 1994. In 2009, the 1 oz. coin was reintroduced. All coins, which have legal tender status in Canada, consist of 0.9995 pure platinum. The Australian Platinum Koala: The Australian Platinum Koala bullion coins were first released in 1988 by the Perth Mint, the oldest currently operating mint in Australia. The coin comes in 1 oz. variety, with a face value of AD100. As with most other bullion coins, this value is much lower than the coin's bullion value. On the coin's obverse is a koala, in sunken relief (i.e., lowered from the coin's plane); on the 25
  • 31. reverse is Queen Elizabeth II. The coin has legal tender status in Australia. The Manx Noble: The Manx Noble platinum bullion coins were minted from 1983 to 1989 by the Pobjoy Mint, the leading private mint in Europe. The coins were offered in five varieties: 1. 1/20 oz. coin - With 1.555 g platinum content, 1.556 g in weight, and 13.9 mm in diameter. 2. 1/10 ounce coin - With 3.11 g platinum content, 3.112 g in weight, and 16.5 mm in diameter. 3. 1/4 ounce coin - With 7.776 g platinum content, 7.78 g in weight, and 22 mm in diameter. 4. 1/2 ounce coin - With 15.552 g platinum content, 15.6 g in weight, and 27 mm in diameter. 5. 1 ounce coin - With 31.103 g platinum content, 31.119 g in weight, and 32.7 mm in diameter. The coins have no currency value. Their value, rather, is equal to their respective platinum contents. All coins consist of 0.9995 pure platinum. On the coin's obverse is Queen Elizabeth II, along with these texts: "ISLE OF MAN" and "ELIZABETH II". On the reverse are a Viking ship, the denomination, platinum content, and the words "Platinum fine". Palladium: Least Dense Of The Platinum Group Metals Palladium is a rare precious metal characterized by its lustrous silvery-white appearance. It was discovered by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston in London, England in 1803, along with his discovery (together with Smithson Tennant, another English chemist) of the other metals in the platinum group. The name "palladium" was coined by Wollaston from the asteroid named "Pallas". Of the different precious metals in the platinum group (which includes iridium, platinum, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium), palladium is known to be the least dense. It likewise has the lowest melting point. Palladium is utilized in many applications because of its unique properties, some of which are provided below. 26
  • 32. General: • Chemical Symbol: Pd • Atomic Number: 46 • Category (as an element): Transition Metal • Group/ Period/ Block (in the Periodic Table): 10/ 5/ d • Atomic Weight: 106.42 g.mol-1 • Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 Physical: • Density (near room temperature): 12.023 g.cm-3 • Liquid Density (at melting point): 10.38 g.cm-3 • Melting Point: 1554.9°C, 2830.82°F, 1828.05°K • Boiling Point: 2963°C, 5365°F, 3236°K • Heat of Fusion: 16.74 kJ.mol-1 • Heat of Vaporization: 362 kJ.mol-1 Atomic: • Oxidation States: 0, +1, +2, +4, +6 • Electronegativity: 2.2 (Pauling scale) • Atomic Radius: 137 picometre • Covalent Radius: 139±6 picometre • Van der Waals Radius: 163 picometre • Ionization Energies: 804.4 kJ.mol-1 (first), 1870 kJ.mol-1 (second), 3177 kJ.mol-1 (third) 27
  • 33. Palladium is used in the following: 1. Catalytic converters; 2. Jewelry and watch making; 3. Dentistry and surgical instruments; 4. Aircraft spark plugs; 5. Electrical contacts; 6. Connector platings; 7. Manuscript illumination. Since the late 1930s, palladium has been utilized as a precious metal in jewelry. Because of its naturally white properties, palladium has been used as an alternative to white gold. Along with silver and nickel, palladium is popularly used in making white gold alloys. According to the British Geological Survey (BGS), the top four palladium-producing countries in the world are Russia, South Africa, Canada, and the United States (in this order). Russia produces at least half of the total amount of palladium produced in the world. Commercially, palladium is produced from copper-nickel deposits in Siberia, South Africa, and in Ontario in Canada. The precious metal is also found - alloyed with the other metals in the platinum group as well as with gold - in Ethiopia, Australia, North and South America, and in the Ural Mountains in Russia. The Norilsk Nickel Mining and Metallurgical Company in northern Russia is the largest single producer of palladium in the world. Significant amounts of mineable palladium are also found in two other places: the Lac des Îles igneous complex in northwestern Ontario, Canada and the Stillwater igneous complex in the state of Montana in the United States. Such is the rarity and preciousness of palladium that many metric tons of ore have to be processed to obtain just a troy ounce of the precious metal. The ISO currency codes of palladium, as a commodity, are XPD and 964. Its price is approximately 150 U.S. dollars per troy ounce. Palladium And Platinum As Investment Commodities Palladium and platinum are two of nine metallic chemical elements considered "precious" for 28
  • 34. their rarity and high economic value. Like all the other precious metals, palladium and platinum have various industrial uses. But apart from these, both are also regarded as investment commodities. Palladium as an investment commodity: Palladium is valued at around US$415 per troy ounce. Actually, this is much lower than its price of more than one thousand U.S. dollars per troy ounce in early 2001, when the automobile industry placed a high demand for the precious metal for use as catalytic converters. As an investment commodity, palladium may be bought in forms of bullion coins or bars. Palladium bullion coins are internationally recognized forms of currency and have the ISO codes XPD and 964. The first known palladium coins to be issued were those of Sierra Leone in 1966. The following year, Tonga started issuing theirs. Other countries later began issuing their own palladium bullion coins, including Canada (with its Big & Little Bear Constellations and the very popular Palladium Maple Leaf), Australia, France, China, Portugal, and the former Soviet Union. The latter, in fact, is known to have minted the most number of palladium coins in the world. Because of low circulation of palladium coins, palladium as an investment commodity is not as good as either silver or gold. Another reason for this is the relatively wider spread between the metal's buying and selling prices. Palladium is traded on the London Stock Exchange as an exchange-traded fund (ETF), under the ticker symbol LSE: PHPD. Platinum as an investment commodity: As of January 2010, platinum is valued at around us$1,555 per troy ounce (a couple years earlier, its price is about 48% higher than this - considered its peak price). Compared with silver or gold, platinum tends to trade at a higher per-unit price because it is scarcer and has lower mine output. The average mine production of platinum is 5 million troy ounces per year. This is lower by about 77 million troy ounces when compared with the annual mine production of gold, and even much lower - by about 547 million troy ounces - when compared with the yearly silver mine production. Platinum is traded on the London Stock Exchange (as ETF, under the ticker symbol LSE: PHPT) and on the New York Mercantile Exchange. One way of investing in platinum is through platinum ingots. Platinum ingots are first assayed and hallmarked before being sold on commodity markets. Another way of investing in platinum is through platinum coins. Platinum coins are internationally recognized forms of currency and have the ISO code XPT. However, there are 29
  • 35. only a few varieties of platinum coins minted, largely because of the cost of platinum and of the difficulty in working with it. Bullion coins minted from platinum include the Manx Noble (minted from 1983 to 1989), the Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf (1988 to 1999), the Australian Platinum Koala (1988 to the present), the Mexican Libertad (1989 only), and the American Platinum Eagle (1997 to the present). The Chinese Platinum Panda were minted in three periods: from 1988 to 1990, 1993 to 1997, and lastly from 2002 to 2005. Platinum accounts are offered by most banks in Switzerland. Here, platinum is treated like any other foreign currency; that is, it can be bought or sold instantly. However, bank clients are not entitled to ownership of the physical metal. Instead, they have a claim against their banks for a specified quantity of the metal. 30
  • 36. Which Should I Choose For My Investment? There’s an age old debate about buying gold versus buying silver. Of course, both have their benefits. The obvious difference is price. If you were to buy one or the other and store it yourself, buying the same dollar amount in silver would require much more storage space since you can buy approximately 63 times the cash equivalent in silver as you can in gold. That means you need about 63 times the storage space for silver. When you are investing in a precious metals IRA, the gold or silver is stored by the company. This means you’d want to ensure the company you choose has top notch security, a heck of an insurance policy, and… especially if you are going for a silver IRA, you would benefit much more from a low flat storage fee rather than a sliding scale fee. These are all reasons why the top choice was obvious. Growth Of A Gold IRA (2001 - 2013) Growth Of A Silver IRA (2001 – 2013) 31
  • 37. ⋆ The Secrets To Investing In Gold ⋆ Countries and governments are buying gold. On top of this, the world's top wealth holders are also investing in gold. ⋆What Is The Insider Secret? Gold has been a successful unit of currency for over 6,000 years. Since then, its purchasing power has maintained the about the same. For example, if you bought a horse now, it would cost the same as it would have 6,000 years ago... that is... if you had bought it with gold. Gold and silver are limited resources. Not only are they precious metals to which people are drawn for their use in jewelry and other expressions of opulence, they are heavily used and often required in industrial processes and the production of goods. For example, did you know that the catalytic converter in your car necessitates platinum in order to filter out pollutants from your car's exhaust in order for it to pass EPA required emissions tests and be allowed to drive on the road? Nothing else works as well. The circuitry in your mobile phone, as well as in the multi-billion-dollar communication satellites that orbit Earth, need gold and silver because of their low electrical resistance (or high electrical conductivity). 32
  • 38. Resources like gold and silver (unlike diamonds and oil) are not produced by the Earth. Yes, they are mined here, but the Earth does not create them. They are either made by a rare kind of dying star and blasted across the galaxy in an intense process called supernova nucleosynthesis or through the collision of neutron stars. Not every supernova produces gold. Generally, when a star starts producing heavier metals, it begins to die very quickly and dies when it begins to make iron (never reaching gold production as it is an element much heavier and further down the Periodic Table of Elements than iron). The collision of two neutron stars is even more rare! It is extremely rare for new gold to be created even in our entire universe, so don't expect any raining down from the sky anytime soon. This means precious metals truly are precious because we cannot just make more (unlike diamonds again), and we cannot rely on the Earth to produce more over time. We will run out eventually. We will run out of petroleum eventually because of the increasing rate of our consumption, but at least the Earth does produce more of it. We just consume it to fast. On the contrary, the only way we can have more gold on Earth than it currently contains is if we receive it from an outside source. For example, if we are struck by a gold-rich asteroid. This is not impossible, but ask yourself, when do you see that happening? This powerful yet simple piece of knowledge is what drives billionaires as well as average investors add gold to their long-term portfolio and are taking advantage of the IRS-approved gold IRA rollover in order to: • Continue the tax benefits they receive from traditional retirement accounts (Roth IRA, 401(k), 403(b), etc) • Be able to make annual contributions just like traditional retirement accounts • Move away from the instability of the fickle stock market and other financial markets (mutual funds, bonds, etc) • Become independent of the dying US dollar and hedge against inevitable inflation • Avoid the calamity of hyperinflation • Leave a tangible legacy that will maintain its worth (as it has for over 6,000 years) • Benefit from secure and insured risk-free storage • Be able to liquidate their assets into paper currency sell any or all gold back at anytime at spot price with the “buyback at spot price guarantee” • Avoid spending money that is needed on a day to day basis on precious metals 33
  • 39. • Leverage the continued growth of gold as there no longer is a Gold Standard backing our dollar (gold was less than $100 per ounce in 1971 – the year the Gold Standard was abandoned) • Buy at the lowest price for the period CLICK HERE TO GET STARTED (we use this company because of their sterling reputation and award-winning customer service) 34
  • 40. The Power Of The Gold IRA Rollover Before we explain how you can make it work for you, let’s talk about why it works. If you would have invested $33,000 in 2001, the table below depicts how much the account would have grown in only 13 years (including all fees if having used this company): 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 Growth Factor $33,000.00 $35,211.00 $71,443.12 $159,3779.29 $175,155.64 530.77% What Is A Gold IRA? First let’s clarify what a traditional IRA entails. IRA stands for Individual Retirement Account and is not typically associated with an employer (apart from an SEP) as opposed to other forms of retirement accounts. Other forms of retirement accounts commonly also receive contributions from the employer or are designed for the self-employed. 35
  • 41. An IRA generally requires investing in funds such as: • Stocks • Bonds • Mutual funds • And other financial markets However, the US government now allows retirement accounts to be held in physical assets such as precious metals (as opposed to the fickle financial markets). Why Choose Gold For Your IRA? Did you know that you can buy approximately the same amount of basic necessities with one ounce of gold today as the ancient Egyptians could 6000 years ago? • April 5th, 1933 – In Executive Order 6102, President Franklin D. Roosevelt buys all (but a small amount) of gold bullion and gold coins and pays $20.67 per Troy Ounce (worth over $372.75 today = 1803.34% inflation of the US dollar). FDR forbids hoarding of gold with penalties of fines up to $10,000 and/or 10 years in imprisonment. Why? • August 15th, 1971 – President Nixon moves away from the gold standard and the US dollar is no longer backed by physical assets. Again… why? Okay… you’re not here for rhetoric and… Honestly we’re not here to sell you on the idea of investing in precious metals or how to optimize your retirement portfolio. Chances are you’ve already made the gradual but educated decision to invest in hard assets. So one question remains, how can you leverage such a significant change into the best possible outcome for your future and the security of your family? 36
  • 42. With the continuous devaluation of the dollar, more and more people are making the smart decision to secure a major portion of their assets in something that has made the world go ’round for over 6000 years. However, a smart decision can still have a detrimental outcome without the proper knowledge. That is why it is recommended you get your free gold IRA investors kit. CLICK HERE TO GET YOUR FREE GOLD IRA INVESTORS KIT 37
  • 43. How It Works The following are the steps in order of the average process to the best of our recommendation. Please note that individual processes may vary based on specific circumstances (for example, sometimes a custodian will reject a transfer request because of very minute and simple inaccuracies in provided documentation or filling out the application which causes delays and redundancies on the applicant’s behalf). Providing accurate and complete information promptly from the start will help expedite the rollover process. The first few steps that require major decisions on your behalf should not be taken lightly. 1. Research and understand the differences between investing in gold vs silver for retirement as different storage fees may apply 2. Decide which or how much of your retirement account(s) you want to rollover 3. Know the pros and cons of investing in bullion vs numismatic (collectible) coins as the IRS has strict laws about what is specifically allowed in a retirement account 4. Review and choose a reputable company to handle your rollover 5. Request their free investing kit to learn about their investment options (there is usually a $10K minimum investment requirement for gold or silver IRAs but can be waived) 6. Speak to a representative by phone. Ask for a signed copy of their Terms and Conditions and fees disclosure 7. For a quick and hassle-free process, choose the option for e-Signing and virtual paperwork 8. Have the representative help you fill out the application for a self-directed IRA and partner up with a trustworthy custodian 9. When choosing a silver or gold IRA custodian, be sure they: are FDIC ensured, are licensed, meet IRS requirements, are experienced with precious metals, disclose any and all fees. Experienced investors may chose a custodian directly, but in most cases a reputable company will take care of this and present your situation to the best and most trusted custodians that deal with precious metals 10. Again, be sure you are choosing assets that are legal in a retirement account (numerous gold/silver coins are not allowed by the IRS) 11. Be sure the transfer or rollover of your selected retirement funds will be tax-free and not subject to penalties 12. Have the representative review and submit the application to the chosen custodian (ensure all details are accurate: account numbers, contact info, etc) 13. Custodian will reject or accept the transfer (rollover) request. If necessary, make requested corrections and re-submit 38
  • 44. 14. Once the gold IRA custodian has accepted the rollover application, the gold IRA custodian will initiate the transfer of funds and purchase the chosen precious metals on your behalf using the retirement account funds you have provided (through a wire transfer) 15. When the funds have been received, you will receive the invoice and the precious metals will be shipped 16. Once the precious metals shipment is received, the precious metals will be securely stored and the rollover process is complete 17. You and the custodian will receive receipts for the IRA purchase 18. If using our recommended company, you will be able to sell back any or all of your precious metals when you desire with the “buyback at spot price guarantee” Have A Gold IRA Account Professional Set It Up For You (US Only) Risk-Free With Zero Obligation Call Toll-Free Now (US Only): 1-866-906-3023 Or CLICK HERE TO CHAT LIVE 39
  • 45. UK Investors If you live in the UK, get your free investors kit here: 40
  • 46. Conclusion The vast majority of precious metals investment experts and billionaires, such as Peter Schiff, Seth Klarman, George Soros, John Paulson, David Einhorn, Jim Rogers, and many many others all predict the price of gold per ounce to hit extreme record highs of $5,000 per ounce within the next few years. The price of gold only continues to rise as the value of the dollar continues to fall. When is the right time to invest in a gold IRA? The answer is: years and years ago... obviously. However, speaking realistically, it was not yet available back then. The gold IRA has recently become an option for investors that is fully approved by the IRS and has many tax benefits. Therefore, the time to invest in a gold IRA is of course... RIGHT NOW! YES! I WANT TO INVEST IN THE GROWTH & SECURITY OF A GOLD IRA! 41