1. CHAPTER 1
COMMON EXPRESSIONS
I. EXPRESSING OFFER
A. Expressing An Offer
- Would you like to have some drink ?
- Shall I get you a marker ?
- Do you want something to eat ?
- Will you a cup off coffee ?
- Would you like some more coffee ?
- What about going to the movie ?
- Won’t you have juice ice ?
RESPONSE
A. Accepting An Offer B. Refusing An Offer
- Yes please, thank you Sorry, I can’t. thanks any way
- Thank you, I’d like one (some) No, I can’t …
- I’d love too Thanks , but…
- I’d like too very much No , it’s ok . thanks
- That would be nice No , it’s all right really
- OK, sound great No , just at the moment, thank you.
- Just what I need No , thank you.
No , thanks
Answer the questions.
1. Do you want something to drink ?
a. Yes , thank you c. A glass of milk, please
b. Yes , some orange juice d. A bowl of noodle please
2. Are you ready to order ?
a. Is that all c. Can I help you
b. Yes , I think so d. Really ?
3. X : Would you like your tea with sugar ?
Y : … thanks.
a. A. That would be nice c. Let’s drink tea
b. B. Fine too d. Can I drink tea ?
4. A : Would you like to have something ?
B : … give me a few coffee and some snacks.
a. No problem c. Yes I will
b. No I didn’t d. Yes , please
5. Della : Can I see you this evening ?
Kenny : …
a. Yes , that would be nice c. That’s okay
b. Of course, i can make it d. Sorry I have lots of work to do.
II. THANKING
A . Expressing that need response of thank (appreciation )
- Congratulation
- I want to express my gratitude appreciation to …
- It is very good of you
- That’s very nice to you
- That would be nice
- I appreciate it / that
- You are very kind / nice
B . Expressing and Responding to gratitude :
1) Expressing Gratitude 2) Response
- I want to express gratitude to … You are well come

2. - I keep forgetting to thank you for … Don’t mention it
- I want to thank … Not at all
- I am grateful to … It was nothing at all
- Thank you (very much) No problem
- Thanks (very much) Glad to be help ;It was my pleasure
a. Formal Thanks Responses
- Thank you very much You’re welcome
- Thank you for ( your help ) Don’t mention it
- Thank you for (inviting me ) It’s a pleasure
- I’m very grateful for… It doesn’t matter
Don’t worry, it’s my job
b. Less Formal Thanks
- Thanks a lot That’s all right
- Thanks Never mind, fine
1. : Is this yours ?
Y : Yes, it is…
X : Here you are
Y : …
a. A. You’re welcome c. Thanks a lot
b. B. Don’t mention it d. That’s all right
2. A : Congratulation on your success.
B : …
a. Thank you c. It doesn’t matter
b. I don’t care d. That’s very nice of you
3. X : … for leading me your screwdriver
Y : You are welcome
a. That’s a good idea c. Can you
b. Thank you d. Would you
4. A : thank you for your help
B : …
a. The same to you c. One more, please
b. Same-same d. You are welcome
5. X : This is for you
Y : … May I open it ?
X : Yes of course.
a. I don’t care c. It doesn’t matter
b. That’s very kind of you d. You are welcome
III. GREETING
1. Formal Greeting
- God morning → midnight (00:00) to 12:00 noon
- God afternoon → 12:00 noon to sunset (18:00)
- God evening → (18:00) sunset to midnight
Response
- Good morning
- Good afternoon
- Good evening
2. Informal Greeting Response
- Hi - Hi
- Hello - Hello
- How is it going on ? - Very well
- How are things - All right
- How are you doing ? - Ok
- How is every thing ? - Not to bad

3. * There are several ways to express parting are leaving taking:
Parting Expression : Response
- I think I should be going now - I should get going too
- I have really got to go now - I will see you soon
- I really have to go now - I will call you
- Good bye - Good bye
- Bye - Bye
- Bye-bye - Bye-bye
- See you - See you
- Cheerio - Cheerio
- Take care - Take care
- Good night - Good night
- So long - So long
- Fare well - Fare well
1. A : Hi , John. How are you?
B : Hi …
a. pardon me c. so long
b. just fine d. take care
2. Arman : I think , I have to go now ?
Rudi : O. k . I will call you.
The underlined sentence express …
a. greeting c. invitation
b. parting d. agreeing
3. A : It is dinner time, so what do you say to greet your friend ?
B : I say …
a. good morning c. good evening
b. good afternoon d. good night
4. Joni : How are you Tom?
Tom : ……. Thanks.
a. Am I good and well c. I am okay
b. Yes, sure d. Nice to meet you
IV. LEAVE TAKING
Statement Response
- See you - So long
- Call me soon - Sure, I will
- Give my regard to - Of course, I will
- Keep in touch - I’ll call you
- Good bye - See you
1. A : Call me on Monday
B : … thanks for your help.
a. You’re welcome c. I will
b. Bye d. Don’t forget
2. X : Good bye. Keep in touch.
Y : …
a. Don’t mention it c. Not at all
b. Sure, I will d. Never mind
3. Susana : Well, I’m afraid it’s time to say good bye, have a nice flight Jane.
Jane : Cheerio , Susana.
Susana : … soon.
a. Not at all c. Sure I will
b. See you d. You’re welcome

4. 4. A : Give my regard to your boss.
B : I will. I call you next week.
A : OK. Bye then, see you soon.
B : … bye.
a. You’re welcome c. Sure I will
b. Not at all d. See you
5. X : Thanks for lunch
Y : …
a. So long c. You’re welcome
b. See you d. Bye
V. INTRODUCTION
* Formal and Informal Introduction
Self introduction
1) Formal 2) Informal
- Let me introduce my self … My name is…
- Allow me to introduce my self … I am …
- I would like to introduce my self … Call me …
- If you don’t mind, I want to introduce my self …
Introducing others
1) Formal
- Let me introduce your self … - I would like to introduce you to …
- Allow me to introduce you to - If you don’t mind, I’d like you to meet …
2) Informal
- This is…
Self Introduction
1) Formal introduction Response
- Good morning. My name … Good morning. How do you do ?
- Please allow me to introduce my self. I am … Oh, hello, nice to meet you
- May I introduce my self. I am … How do you do? Nice to meet you
- How do you do ? May name is …
2) Informal
- Hello, I am … nice to meet you
- Hi, I am…….. nice to meet you
Response
- Hi, I am …nice to meet you
- Hello, I am …nice to meet you
1. Rina :…. my name is Rina
Igo : Hi, nice to meet you.
a. I’d like to introduce you to c. I’d like to introduce my self
b. Let me know your father name d. I want to meet you
2. A: Hello……. Our new mechanic, Ryan.
B: Hi, Ryan nice to meet you.
C: Nice to meet you to
a. My name is c. This is
b. Good morning d. Nice to meet you
3. Rita : I am so sorry, I think we’ve not met before…
Rida: Call me Rita.
a. Call me Rita c. What’s your name?
b. May I have your name? d. Do you know me?
4. Mr. Andy : How do you do?
Mr. Bejo : …..

5. a. How do you do? c. I am o.k.
b. How are you? d. Thanks
5. A: Excuse me, are you Siti Nurcahaya?
B: No, I am Siti Nur Haliza…..
C: I’m Aryani
a. What are you? c. Call you
b. What is your name? d. How do I call you?
VI. ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTION
Expressing used for finding places, are divided into:
A. In building
Asking for direction expressions:
- Where is…?
- I’m looking for…?
- Where can I find…?
- Pardon me, can you tell me how I can get…?
Giving direction expression we can use:
- Go down/up this hall/corridor
- Go straight a head
- Turn left/right
- Go a cross the hall
- Go up stairs/down stairs to the… floor
- It’s…
B. Out door
Asking For Direction :
- Can you tell me the way to…?
- Could you direct me to…?
- Please tell me how I can get to…?
- Which way is it to…?
- Is this the way to…?
Giving Direction:
- Go down this road until you get to…
- Keep going this road…
- It’s the next to…
Preposition which indicate the location are:
- at -under -in front of
- on -beside -at the back of
- in/inside -between -in the middle of
- above -among -in the corner
- on the top -against -on the right/left of
1. A: Excuse me… the Ramayana restaurant?
B: Yes, go along that way. It’s between…
a. Can you help me? c. Can you tell me why I get to?
b. Can you tell me how I get to d. Could you help me?
2. X: Pardon me…
Y: Yes, walk that way, the post office is on the left next to the traditional market
X: Thank you, madam
Y: You are welcome
a. Could you tell me how to get to the traditional market?
b. Could you tell me how to spell post office?
c. Could you tell me the way to the hospital?
d. Could you tell me to get to the post office?

6. 3. Excuse me where is the nearest post office?
a. It’s on Jl. Pahlawan c. We’re buying some stamps
b. Yes, it’s near here d. We’re collecting some stamps
4. A: Where is the Jasmine restaurant?
B: It’s…. Ahmad Yani Street
a. between c. in front of
b. next to d. on
5. This is the asking direction expression…..
a. What can I do for you? c. Can you show me the bus to Yogya?
b. What dress do you like? d. Which fruits do you like best?
VII. INVITATION
To invite someone, we use the expression, such as:
- Will you come…
- Would you like to….
- Could you….
- If you don’t mind, I’ll invite you to come…
- If you are free, please come…
- If you have time…
Respond ( accepting ) ; Respond ( refusing );
- God willing, I come -I’m sorry I can’t
- That’s great -I’d love to, but…
- I’d love to -I’m afraid I can’t
- That’s would be nice
- That’s sound nice
- That’s OK
1. A: … for dinner tonight at my house?
B: Sure I Will
a. Could you come c. Why do you come
b. When do you come d. When will you come
2. If you don’t mind I’ll …. You to come to my house this evening.
a. wants c. invite
b. to want d. to invite
3. Dino : Can I see you this evening?
Sherly : …….. How about tomorrow?
a. Yes, that would be nice c. That’s okay
b. Of course, I can make it d. Sorry, i have lot’s of work
4. Mr. John : I’d like you to come to our house for dinner this evening?
Mr. Greg : we’d love to
The underlined utterance shows….
a. thanking people c. expressing pleasure
b. leave taking d inviting people
5. Kartie : Before you leave for your vacation can we get together and have lunch?
Darlene : ………
Kartie : How about Friday? Say about 12.30 at my place?
Darlene : That sounds good. See you then.
a. I’m not sure I can’t come to your house c. sure, I’d love to
b. sure, but I don’t like it d. A great, it is wonderful plan
VIII. PREFERENCE
To express preference we use:
- …. Like+ noun + better than + noun
Ving Ving
- …. Prefer + noun + to + noun
Ving Ving

7. - …. Would rather + V1 + than + V1
- …. Would prefer + to V1 + rather than + V1
- …. Rather than + V1 + S + would rather + to V1
Example:
- He likes tea better than coffee
- He prefers swimming to cycling
- We would rather leave early than wait for him
- I would prefer to go home rather than stay behind alone
- I would rather go for swim than play badminton
1. I like tea, I like coffee much…
The correct combination of those sentences is….
a. I like coffee much c. I like tea and coffee
b. I like coffee better than tea d. I don’t like tea but coffee
2. John would rather… than orange juice
a. drinks coca cola c. drinking coca cola
b. drink coca cola d. will drink coca cola
3. He… likes better than…
a. watching TV, listen to the radio c. watch TV, listening to the radio
b. watches TV, listen to the radio d. watching TV, listening to the radio
4. She prefers pop music… jazz
a. than c. better than
b. to d. rather than
5. I would rather…. Tea with sugar
a. have b. had c. has d. having
IX. COMMAND AND REQUEST
- Will you open it, please?
- Could you help me, please?
- Would you hold on a moment, please?
- Please sit down!
- Sit down please!
- Keep quite would you, please?
- Would you be quite, please?
Responses :
a. Positive Responses: b. Negative Responses:
- Yes of course - I’m sorry. I can’t
- Certainly - Sorry, I can’t
- All right ; OK - I’m sorry, but I have to…
1. Aya : What’s the matter with you, you look so pale, Andy?
Andy : I’m not so well, I’ve got headache since this morning…..
Aya : No problem, I’ll take it for you. where is it?
Andy : In the first aid kit
a. Can I take you an aspirin? c. Why don’t you see a doctor?
b. Can you get me an aspirin, please? d. I have to go now
2. A : Can you bring me the book?
B : …….
a. Yes, of course c. Never mind
b. You are welcome d. Thank you
3. Rina : This room is very hot…..!
Roni : Yes, I will.

8. a. Close the door, please c. Turn off the air condition
b. Close your book, please d. Turn on the air condition
4. X : ….. you mind closing the door, please?
Y : Certainly, I feel cold, too.
a. Should c. Would
b. Must d. Might
X. ASKING AND GIVING PERMISSION
Asking Permission
- Do you mind if I leave now?
- May I come in?
- Could I …., please?
- Excuse me, could I try to turn on the computer?
- I wonder if I could borrow your camera?
Giving Permission ( Positive Response )
- By all means -Yes, of course -All right, please
- Go ahead -Yes, that’s fine
- Yes, why not -Yes, certainly
Refusing permission ( Negative Response )
- I’m afraid I can’t do that
- You’re not allowed to….
- You should not…..
- No, I’m sorry. You can’t…
1. Putri :…. If I use your pen to sign this paper?
Adito : I’m sorry. I haven’t finished writing my curriculum vitae.
a. Do you want c. Do you mean
b. Do you mind d. Do you need
2. X : May I use your computer this afternoon?
Y : ……….. I’ll use it to type my report
a. I’m afraid you can’t c. Go ahead
b. All right, please do d. Yes, why not
3. A : Excuse me, could I try this one?
B : …….., there is a fitting room over there.
a. You’re not allowed c. No, I’m sorry
b. Yes, please d. No way
4. Nina : Ryan. Will you pass me that butter?
Ryan :…..
a. Here you are c. I’m sorry I’m busy
b. Take your self d. No, I don’t
5. James : It’s very hot in this room……
Allan : All right
a. Do you mind closing the door? c. Could you open the window, please?
b. Would you come with me, please? d. Do you mind if I close the door?
POSSIBILITIES
( + ) - It’s possible……. ( - ) - It’s impossible
- It’s likely… - It’s not likely
- There’s a good chance…. - I’m sorry but
- I’ll probably - No, I don’t think it’s possible
- It look like… - It doesn’t look as thought…

9. 1. Bayu : Five? ….. I’m sure I had done all the problem correctly.
Budi : You had better ask the teacher. She may make mistake.
a. It’s possible c. That’s quite possible
b. It’s impossible d. It’s likely
2. X : Our boss is looking for Maya? Because she was absent yesterday.
Y : I’m really surprised. I never knew she was absent a day.
X : Well, I know that. She might have been sick.
The underlined sentence tells us that…..
a. Maya is sick c. Maya is probably sick
b. Maya was sick d. Maya is certainly sick
3. A : When will he come back to Jakarta?
B :……… fly on the afternoon flight tomorrow.
a. She’ll probably c. It doesn’t matter
b. He’ll probably d. No problem
4. Diana : Where did you leave your umbrella?
Sally : I forget……… under the table.
a. surely c. exactly
b. probably d. precisely
5. 5. Alice : Do you think that monetary crisis will soon come to an end?
Erica : ………. This condition won’t be back to normal within one or two.
a. I’m sorry to hear that c. It is very impossible
b. It is not my business d. It is likely
XI. WANTS AND NEEDS
- I’d like to have some rest
- I need money
- May I have a cup of coffee
- What I need is a black pen
- I’d love some music
- I wish I could have a new car
- To make a cup of coffee, I need a cup, a saucer, sugar, coffee, spoon, creamer, and hot water
Response :
- Of course it is
- Let’s do it
- Let’s get it
- Sorry, I can provide it for you
1. X: It’s very hot, I need a refreshment.
Y: Me too. There’s a coffee on the corner of the street……… and have a drink
a. let’s play c. don’t go
b. let’s go d. don’t play
2. Roy : Can you help me with this computer?
Finy : Well……..
a. let’s have a lunch at the restaurant c. why don’t you go to the supermarket?
b. let’s read the manual d. why not taking a taxi
3. A : May I help you?
B : Yes, please…..a pair of leather shoes
a. you need c. we need
b. you want d. I need

10. 4. Terry : … some ice cream, please?
Waiter : I’m sorry, Sir. We haven’t got any ice cream left
a. I’d like c. Do you want
b. Do you like d. Do you need
5. Mandra : Did the telephone repairperson come yet?
Juwita : Not yet, he said he’d come after lunch.
Mandra : Didn’t you call him last night?
Juwita : Yes, but they always take their time.
Mandra : Oh, well…
a. let’s get back to work c. it doesn’t matter
b. let’s go to his house d. we wait for him at nine
XII. ASKING AND GIVING SUGGESTION
Expression used in asking suggestion:
- What do you think about………?
- What is your opinion about…..?
- What if I / we………?
- How about……….?
- What is your suggestion / advice………?
Expression used in giving suggestion :
- I think you should…….
- You’d better………
- It’s goods idea to…….
- I agree with you. we should……..
- I’m on your side, let’s……..
1. Budi : I don’t know what a order. I could eat everything on the menu.
Citra : …………….
Budi : that sound good. I love fish.
Citra : and I think I’ll have a thick steak. I’m starving.
a. Why we don’t we go to the Italian restaurant?
b. Why don’t you try the tuna and rice?
c. I don’t think so. It is very expensive.
d. Good. We only have five minutes.
2. You : What about going to the beach?
Lidia : ……….
You : Would you like to come and see a music show with me?
Lidia : Thank you, I’d like to.
a. That’s good idea c. Oh, I’m very sorry
b. It’s beautiful beach d. Maybe some time
3. Secretary : What do you think plain or patterned carpet in the waiting room?
Guest :……………….
a. Not much longer, I hope c. Either one is fine with me
b. There’s no room on the plane d. I think t is very interesting
4. Sally : Oh, I feel very cold, painful and vomit.
Mom : ………
a. Let’s do the washing c. Let’s go to the doctor
b. Let’s see the movie d. Why don’t you study?
5. Mira : I feel awful. I have a problem with my stomach.
Doctor : ……….. and have a bed rest for three days. OK?
a. have a lot of work c. read some magazines
b. work as hard as possible d. take this medicine regularly

11. XIII. HANDLING GUEST
Some expressions for handling guests:
- Welcome to our hotel / restaurant / office.
- What can I do for you?
- May I help you?
- We hope that you can enjoy staying in our hotel.
- I hope you enjoy the food.
- Have a nice rest, sir / Mom.
- We would like to offer you a special food.
- We’ll send your coffee right way.
XIV. HANDLING TELEPHONE
Make a telephone call:
- Could you put me through to extension 132, please?
- Hello, good morning / afternoon / evening…….
- May I speak to………., please?
- I’m … from ( mention your office / address)
- I’m calling about………
- Could you put me to Mr. / Mrs. …..
- Could you take my message for…….., please!
- Please, tell him / her to call me if she is back.
- Please, tell him that I’ll call her back at four this afternoon.
Receive a telephone call:
- Good morning / afternoon / evening…( name your hotel / office)
- May I help you?
- Who is speaking please?
- Just a moment, please?
- May I have your name, please?
- How do you for calling.
- Thank you for calling.
- Could you speak up, please. it’s a terrible connection.
- Sorry, the line is engaged.
1. Waiter : Would you like to order breakfast now?
Guest : ……………
a. Waiter : Wait a minute please.
b. Yes, I’ll have chicken pie and ice cream
c. Yes, I’ll have cheese omelet and tea
d. Yes, I’ll have orange juice, please
e. Yes, I’ll have green beans and carrots
2. X : Good morning………
Y : I’ll have the steak, please.
X : Certainly, sir.
a. Would you help me? c. Can you help me?
b. Could you help me? d. May I help you?
3. A : May I have a look at the menu, please?
B : ……… here you are.
a. Of course, Madam c. No way, Madam
b. Of course not, Madam d. No, not at all
4. X : ………
Y : Fried, please?
a. How are you? c. How much do you want?
b. How would you like your eggs d. What do you want?

12. CHAPTER 2
TENSES
Dalam belajar tenses hal yang paling pokok dan perlu dipahami adalah Pattern/Pola dan Keterangan
Waktunya.
A. Present
XV.Tenses XVI. Pola XVII. Ket. Waktu
XVIII. Present tense XIX. S + V1 (es/s)
XX.Every …
XXI. Now, usually, always,
generally
XXII. Present Continuous XXIII. S + Tobe + Ving
XXIV. Now, at the present, at
this moment, today
XXV. Present Perfect XXVI. S + Have/has + V3
XXVII.Lately, recently
XXVIII. For + periode
waktu
XXIX. Since + S + V2
XXX. Present Perfect
Continuous Tense
XXXI. S + Have/has + Been + Ving
XXXII.For + periode waktu
XXXIII. All day, this
weeks
XXXIV. For the last …
XXXV.Sampai sekarang masih
berlangsung
Eg.
: We get up early every day.
She has been studying hard for the last two months.
Catatan :
1. Beberapa kata kerja tidak dapat dalam bentuk continuous adalah :
Need, want, remember, forget, like, know, believe, trust, understand, belong,
own, appear.
2. Kata kerja “live” dalam Present perfect sama dengan Present Perfect
I have lived in Yogya for a years
I have been in Yogya for a years
Choose the best answer
1. A : Where is Tanti ?
I Still Live in Yogya
B : I don’t know. In fact I ….any of our friends since I arrived.
a. did not see c. have not seen
b. was not seeing d. do not see
2. A : You look so unhappy, Anton. What’s the matter ?
B : My father ….his job
a. has just lost c. losing
b. have been losing d. is losing

13. 3. A : Several hotels in this region are closing down.
B : That’s because tourism itself….since last years.
a. has declined c. is declining
b. has been declining d. decline
4. A : What are you looking for ?
B : My wallet, I don’t know where I ….it
a. have been putting c. am putting
b. have put d. put
5. A : Anwar was promoted president of your company last week, wasn’t he ?
B : I’m glad he was, he ….in this company for years.
a. has been working c. had worked
b. is working d. work
B. Past
XXXVI. Tenses XXXVII. Pola XXXVIII. Ket. Waktu
XXXIX. Past tense XL. S + V2
XLI. Yesterday; Last ….
….ago
XLII. Past Continuous XLIII. S + Tobe + Ving
XLIV. While… ; As………
XLV. When + S + V2
XLVI. Past Perfect XLVII.S + had + V3
XLVIII. Before … ;
When …..
XLIX. As … ; Until …
L. Past Perfect Continuous
Tense
LI. S + had + Been + Ving
LII.For + periode waktu
LIII. When
LIV. Before
Eg. : I was walking home when it began to rain.
S+ V2
The police has been looking for the robbers for two years before they caught him.
Choose the best answer
1. A : When did you take the academic writing course ?
B : Last year, after I ….composition II
a. complete c. have completed
b. was completing d. had completed
2. The book that I ….in the classroom was found by Ali
a. had left was leaving
b. had been leaving d. would have left
3. A : Did you gets seats at the show last night?
B : Not really, we came when the show ….
a. to start already c. had already started
b. was already started d. was already started
4. She ….the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels came off.
a. am only wearing c. had only wearing
b. was only wearing d. have only been wearing
5. A : So you have finished typing those the letters! When did you do it?
B : Where you ….the meeting.
a. were attending c. have attended
b. attend d. had attended
B. Future
LV.Tenses LVI. Pola LVII. Ket. Waktu
LVIII. Future tense LIX. S + Shall/will + V1 LX.Tomorrow, next …(week,

14. day)
LXI. This weekend
LXII. Future Continuous LXIII.S + Shall/will + be + Ving
LXIV. At this tomorrow
LXV. At ten tomorrow
LXVI. When + S + V1(es/s)
LXVII.Future Perfect
LXVIII. S + Shall/will + Have +
V3
LXIX. By + ket. waktu
LXX. When + S + V1(es/s)
LXXI. Future Perfect
Continuous Tense
LXXII. S + Shall/will + have + Ving
LXXIII. For + …. By +
ket. waktu
LXXIV. Next….for ….
LXXV.When + S + V1(es/s) for
ket. waktu
Eg. : By the end of this week he will have finished reading the novel.
Next year she will have been studying English for three years.
Choose the best answer
1. A : Could you tell your brother to meet me at the library tomorrow ?
B : Sure, I ….him.
a. will tell c. be telling
b. would have told d. will be telling
2. When you arrive on the 6th floor, give my note to the secretary and she ….you to my office
a. directs c. directing
b. will direct d. will direct
3. A : I forgot to return this book to the library last week
B : Well. I’m afraid you ….a fine when you return it.
a. having to pay c. have had to pay
c. will have to pay d. had had to pay
4. I hope that by the time my father retires, I ….a job
a. get c. have got
b. got d. will have got
5. By the end of this week I ….from Malaysia
a. have been back c. would be back
b. may be back d. will have been back

15. CHAPTER 3
DEGRESS OF COMPARISON
A. Membuat perbandingan dengan menggunakan as …as
a. Tina is 21 years old. Sam is also 21. Tina is
as old as Sam.
b. Mike came as quickly as he could.
LXXVI. As … as is used to say
that the two parts of comparison
are equal or the same in some way.
LXXVII. In (a) : as + adjective +
as
LXXVIII. In (b) : as + adverb +
as
c. Ted is 20. Tina is 21.
LXXIX. Ted is not as old as Tina.
LXXX. Ted is not so old as Tina.
d. Ted isn’t quite as old as Tina.
e. Amy is 5. She isn’t nearly as old as Tina.
LXXXI. Bentuk negatif dari :
not as ….as adalah quite dan
nearly.
LXXXII. Perbedaannya quite
digunakan untuk perbedaan yang
sedikit sedangkan nearly
digunakan untuk perbedaan yang
besar.
f. Sam is just as old as Tina.
g. Ted is nearly / almost as old as Tina.
LXXXIII. Modifikasi umum dari
as …as adalah just, yang berarti
exactly.
Disadur dari Fundamentals of English
Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azhar
B. Menggunakan Komparatif ( Perbandingan )
a. I’m older than my brother ( is ).
b. I’m older than he is.
c. I’m older than him. ( informal )
LXXXIV.
d. He works harder than I do.
e. I arrived than they did.
LXXXV. Perhatikan bahwa auxiliary
verbnya bersesuaian tensesnya dengan
yang dibandingkan.
f. Tom is much older than I am.
g. Tom is a lot older than I am.
h. Tom is far older than I am.
i. Ann drives much more carefully than I do.
j. Ann drives a lot more carefully than I do.
k. Ann drives far more carefully than I do.
l. Ben is a little older than me.
m. Ben is a bit older than me.
LXXXVI. Dilarang keras dalam hal ini
memakai ‘very’. Very memodifikasi
adjective dan adverb. Contoh : Tom is very
old. I drive very carefully. Sedangkan Tom
is very older than I am, adalah tidak
dibenarkan.
n. A pen is less expensive than a book.
o. A pen is not as expensive as a book.
p. A pen is not as large as a book.
LXXXVII. Kebalikan dari more adalah
less.
C. Menggunakan more dengan nomina
a. Would you like some more coffee? LXXXVIII. Dalam a. “ coffee” adalah kata

16. b. Not everyone is here. I expect more people
to come later.
benda. Ketika more diikuti oleh benda maka ia
berarti “tambahan”. Tidak diperlukan
memakai “than”.
c. There are more people in China than are in
the United States.
LXXXIX. More juga digunakan untuk
membuat perbandingan lengkap.
d. Do you have enough coffee, or would you
like some more?
XC.Ketika artinya sudah jelas more bisa
digunakan tanpa harus menambahkan kata
benda.

17. I. Complete the sentences by using the words given. Use the negative form when it is necessary.
Number one is done for you.
1. a housefly/ an ant : An ant isn’t as big as a housefly.
2. honey/sugar
3. health/money
4. a lake/ a sea
5. a galaxy/ a solar system
II. Find the words or phrases that should be corrected.
1. Ann : I made much mistakes on the last test than I did on the first one, so I got
A B
a worse grade.
Brenda : You don’t need to be sad. We still have the third test. You can make
C
your grade better.
D
2. Louis : Sunlight is much bright than moonlight.
A
Rowan : Moon doesn’t have its own light. It reflects the sunlight.
B
Louis : And your land lady is more talk active than my land lady.
C
Rowan : I don’t understand what you are talking about. Are we talking about
D
moon and sun or our land ladies?
3. Doctor : What is the more embarrassing experience that you have?
A
Sue : Well, When I was a child I had ever sat in a chair in front of my house.
B
Suddenly a cow came towards me and kissed me. There were a lot of
C
children at that time. They were laughing at me. I still remember their face
when they were doing that. I don’t think that I can forgive them.
Doctor : You have to. You will feel better then.
D
4. Bob : What do you think of my soup?
A
Alan : I’m sorry. This soup doesn’t taste quite right. I think it needs just
B
a little more salt.
C
Bob : Thanks. Will you do me a favor, please? Will you taste my “bothok” too?
Alan : Sure.
5. Mary : Which fruit do you want? Lemon, grapefruit, or orange?
Yuan : Orange is sweeter than grapefruit. Lemon is the sourest. I like the fruit
A
that isn’t sour and sweet. But grapefruit is small than orange.
B C
Mary : Just tell me which fruit you want.
D

18. D. Menggunakan komparatif ganda.
a. The harder you study, the more you will
learn.
b. The older he got, the quieter he became.
c. The more she studied, the more she learned.
d. The warmer the weather ( is ), the better I
like it.
XCI. Perbandngan ganda emiliki dua bagian.
Masing – masing bagian diawalai dengan
“the”. Bagian kedua merupakan hasil dari
bagian pertama.
XCII.
e. Ann : Should we ask Tom and Jenny to the
XCIII. party too?
XCIV. Joan : Why not? The more, the
merrier.
f. Lee : When should we leave?
XCV. Noah : The sooner, the better.
XCVI. Maksud dari e. adalah : It is good to have
more people at the party.
XCVII.Maksud dari f. adalah : It is good if we
leave as soon as possible.

19. CHAPTER 4
GERUND
Gerund : Verbing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda yang diterjemahkan “pe-an” atau “ke-an”
Contoh : Feeling : perasaaan  bukan sedang merasakan
Seeing : penglihatan  bukan melihat
Fungsi Gerund :
1. Sebagai Subyek Kalimat
SOLUTION I
Ving + Verb/Aux.Verb + Complement
Contoh :
1. Waiting too long make her bored
2. Swimming is my hobby
2. Sebagai obyek Kalimat
Mengikuti Kata Kerja Tertentu
SOLUTION 2
P A P R E M A S D A D A K U FiFa + Ving
P : Practice
A : Avoid
P : Postpone
R : Risk
E : Enjoy
M : Mind
A : Admit
S : Suggest
D : Deny
A : Appreciate
D : Delay
A : Anticipate
K : Keep
U : Understand
Fi : Finish
Fa : Fancy
Contoh :
1. My brother has finished reading te magazine
2. He enjoys playing football
3. Kata kerja dengan Preposisi TO
SOLUTION 3
GE T O L 3 BE + Ving
GE: get used to
T : take to

20. O : object to
L : look forward to
3 BE: be used to
: be accustomed to
: be Averse to
Contoh :
1. I am looking forward to getting a salary raaise next month
2. They object to working more than eight hours a day
4. Dibelakang preposisi
SOLUTION 4
PREPOSISI + Ving + Complement
- on
- at
- for
- without
- about
etc
Contoh :
1. She forgot about cancelling her appoinment
2. Rina is interested in reading a novel
5. Possessive Adjective
SOLUTION 5
POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE + Ving + Complement
- my
- your
- his
- her
- our
etc
Contoh :
1. Her smilling attracts every young man

21. CHAPTER 5
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES / RELATIVE PRONOUN
USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS: WHO (used for people), WHICH (used for thing), THAT (used for
people and thing)
Ex: I thanked the woman
She helped me
a. I thanked the woman who helped me
b. I thanked the woman that helped me
The book is mine
It is on the table
c. The book which is on the table is mine
d. The book that is on the table is mine
USING OBJECT PRONOUNS: WHOM (used for people), WHICH , (used for thing), THAT (used for
people and thing)
PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB
Ex: The man was Mr.Jhon
I saw him
a. The man whom I saw was Mr. Jhon
b. The man that I saw was Mr.Jhon
The movie wasn’t very good
We saw it last night
c. The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good
d. The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good
PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
Ex: She is the woman
I told you about her
a. She is the woman about whom I told you
b. She is the woman whom I told you about
c. She is the woman that I told you about
The music was good
We listened to it last night
e. The music to which we listened last night was good
f. The music which we listened to last night was good
g. The music that we listened to last night was good
USING WHOSE
Ex: I know the man
His bicycle was stolen
a. I know the man whose bicycle was stolen
The student writes well
I read her composition
b. The student whose the composition I read writes well
Mr. Crab has persian cat
Its fur is very beautiful
c. Mr. Crab has persian cat whose fur is very beautiful

22. USING WHERE
Ex: The building is very old
He lives there
a. The building where he lives there is very old
b. The building in which he lives is very old
c. The building which he lives in is very old
1.1. USING WHEN
I will never forget the day
I met you then
a. I’ll never forget the day when I met you then
b. I’ll never forget the day on which I met you then
Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentences as an adjective clause.
1. I apologized to the woman . I spilled her coffee
2. The man called the police . his wallet was stolen
3. The city was very beautiful . we spent our vacation there
4. That is the restaurant. I will meet you there
5. Monday is the day . we will come then
6. The girl is happy. She won the race
7. The book is good. I read it
8. The student is from Japan. She sits next to me
9. The meeting was very interesting. I went to it
10. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest then
Choose the best answers
1. I met the woman………..husband is the president of the corporation.
a. whom
b. who
c. which
d. whose
2. The doctor……….examined the sick child was very gentle
a. where
b. when
c. who
d. whom about
3. The people were very nice……….we visited them yesterday
a. to which
b. whom
c. that
d. whose
4. I am using a sentence……….contains an adjective clause
a. to which
b. whom
c. which
d. who
5. I live in a dormitory ………the residents come from many countries.
a. where
b. whom
c. about whom
d. when

23. CHAPTER 6
CONSTRACTION
Sentence Positif
Contraction
Negative Contraction With nouns
Am I am reading a book I’m Ain’t
Is She is studying She’s She isn’t Mary’s at home
Are They are waiting They’re, you’re,
we’re
They aren’t
You aren’t
We aren’t
Do I like apple - I don’t like apple
Does She likes banana - She doesn’t like banana
Has She has lived here
since 1980
She’s She hasn’t
Have I have painted many
pictures lately
I’ve I haven’t
Had I had told you before I’d I hadn’t
Did I went to the zoo
yesterday
- I didn’t go
Will I will visit you later I’ll I won’t
Would I would tell him about
it
I’d I wouldn’t
Can I can run fast - I can’t
Could I could go with you - I couldn’t
Change these sentences into positive or negative contractions
1. I am taking four courses next semester in the future
2. I will mail the latter at the corner when I take susan home
3. Tonny is going to arrive at eight tomorrow morning
4. He watches television every day
5. I have finished my homework
6. I was sitting in the class when she came
7. I had been waiting for her for two years
8. He worked for that company last year
9. She has done a lot research on that project
10. I could not finish that work yesterday
11. John is in the class every morning
12. What is the exact place you are sitting right now?
13. There is something I have to tell you
14. They are taking another class besides English
15. I must obey the rule
16. I have the same professor
17. I can not see the white board when I sit in front
18. I had better study to study tonight
19. We are having lunch now

24. 20. The teacher is typing now

25. CHAPTER 7
SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjunctives are used after if/if only (kalau saja), as if/as though (seolah-olah) and after wish (berharap)
Forms:
Past subjunctive has the same form as the simple past in all verbs , except to be, of which the past subjunctive
is were for all persons.
- if only I had much money ( I don’t have much money)
- I wish I were rich ( I am not rich)
Past perfect subjunctives are used when the supposition refers to the past.
- if only I had accepted my wife’s request (I didn’t accept my wife’s request)
- many people wish tsunami hadn’t stricken the beach area ( tsunami struck the beach area)
Past subjunctives can be used for indicating or expressing:
1. Improbability or unreality in the present
- if only I had wings (unreal)
2. Unreal situation in the present
- I wish I knew ( it implies that “I don’t know”)
3. A kind of regret in the present
- I wish I could go to Aceh as volunteer (I am sorry I can’t go)
Past perfect subjunctives have the same functions as past subjunctives, but they refer to the past:
- if only you had called me last night (you didn’t call me last night)
- I wish you had given me a gift (you didn’t give me a gift)
Usually the idea following as if/as though is untrue
Verb form after as if/as though
- She talked to him as if he were a child (he isn’t a child)
- When she came in from the rain storm, she looked as if she had taken a shower with her clothes on
(she didn’t take a shower with her clothes on)
- He acted as though he had never met her (he has met her)
- She spoke as if she wouldn’t be here ( she will be here)
Write down what the following sentences imply
Example: I wish I had much money = I’m sorry I don’t have much money
1. The President wishes all Indonesian people donated some money to the tsunami victims
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Many people wish earthquake and tsunami had not stricken the beach areas
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The man wishes He could find his lost child
_____________________________________________________________________
4. My grandmother wishes many tsunami victim children weren’t illegally adopted
_____________________________________________________________________
5. If only I had gone to Bali for my vacation last year
_____________________________________________________________________
6. If only you had told me about the disaster earlier.
_____________________________________________________________________

26. 7. If only the family hadn’t swum in the beach
_____________________________________________________________________
8. My mother wished I had taken her advice
_____________________________________________________________________
9. If only you could come to the charity concert
_____________________________________________________________________
10. The sun isn’t shining. I wish the sun_________________________________right now
Complete each sentence with as if/as though
1. (his animals aren’t people)
I know a farmer who talks to his animals as if his animals were people)
2. (She speaks English)
She speaks English____________________________________________________
3. (You didn’t see a ghost)
What’s the matter? You look_____________________________________________
4. A giant buldozzer didn’t drive down main street
After the tornado, the town looked_________________________________________
5. (I don’t have wings and can’t fly)
I was so happy that I felt_____________________________________________
Answer the questions:
1. Where do you wish you were right now? What do you wish you were doing?
2. Are you pleased with the weather today, or do you wish it were different?
3. What do you wish about the place you were living?
4. Look around this room, what do you wish were different?
5. is there anything in your past life that you would change? What do you wish you had or hadn’t done?

27. CHAPTER 8
AUXILIARY AND MODALS
PRESENT PAST
Ability
Can
I can speak German
Could
I could speak German when I was a child
Permission
May, Can, Might
May I go playing football ?
Could, Might
Could I go playing football?
Possibility
May, Can, Might
John hasn’t come yet. He may work.
May, Have, Might Have
John hadn’t come yet when we got home.
He might have worked overtime
Advise
Should, Ought to, Had better.
You should study hard.
Should have, Ought to have.
you should have studied hard.
Necessity
Must, Have to.
We must eat our breakfast.
Had to
We had to eat our breakfast this
morning.
Probability
Must
He is absent today.
He must be sick.
Must have
He was absent yesterday.
He must have been sick.
Catatan :
1. Probability adalah strong possibility.
2. Larangan (Prohibition) dinyatakan dengan menggunakan MUST NOT. Contoh :
You must not go out tonight (kamu dilarang pergi).
You don’t have to go out tonight (kamu tidak perlu pergi).
3. SHOULD HAVE dan COULD HAVE menyatakan penyesalan terhadap suatu aktivitas yang pada
kenyataannya tidak dilakukan.
4. WOULD juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lalu (bermakna USED TO).
contoh :
o My Grandfather would tell bedtime story when I was a child.
o My Grandfather used to tell bedtime story when I was a child.
EXAMPLES
- He can do it
- Can I borrow your pen?
- Could I borrow your pen please? Yes, certainly or yes of course
- May I borrow your pen please?
- Would you pass the salt please?
- Will you pass the salt please?
- Could you pass the salt
- Can you pass the salt? Yes, certainly, I’d be glad to
- Would you mind if I closed the window?
- Would you mind helping me?
- You must take an extra exam
Ask and answer polite questions
1. A and B are sitting at the dinner table. A. wants the butter
A: Would you please pass me the butter?
B: Certainly, I’d be glad to, Here you are
2. You want to ask your teacher question
3. You want to leave the class earlier . you’re speaking to your instructor.
Change into polite requests
Example:
- Open the window (could you please open the window or would you mind opening the window)
1. turn on the light
2. give me that book

28. 3. sit down
4. Say that again
5. Give me you pen
6. pass me the butter
Complete the sentence with your own words
1. Children must not……
2. Driver must not…..
3. Students must…..
4. I must…
5. we mustn’t……
Complete the following sentences
1. I should study tonight because…..
2. I should wash my clothes today, but….
3. You shouldn’t stay up late tonight because….

29. CHAPTER 9
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(If Clause)
1. PRESENT REAL
IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE FACT
if+Simple Present
If I graduate in march
S+Modal1(will)+inf.+O
I will take master degree in July.
it is possible to happen.
I may graduate in March so I
may take master degree in
July.
2. PRESENT UNREAL
IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE FACT
if+Simple Past
If I graduated in March.
S+Modal2(wouldl)+inf.+O
I would take master degree in July.
Simple Present
I don’t graduate in March so I
can’t take master degree in
July.
3. PAST UNREAL
IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE FACT
if+ Past Perfect
If I had graduated in
March.
S+Modal2(would)+have+V3+O
I would have taken master degree in July.
Simple Past
I couldn’t take master degree
in July because I didn’t
graduate in March.
Catatan:
1. Pernyataan dalam SUBJUNCTIVE dan CONDITIONAL SENTENCES selahu bertentangan dengan
fakta.
2. Perubahan-perubahan TENSES yang terjadi dalam SUBJUNCTIVE juga berlaku dalam
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
3. IF dalam IF CLAUSE dapat dihilangkan jika terdapat kata bantu SHOULD, WERE, dan HAD dalam
IF CLAUSE.
ex: If I had been rich – Had I been rich

30. CHAPTER 10
ACTIVE AND PASIVE VOICE
Tenses terbagi menjadi present, past, dan future.
berikut ini iktisar dari bagan – bagannya dengan bentuk Active dan Passive Voice
PRESENT
Present Simple
Active Passive
S + V1 + O + Complement S penderita + is/am/are + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement
Present Continuous
Active Passive
S + is/am/are + V-ing + O + Complement S penderita + is/am/are + being + V3 + by O pelaku +
Complement
Present Perfect
Active Passive
S + have/has + V3 + O + Complement S penderita +have/has +been + V3 + by O pelaku +
Complement
Present Perfect Continuous
Active Passive
S + have/has + been+ V -ing + O +
Complement
NO PASSIVE FORM
PAST
Past Simple
Active Passive
S + V2 + O + Complement S penderita +was/were +V3 + by O pelaku +Complement
Past Continuous
Active Passive
S +was/were + V-ing + O + complement S penderita +was/were + being + V3 + by O pelaku
+Complement
Past Perfect
Active Passive
S + had + V3 + O + Complement S penderita + had + been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement
Past Perfect continuous
Active Passive
S + had + been + V-ing + O + Complement NO PASSIVE FORM
FUTURE
Future Simple
Active Passive
S + will/shall/be going to + inf. + O +
Complement
S penderita +will/shall/be going to + be + V3 + by O pelaku +
Complement
Future Continuous
Active Passive
S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O + ComplementNO PASSIVE FORM
Future Perfect
Active Passive
S + will/shall + have + V3 + O + Complement S penderita + have/has + been + V3 + by O pelaku +
Complement
Future Perfect Continuous
Active Passive
S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing + O +
Complement
NO PASSIVE FORM
Catatan :
Complement adalah keterangan pelengkap yang perlu dicantumkan, misal : keterangan tempat dan
keterangan waktu.

31. CHAPTER 11
DIRECT and INDIRECT SPEECH
SPEECH terbagi dalam dua bentuk DIRECT dan INDIRECT
1. Direct Speech
menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang dengan mengutip kata-katanya sebagaimana yang diucapkan
Jika:
Statement
John said, “I will go to Bali Tonight.
Yes / No Question
She asked, “Do you know the speaker’s name?”
WH – Question
The teacher asked Jane, “Why did you make many mistakes?”
Imperative
She said to the boys, “Sit down!”
(negative)
She told me. “Don’t speak!”
Present
Past Simple
Past Perfect
2. Indirect Speech
menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang tanpa mengutip kata-katanya sbagaiman adanya.
Maka :
THAT + statement
John said (that) he would go to Bali that night.
WHETHER/ IF + Statement
She asked me whether/if I knew the speaker’s name.
WH -Statement
The teacher asked Jane why she had made many mistakes.
TO INFINITIVE
She told the boys To Sit down.
NOT to infinitive
She told me Not To Speak .
Past
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
CATATAN
 Would, should, had better, might, used to dan could di dalam Indirect Speech tidak mengalami
perubahan.
 Kata penghubung That boleh dihilangkan dalam Indirect Speech.

32. CHAPTER 12
CAUSATIVE “HAVE/GET”
Pola ini digunakan untuk menyuruh seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh Causative:
ACTIVE CAUSATIVE
1. S + Let/make/have + O pelaku + Infinitive + O penderita
ex: john had the mechanic repair his car.
2. S + Get + O pelaku + To Infinitive + O penderita
ex: john got the mechanic to repair his car.
PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
 S + Make/have/get + O penderita + Verb3
ex: john made his car repaired.
PREFERENCE
1. Untuk menyatakan kelebihsukaan terhadap suatu benda atau kegiatan digunakan struktur sebagai
berikut:
1. S + Like + Noun*/ Gerund* + Better Than + Noun**/Gerund**
Jane likes apple better than grape.
2. S + Prefer + Noun*/ Gerund* + To + Noun** / Gerund**
Jane prefers eating apple to eating grape
3. S + Prefer + To infinitive + (Rather) Than+Infinitive/Gerund/Noun
Jane prefers to eat apple rather than eat grape
4. S+Would prefer+To infinitive+(Rather)Than+ Infinitive/Gerund/Noun
Jane would prefer to eat apple than eating grape
5. S + Would Rather + Infinitive + THAN + Infinitive / Gerund / Noun
Jane would rather eat apple than grape
B. Untuk meminta seseorang melakukan suatu kegiatan secara halus (implied causative) digunakan struktur
sebagai berikut:
1. S + Prefer + Someone (Subject) + To infinitive
I prefers he to go to bed
2. S + Would Rather + Someone (Subject) + Verb**
I would rather he went to bed