MCN 2008: could tagging and folksonomy improve access to art museum collections on-line

could tagging and folksonomy improve access to art museum collections on-line? J. Trant Archives & Museum Informatics MCN2008 | November 2008 http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

access to collections http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Access to Collections From: J. P. xxxxxx@xxxxxx.com Date: Sat, 26 Aug 2006 11:24:43 -0700 To: timeline@metmuseum.org Subject: Looking for a painting Please help: I have been looking on and off for years for this painting. The painting is of a very well dressed renaissance man standing in a room (a library) in front of him on a table is a large hour glass. The painting has very rich colors. I have talked to a lot of people and they have said they have seen this painting but can't remember its name or the name of the artist. Could you please use your resources to find this painting? Reference Questions c.f. Catechism Project, Janney & Sledge

Access to Collections Possibly the desired painting Ian Morrison’s “things we just happen to have in our head” method

Access to Collections

Access to Collections What “J. P.” knows What a Met curator knows Portrait of a Man, ca. 1520–25 painting Moretto da Brescia (Alessandro Bonvicino) Renaissance (Italian, Brescian, born about 1498, died 1554) Oil on canvas; 34 1/4 x 32 in. (87 x 81.3 cm) standing Rogers Fund, 1928 (28.79) man Provenance: Maffei, Brescia (by 1760, as quot;Ritratto d'uomo con very well dressed carta in mano, ed Orologio, di Callisto da Lodiquot;); by descent to contessa Beatrice Erizzo Maffei Fenaroli Avogadro, Palazzo library Fenaroli, Brescia (by 1853–at least 1857, as by Moretto); her daughter, contessa Maria Livia Fenaroli Avogadro, later marchesa hourglass Fassati, Brescia (in 1862); her son, marchese Ippolito Fassati, Milan (by 1878–at least 1912); [Elia Volpi, Florence, by 1915–16; table sold to Knoedler]; [Knoedler, New York, 1916–28; sold to MMA] rich colors What they both know ...

Access to Collections robe Renaissance scholar scroll time trees from MMA proof of concept

Access to Collections bangs robe beard border Renaissance cape scholar contemplation elbow scroll hourglass time landscape trees learned man mountain moustache nobleman painting portrait ring volunteer supplied tags robe might help Renaissance from MMA proof of concept

Access to Collections What questions do visitors ask of museums?

Access to Collections How do users search on-line collections?

Access to Collections shark How do users search on-line collections?

Access to Collections shark Text How do users search on-line collections?

Access to Collections shark Text ? only one shark How do users search on-line collections?

Access to Collections CDWA Describing works of art

Access to Collections label text curatorial analysis CDWA Describing works of art

Access to Collections ≠sharks! http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Access to Collections mis-match between interests of visitor and the museum as expressed in their vocabulary.

research question Can tagging and folksonomy improve online access to art collections? http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Research Questions gilded animal bejeweled antler rearing deer Artist woman (Nationality, Dates) Title, Date Medium action Dimensions hunting Ownership Notes museum ... luxury documents dog bow horse object leaping huntress users tag J. Trant, Jan 28, 2008 based on Wyman et al. 2006, Fig.2 a model of tagging http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Research Questions users folksonomy vocabulary sources who assigns what kinds of terms are terms found in... how many terms? are assigned? Art and Architecture Thesaurus terms tag works of art assigned 1 museum (AAT) records Union List of Artists Names how does users' terms (ULAN) tagging differ? assigned 2 searches of art image databases works of art J. Trant, February 2008 are terms applicable to based on Trant 2006 Research Process

the experiment and our ﬁndings http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Research Questions: Tagging users folksonomy vocabulary sources who assigns what kinds of terms are terms found in... how many terms? are assigned? Art and Architecture Thesaurus terms tag works of art assigned 1 museum (AAT) records Union List of Artists Names how does users' terms (ULAN) tagging differ? assigned 2 searches of art image databases works of art J. Trant, February 2008 are terms applicable to based on Trant 2006 What was tagged?

Research Questions: Tagging Multi-Institutional Tagger: Works by Institution [all works] The Metropolitan Museum of Art Boston Museum of Fine Arts 14% 13% Cleveland Museum of Art Tate Modern 7% 3% Skirball Denver Art Museum 1% 9% Indianapolis Museum of Art 13% San Francisco Museum of Modern Art 9% Rubin Los Angeles County Museum 6% Minneapolis Institute of Arts of Art 14% 11% Characterizing Tagging: Works Tagged Same MMA 251 in both sets

Research Questions: Tagging Multi-Institutional Tagger: Works by Institution [all works] 1,784 works The Metropolitan Museum of Art 14% Boston Museum of Fine Arts 13% Cleveland Museum of Art Tate Modern 7% 3% Skirball Denver Art Museum 11 museums 1% 9% Indianapolis Museum of Art 13% San Francisco Museum of Modern Art 9% Rubin Los Angeles County Museum 6% Minneapolis Institute of Arts of Art 14% 11% Characterizing Tagging: Works Tagged Same MMA 251 in both sets

Research Questions: Tagging Characterizing Tagging: Works Tagged

Research Questions: Tagging range of media Characterizing Tagging: Works Tagged

Research Questions: Tagging users folksonomy who assigns what kinds of terms how many terms? are assigned? terms tag works of art assigned 1 how does users' terms tagging differ? assigned 2 Tags per work # of tags # of taggers # tags per tagger total distinct total total tags distinct tags high low average std. dev. high low average std. dev. all works work 1 work 2 work 3 Study Terms Assigned

Research Questions: Tagging users folksonomy who assigns what kinds of terms how many terms? are assigned? terms tag works of art assigned 1 descriptive statistics • tagger velocity how does users' terms assigned 2 • tag variation tagging differ? Tags per work # of tags # of taggers # tags per tagger total distinct total total tags distinct tags high low average std. dev. high low average std. dev. all works work 1 work 2 work 3 Study Terms Assigned

Research Questions: Tagging Multi-Institution Tagger Single-Institution Tagger # of # of # of # of # of tags # of tags works users works users total distinct total total distinct total 1,784 36,981 11,944 1,621 251 56,399 21,557 690 Characterizing Tagging: Basic Descriptive Statistics

Research Questions: Tagging Multi-Institution Tagger Single-Institution Tagger # of # of # of # of # of tags # of tags works users works users total distinct total total distinct total 1,784 36,981 11,944 1,621 251 56,399 21,557 690 22 tags / 82 tags / Characterizing Tagging: Basic Descriptive Statistics user user

Research Questions: Tagging Multi-Institutional Tagger Unregistered Users Registered Users Characterizing Tagging: Compare Registered | Unregistered

Research Questions: Tagging Multi-Institutional Tagger Unregistered Users Registered Users registered users tag more Characterizing Tagging: Compare Registered | Unregistered

Research Questions: Tagging Multi-Institutional Tagger: Sessions per Registered User 6% 6% 4 or more sessions 4 or more sessions 6% 3 sessions 3 sessions 6% 20% 2 sessions 20% 2 sessions 68% 1 session 68% 1 session Characterizing Tagging: Sessions per Registered User unregistered users only come once by deﬁnition

Research Questions: Tagging Multi-Institutional Tagger: Tags per Work, Average by Object Type number of tags per object type divided by number of works of that object type highlighted values for samples of fewer than 10 works 40 35 Average Tags / Work Linear (Average Tags / Work) 33.4 30 25 27.1 27.0 25.1 23.4 23.7 20 22.2 21.6 20.7 20.1 15 16.4 16.0 14.5 13.4 10 5 1.5 0 s rs ts s s eo hs re ts ns a e ry er s ile g k ok i ur lo ec ed in tu el th or in ap tio d xt ct Bo co Vi Pr w bj nt p O M W r la Te ite ul Je o- og er O i ed al Pa l Sc Al di ch at ot n d st ix Au ria an W Ar Ph In M ita d e an um l tli gs U st Co in d an w ra s t D Ar created from e iv tagsPerWork-080828.xls at or ec D Characterizing Tagging: Tags Per Work by Object Type

Research Questions: Tagging Multi-Institutional Tagger: Tags per Work, Average by Object Type number of tags per object type divided by number of works of that object type highlighted values for samples of fewer than 10 works 40 35 Average Tags / Work Linear (Average Tags / Work) 33.4 30 25 27.1 27.0 25.1 23.4 23.7 20 22.2 21.6 20.7 20.1 15 16.4 16.0 14.5 13.4 10 some works 5 1.5 0 s rs ts s s eo hs re ts ns a e ry er s ile g k ok i ur lo ec ed in tu el th or in ap tio d xt ct Bo co Vi Pr w bj nt p O M W r la Te ite ul Je o- og er O i are harder al ed Pa l Sc Al di ch at ot n d st ix Au ria an W Ar Ph In M ita d e an um l tli gs U st Co in d an w ra s t D Ar created from e iv tagsPerWork-080828.xls at or ec D Characterizing Tagging: Tags Per Work by Object Type

Research Questions: Tagging 16% redundant 84% novel Characterizing Tagging: Vocabulary Stabilization?

Research Questions: Tagging 16% redundant 84% novel 36,981 11,944 tags distinct 31,032 Characterizing Tagging: Vocabulary Stabilization? tag/work pairs

Are tags new terms? http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Research Questions: Museum Documentation research questions: social tagging and folksonomy analysis users folksonomy vocabulary sources who assigns what kinds of terms are terms found in... how many terms? are assigned? Art and Architecture Thesaurus terms tag works of art assigned 1 museum (AAT) records Union List of Artists Names how does users' terms (ULAN) tagging differ? assigned 2 searches of art image databases works of art J. Trant, February 2008 are terms applicable to based on Trant 2006 Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Museum Documentation Museum Documentation: Catalogue Records On-line

Research Questions: Museum Documentation Museum New Tags Tags ? Documentation Redundant tags Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Museum Documentation 14% yes 86% unmatched Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Museum Documentation 14% yes 86% unmatched most tags are new Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Museum Documentation Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Museum Documentation sculpture photograph Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Museum Documentation Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Museum Documentation mask portrait Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Museum Documentation Multi-Institutional Tagger: Terms Not Found in Multi-institutional Tagger:Documentation Found in Museum Documentation Museum Terms Not 200 150 Times Assigned 100 50 0 an s gn om si w ic da zo J. Trant created from September 18, 2008 Term termsMuseumDocumentation.xls:musdocNULL-freq Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Museum Documentation Multi-Institutional Tagger: Terms Not Found in Multi-institutional Tagger:Documentation Found in Museum Documentation Museum Terms Not 200 150 31,949 terms Times Assigned 100 50 86% not found 0 an s gn om si w ic da zo J. Trant created from September 18, 2008 Term termsMuseumDocumentation.xls:musdocNULL-freq Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Times Assigned w 100 150 200 0 50 om an J. Trant la b nd lue sc ap e re po d rt ra it m an gr ee flo n w er s tr e es go ab ld st ra he ct br ew cl ou bl ds ac k as an ia d n w hi t af e ric an ho re rse lig io u ye s llo pa w tt er n flo r w al om en nu de bl de a co ck ra tiv st e at ue sk y va m se o ge der om n et ric w hi te w at e fe r m sc a ul le pt u ca re rv in g Multi-Institutional Tagger: Museum Documentation st on e [terms assigned more than 50 times, by occurrence] m en fa c in e te rio pe r Do user tags differ from museum documentation? rs Multi-institutional Tagger: Terms Not Found inTerms Not Found in Museum Documentation on m et re al lig io n da rk Research Questions: Museum Documentation tr ee te xt il o e

Research Questions: Museum Documentation Multi-institutional Tagger: Terms Not Found inTerms Not Found in Museum Documentation Multi-Institutional Tagger: Museum Documentation [terms assigned more than 50 times, by occurrence] Top 100 Not Matched 200 subject 39 150 genre 27 Times Assigned color 10 100 geo-cultural 10 material 9 50 style/period 5 0 he ct es w al an om n st e en an on re al af e y te fe r o e n m se n e ric s ul le an re rse g pe r ee n d it en n ld ds ye s ue nd lue co ck e de rk ew ca re pa w in e e rio er u tiv sk t il on ap ge der ee c ia in re er io ra r llo et a ra go hi hi at da u e va a xt fa ou io tr m m ric et rs om om nu at flo br m as b lig rv w ho tt pt tr rt bl te gr st sc ra m w w st w lig te o flo cl po ab w d sc an de la k ac bl J. Trant Do user tags differ from museum documentation?

Research Questions: Extended Museum Documentation Are Tags in Other Forms of Museum Documentation? Useful? Genres ✓ gallery label text ✓ docent tour talking points / tour scripts ✓ special exhibition catalogue entries ✓ permanent collection guidebook text ✓ curatorial analysis or notes ✓ scholarly article ✓ web site 'feature' texts ✓ audio tours or podcasts ✓ newspaper/popular article

Research Questions: Extended Museum Documentation Are Tags in Other Forms of Museum Documentation? Useful? Genres ✓ gallery label text ✓ docent tour talking points / tour scripts ✓ special exhibition catalogue entries ✓ permanent collection guidebook text ✓ curatorial analysis or notes ✓ scholarly article ✓ web site 'feature' texts both scholarly ✓ audio tours or podcasts + general public ✓ newspaper/popular article

Research Questions: Extended Museum Documentation

Research Questions: Extended Museum Documentation 11 documents 19 distinct tags found 138 times 51 relevant 63% false matches 87 not relevant ... the house where he grew up ...

Research Questions: Extended Museum Documentation

Research Questions: Extended Museum Documentation ➡Extended documentation not better than online museum documentation ➡Text mining not algorithmic ➡Public genres not much better than scholarly

Do Museum Professionals ﬁnd tags useful? http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Research Questions: Usefulness research questions: social tagging and folksonomy analysis users folksonomy vocabulary sources who assigns what kinds of terms are terms found in... how many terms? are assigned? Art and Architecture Thesaurus terms tag works of art assigned 1 museum (AAT) records Union List of Artists Names how does users' terms (ULAN) tagging differ? assigned 2 searches of art image databases works of art J. Trant, February 2008 are terms applicable to based on Trant 2006 Do Museum Professionals Find Tagging Terminology Useful?

Research Questions: Usefulness if you found this work using this term in a query would you be surprised?

Research Questions: Usefulness 36,931 terms if you found this work using this term in a query would you be surprised?

Research Questions: Usefulness 12% no 88% yes Would Terms Be Useful for Searching?

Research Questions: Usefulness 12% no 88% yes 46% of users always contributed useful terms Would Terms Be Useful for Searching?

Research Questions: Usefulness In-depth study of a sample Sample Works: Useful terms

Research Questions: Usefulness In-depth study of a sample

Research Questions: Usefulness Usefulness and Frequency

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN research questions: social tagging and folksonomy analysis users folksonomy vocabulary sources who assigns what kinds of terms are terms found in... how many terms? are assigned? Art and Architecture Thesaurus terms tag works of art assigned 1 museum (AAT) records Union List of Artists Names how does users' terms (ULAN) tagging differ? assigned 2 searches of art image databases works of art J. Trant, February 2008 are terms applicable to based on Trant 2006 Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN ✓representational Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN 29.8% unmatched 70.2% matched Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN Multi-institutional Tagger: Terms Found in AAT: Distinct Terms [11,944 distinct terms: 4,448 Matched Some Field in the AAT] 37.2% Matched matched37.2% 62.8% Unmatche unmatched d Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN Multi-institutional Tagger: Full Matches to AAT by Hierarchy Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN Multi-institutional Tagger: Full Matches to AAT by Hierarchy Materials Styles and Associated Periods Concepts cultures Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN 2% full match 34% partial match 64% unmatched Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN ULAN Name: Green Terms are Unambiguous Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Research Questions: AAT/ULAN wood white brown forest winslow homer rembrandt ULAN Name: Green Terms are Unambiguous Are tags in Museum Vocabulary Sources?

Are tags useful for searching? http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Research Questions: Searching users folksonomy vocabulary sources who assigns what kinds of terms are terms found in... how many terms? are assigned? Art and Architecture Thesaurus terms tag works of art assigned 1 museum (AAT) records Union List of Artists Names how does users' terms (ULAN) tagging differ? assigned 2 searches of art image databases works of art J. Trant, February 2008 are terms applicable to based on Trant 2006 Could tagging improve on-line searching for works of art?

Research Questions: Searching New Tags Tags could Tags Redundant improve search Tags ? ? Unsuccessful Search Museum Museum Documentation Searches Terms Documentation not used in search ? Successful searches Could tagging improve on-line searching for works?

Research Questions: Searching Do Tags Match Search Terms?

Research Questions: Searching shark Do Tags Match Search Terms?

Research Questions: Searching Multi-Institutional Tagger: Search Terms in Logs 250,000 Duplicated Search Terms Distinct Search Terms 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 MIA SFMOMA Do Tags Match Search Terms?

Research Questions: Searching Multi-Institutional Tagger: Matches to Search Terms in Logs 250,000 Duplicated Search Terms that Match Distinct Search Terms that Match 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 MIA SFMOMA Search Logs from Two Instititons

Research Questions: Searching Multi-Institutional Tagger: Matches to Search Terms in Logs 250,000 Duplicated Search Terms that Match Distinct Search Terms that Match 200,000 150,000 100,000 few tags match 50,000 0 MIA SFMOMA Search Logs from Two Instititons

Research Questions: Searching SFMOMA and MIA: Top 100 Search Terms: Compare Frequency by Category 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% ev st ib nt ge n ti Percent of Searches lt e e io MIA ar l cu nr ra is s it ga ni s b SFMOMA iz ue u c jo ar ion ti g h q pe re in ex su od se at ia log of t o o- ch or ch ec t st ri ar ge n e bj /t e/ k yl ed or st w m What Kinds of Things do People Search For?

Research Questions: Searching SFMOMA and MIA: Top 100 Search Terms: Compare Frequency by Category 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% mostly artists 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% ev st ib nt ge n ti Percent of Searches lt e e io MIA ar l cu nr ra is s it ga ni s b SFMOMA iz ue u c jo ar ion ti g h q pe re in ex su od se at ia log of t o o- ch or ch ec t st ri ar ge n e bj /t e/ k yl ed or st w m What Kinds of Things do People Search For?

40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% ar ? ar ti st tis da ge t te n re ge o- d cu ate lt u ra ev l ex en h t ib it io ge n ge n ge n re n st re re yl da e/ t ge ge pe e o o- ri ge -cu cu od o- lt lt cu ur u al ra lt u ge l ra l s nre u bj ec t m jo Searches by Category: MIA ed lo bs ia gi /t st ec ic h s or n ga iq n u iz e MIA Top 100 at se io MIA Middle 100 ar n ch in MIA Single Searches g st st yl or e/ e pe ri od su w bj or ec k t of ar t What Kinds of Things do People Search For? Research Questions: Searching

40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% ar ? ar ti st tis da ge t te n re ge o- d cu ate lt u ra ev l ex en h t ib it io ge n ge n ge n re n st re re yl da e/ t ge ge pe e o o- ri ge -cu cu od o- lt lt cu ur u al ra lt u ge l ra l s nre u bj ec t m jo Searches by Category: MIA ed lo bs ia gi /t st ec ic h s or n ga iq n u iz e MIA Top 100 at se io MIA Middle 100 ar n ch in MIA Single Searches g st st yl or e/ e mostly artists pe ri od su w bj or ec k t of ar t What Kinds of Things do People Search For? genre and culture Research Questions: Searching

ar 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% ti 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% st 0.0% ge o- ar ? ar cu tis ti ltu t da st r te ge al ge nr e o- d da cu at te ltu e su ra bj l ec ex ev t hi en bi t ti ge nr o ge ge n e st nre nre ge yl e d ge /p ate ge o-c o e o- ul -cu rio cu tu lt d lt ral ura ur al gen l su re bj ec t fa ct jo m bs ed ju Searches by Category: SFMOMA ia log nk /t i ec sti or h cs ga ni ni qu z e se ati ar on ch in Top 100 st g yl st o Middle 100 e/ pe re ri Single Searches su od w or bje k c of t ar t What Kinds of Things do People Search For? Research Questions: Searching

ar 50.0% 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% ti 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% st 0.0% ge o- ar ? ar cu tis ti ltu t da st r te ge al ge nr e o- d da cu at te ltu e su ra bj l ec ex ev t hi en bi t ti ge nr o ge ge n e st nre nre ge yl e d ge /p ate ge o-c o e o- ul -cu rio cu tu lt d lt ral ura ur al gen l su re bj ec t fa ct jo m bs ed ju Searches by Category: SFMOMA ia log nk /t i ec sti or h cs ga ni ni qu z e se ati ar on ch mostly artists in Top 100 st g yl st o Middle 100 e/ pe re ri Single Searches su od w or bje k c of t ar t What Kinds of Things do People Search For? subject + work Research Questions: Searching

Research Questions: Searching Multi-institutional Tagger: Compare Tags to Search Terms: Top 100 Full Matches by Category 45.0% 40.0% MIA 35.0% SFMOMA 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% ts r lo ? ti e on ar co al nr s ti ur l ic ge ia bi d st t t io er ul hi ec e gi r t at c ex pe bj da lo o- m su e/ ge yl st Do Tags Match Search Terms?

Research Questions: Searching Multi-institutional Tagger: Compare Tags to Search Terms: Top 100 Full Matches by Category 45.0% 40.0% MIA 35.0% SFMOMA 30.0% colour 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% genre and subject 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% ts r lo ? ti e on ar co al nr s ti ur l ic ge ia bi d st t t io er ul hi ec e gi r t at c ex pe bj da lo o- m su e/ ge yl st Do Tags Match Search Terms?

Research Questions: Searching Could You Search Using Tags?

Research Questions: Searching pie painting portrait 20th century white coconut cake background lemon merangue balanced three genoise balancing trio Thiebaud food cherry on top baked goods tall stands frosting simple desserts shadows dessert cake stand cake only 4 tags found this work plates cakes shadow cream in the middle cream ﬁlling lollypop shadows Could You Search Using Tags?

Summary ✓ 85%+ Tags Are Not Found in Museum Documentation ✓ Most Tags are Useful ✓ 60%+ Don’t Match Vocabularies ✓ Most Tags Can’t Be Mined From Other Sources

Access to Collections http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Access to Collections users were “...not searching for ‘museum’ content; they were searching for ‘calligraphy’ content. C. Alexander, et al., Beyond Launch: Museum Videos on YouTube, Museums and the Web 2008 http://www.archimuse.com/mw2008/papers/hart/hart.html http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

Access to Collections there’s no such thing as “museum content” discovery is institution agnostic

Can we learn from tagging? user ? generated metadata Put Works of Art in Users’ Contexts

Can we learn from tagging? ? Put Works of Art in Users’ Contexts

Public Vocabulary is Different. Tagging does Contribute. http://conference.archimuse.com/jtrants

MCN 2008: could tagging and folksonomy improve access to art museum collections on-line

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