Guest lecture for officers and crew of Canadian frigate.

1. MARITIME PIRACY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
13 MAY 2010
MATTHEW GILLIS
MA CANDIDATE, POLITICAL SCIENCE, DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH ASSISTANT, CENTRE FOR FOREIGN POLICY STUDIES
MATTGILLIS@DAL.CA

2. OBJECTIVES
1. TO DEFINE CONTEMPORARY MARITIME PIRACY AND
BRIEFLY EXAMINE ITS ORIGINS.
2. TO PROVIDE A BROAD ANALYSIS OF PIRACY IN AND
AROUND SOMALIA, AS WELL OF COUNTER-PIRACY
EFFORTS IN THE AREA.
3. TO CONSIDER THE „LESSONS LEARNED‟ FROM
ANOTHER PIRACY-PRONE REGION AND APPLY THEM
TO SOMALIA.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

3. OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONTEMPORARY MARITIME PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS IN THE GULF OF ADEN
4. STRAIT OF MALACCA – LESSONS LEARNED
5. CONCLUSIONS
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

4. 1. INTRODUCTION
• MARITIME PIRACY IS NOT A NEW PROBLEM.
• EARLIEST ACTS OF PIRACY FOUND IN ANTIQUITY.
• ENCLAVES OF PRIVATE SEA-FARING RAIDERS.
COMMON IN THE ADRIATIC SEA, AEGEAN SEA, AND
CHINA SEAS.
• EARLY ACTS OF PIRACY CONSTITUTED SHORE
PARTIES RAIDING COASTAL VILLAGES.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

5. 1. INTRODUCTION
Arab pirates sack Byzantine city of Thessalonica , 904 AD.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

6. 1. INTRODUCTION
• PIRACY‟S „GOLDEN AGE‟ BETWEEN 17TH AND 18TH
CENTURIES.
• REGULAR MERCHANT TRAFFIC IN CARIBBEAN AND
MEDITERRANEAN COINCIDES WITH RISE OF PIRACY.
• PIRATES IN THE WEST INDIES AND BARBARY COAST
RAID MERCHANT TRAFFIC.
• LARGE-SCALE PIRACY EFFECTIVELY ENDS WITH
FRENCH CONQUEST OF ALGERIA IN 1830.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

7. 1. INTRODUCTION
French ship-of-the-line battling Barbary corsairs.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

8. 1. INTRODUCTION
„MODERN‟ PIRACY AS DEFINED IN ARTICLE 101, 1982 UN
CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS):
Piracy consists of any of the following acts:
(a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of
depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the
passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed:
(i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against
persons or property on board such ship or aircraft;
(ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside
the jurisdiction of any State;
(b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of
an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or
aircraft;
(c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act
described in subparagraph (a) or (b).
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

9. 1. INTRODUCTION
Piracy consists of any of the following acts:
(a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, Violent crimes or robbery; excludes petty
or any act of depredation, committed theft, smuggling, drug trafficking, etc.
for private ends by the crew or the
passengers of a private ship or a Acts committed for private ends.
private aircraft, and directed:
(i) on the high seas, against another ship
or aircraft, or against persons or
property on board such ship or aircraft; Piracy takes place on the
(ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or high seas only...?
property in a place outside the
jurisdiction of any State;
(b) any act of voluntary participation in the
operation of a ship or of an aircraft
with knowledge of facts making it a
pirate ship or aircraft;
(c) any act of inciting or of intentionally
facilitating an act described in
subparagraph (a) or (b).
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

10. 1. INTRODUCTION
A BETTER DEFINITION, FROM THE ICC‟S INTERNATIONAL
MARITIME BUREAU:
An act of boarding or attempting to board any
ship with the apparent intent to commit theft or
any other crime and with the apparent intent or
capability to use force in the furtherance of that
act.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

11. 1. INTRODUCTION
CONTEMPORARY PIRACY BY THE NUMBERS:
Actual and Attempted Attacks
500
450
400
350
World Aggregate
300
250 Indonesia
200
150 Somalia and Gulf of
Aden
100
50
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
SOURCE: IMB
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

12. 1. INTRODUCTION
CONTEMPORARY PIRACY BY THE NUMBERS:
Actual and Attempted Attacks in 2009
45
8
29 Somalia and Gulf of Aden
Rest of Africa
Americas
23
Far East
218 Indian Subcontinent
32 Rest of World
SE Asia
46 SOURCE: IMB
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

13. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
SOURCE: CIA WORLD FACTBOOK
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

14. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• Land boundaries: 2,340 km • Median age: 17.5 years
• Coastline: 3,025 km • Urban population: 37% of total population
• Climate: principally desert; northeast • Ethnic groups: Somali 85%, Bantu and other
monsoon (December to February), moderate non-Somali 15% (including Arabs 30,000)
temperatures in north and hot in south; • Religions: Sunni Muslim
southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid
in the north and hot in the south, irregular • Languages: Somali (official), Arabic, Italian,
rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) English
between monsoons • Literacy: 37.8%
• Natural resources: uranium and largely • GDP: $2.763 billion est.
unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum,
• GDP per capita: $600 est.
bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil
reserves • GDP composition by sector:
– agriculture: 65%
• Natural hazards: recurring droughts;
– industry: 10%
frequent dust storms over eastern plains in
– services: 25% (2005 est.)
summer; floods during rainy season
• Land use:
• Environmental issues: famine; use of
– arable land: 1.64%
contaminated water contributes to human
– permanent crops: 0.04%
health problems; deforestation; overgrazing;
– other: 98.32% (2005)
soil erosion; desertification
• Population: 9,832,017 Source: CIA World Factbook
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

15. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• Land boundaries: 2,340 km • Median age: 17.5 years Young
• Coastline: 3,025 km Coastal • Urban population: 37% of total population Rural
• Climate: principally desert; northeast • Ethnic groups: Somali 85%, Bantu and other
monsoon (December to February), moderate non-Somali 15% (including Arabs 30,000)
temperatures in north and hot in south; • Religions: Sunni Muslim
southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid
in the north and hot in the south, irregular • Languages: Somali (official), Arabic, Italian,
rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) English
between monsoons • Literacy: 37.8% Illiterate
• Natural resources: uranium and largely • GDP: $2.763 billion est.
unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum,
• GDP per capita: $600 est. Poor
bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil
reserves • GDP composition by sector:
– agriculture: 65% Agrarian
• Natural hazards: recurring droughts;
– industry: 10%
frequent dust storms over eastern plains in
– services: 25% (2005 est.)
summer; floods during rainy season
• Land use:
• Environmental issues: famine; use of
– arable land: 1.64%
contaminated water contributes to human
– permanent crops: 0.04%
health problems; deforestation; overgrazing;
– other: 98.32% (2005)
soil erosion; desertification
• Population: 9,832,017 Source: CIA World Factbook
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

16. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• SOMALIA ACQUIRES INDEPENDENCE FROM UK IN
1960.
• MOHAMED SIAD BARRE BECOMES PRESIDENT OF
SOMALIA AFTER MILITARY COUP IN 1969.
• BARRE OUSTED IN 1991 ; MOST OF SOMALIA
PLUNGED INTO CIVIL WAR AND COUNTER-
REVOLUTIONS.
• HUMANITARIAN SITUATION WORSENS WITH WARFARE
BETWEEN OPPOSING CLANS AND WARLORDS.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

17. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS 733, 746, AND 794 LEAD
INTERVENTION IN SOMALIA TO RESTORE ORDER AND PROVIDE
HUMANITARIAN RELIEF.
• UN OPERATIONS CONDUCTED IN TWO PHASES:
– UNOSOM I, 1992-93
– UNOSOM II, 1993-95
• AFTER COLLAPSE OF PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR INTERVENTION, US
WITHDRAWS FROM SOMALIA IN 1994.
• WITH UNSC RESOLUTION 954, REST OF UN WITHDRAWS IN 1995.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

18. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• TO THIS DAY,
SOMALI
GOVERNMENT
REMAINS
EFFECTIVELY
POWERLESS.
• SOMALIA
POLITICALLY
FRACTURED,
SEVERAL
AUTONOMOUS
REGIONS.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

19. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• LAWLESSNESS IN SOMALIA EXPLOITED BY FOREIGN
FISHING FLEETS; EST. $300 MILLION IN FISH
CAUGHT ILLEGALLY EACH YEAR.
• PIRATES HAVE LEGITIMATE ROOTS? SOMALI
FISHERMEN STYLE THEMSELVES “SOMALIA‟S
COAST GUARD,” ARM THEMSELVES AND BEGIN
ATTACKING FOREIGN FISHING VESSELS.
• OPPORTUNITY IN HIJACKING AND RANSOMING
VESSELS IS LUCRATIVE AND HIGHLY APPEALING....
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

20. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• ....APPEAL OF PIRACY TO A YOUNG SOMALI IS
APPARENT:
“...[I]f a young pirate makes around £20,000
— his cut from two ransom pay-outs — he
can persuade an ethnic Somali wife with a
European Union passport to marry him and
perhaps move to the United Kingdom.
Staying in Somalia is not an option.”
Kenyan journalist Aidan Hartley, 2008.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

21. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
Attacks attributed to Somali pirates
250
217
200
150 111
100
45 44
50
21 20
10
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

22. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
Attacks attributed to Somali pirates
250
217
MV Semlow MV Rozen
200 Jun 2005 Feb 2007
150 111
MV Miltzow
100 Oct 2005 MV Sirius Star
Nov 2008
45 44
50 MV Faina
21 20
10 Sept 2008
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

23. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• ANATOMY OF A TYPICAL HIJACKING:
1. VESSELS APPROACHED USING SMALL SKIFFS OR
SPEEDBOATS. RANGE MAY BE EXTENDED UP TO 1000
NM WITH „MOTHER SHIPS‟
2. VESSELS BOARDED AND SEIZED; MAKE FOR SOMALI
COAST.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

24. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• ANATOMY OF A TYPICAL HIJACKING, CONT‟D:
3. HIJACKED VESSEL ANCHORED OFFSHORE; PIRATES
CONTACT VESSEL OWNERS AND ISSUE RANSOM
DEMANDS.
4. VESSEL OWNER AND PIRATES ENTER NEGOTIATIONS;
FINAL RANSOM DEMAND DRASTICALLY LOWER.
5. VESSEL OWNER MEETS RANSOM; VESSEL FREED
WITHOUT INCIDENT. RANSOM DIVIDED BETWEEN
PIRATES.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

25. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
$3 million
ransom
Source: US Navy
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

26. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• EQUIPMENT/WEAPONRY
INCLUDES:
– RPGS
– AKS
– MACHINEGUNS
– HAND GRENADES
– EDGED WEAPONS
– GPS RECEIVERS
– SATELLITE PHONES
Source: Royal Navy
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

27. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
Source: US Navy
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

28. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
Source: Royal Navy
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

29. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
Source: NATO
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

30. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
Source: US Navy
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

31. 2. PIRACY IN THE GULF OF ADEN
• ARE SOMALI PIRATES TERRORISTS?
– LITTLE OR NO IDEOLOGICAL MOTIVATION; NO FLAG HAS BEEN
EXEMPT FROM ATTACK.
– MONEY > RELIGION?
– DESPITE PIRATE WEAPONRY, ANARCHY/TERRORISM IN
SOMALIA, PIRATES ARE LARGELY NON-VIOLENT:
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Actual and attempted 445 329 276 239 263 293 406
hijackings (worldwide):
Fatalities: 21 32 0 15 5 11 8
Missing: 71 30 12 3 3 21 8
SOURCE: IMB
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

32. 3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS
Source: Canadian Forces
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

33. 3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS
• SERIES OF UNSC RESOLUTIONS (1814, 1816, 1838, 1846) ESTABLISH
COUNTER-PIRACY MANDATE.
• UNSC RESOLUTION 1846:
9. [The Security Council] calls upon States and regional organizations
that have the capacity to do so, to take part actively in the fight against
piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, in particular,
consistent with this resolution and relevant international law, by
deploying naval vessels and military aircraft, and through seizure and
disposition of boats, vessels, arms and other related equipment used in
the commission of piracy and armed robbery off the coast of Somalia,
or for which there is reasonable ground for suspecting such use....
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

34. 3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS
• COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS BY INTERNATIONAL
SECURITY FORCES FALL UNDER TWO APPROACHES:
– UNILATERAL
• DEPLOYMENT OF SINGLE SHIP OR NATIONAL TASK FORCE.
• NOT USUALLY PART OF OR DIRECTLY COORDINATING WITH
MULTINATIONAL TASK FORCES.
• E.G., RUSSIA, INDIA, CHINA.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

35. 3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS
– COLLABORATIVE
• US‟S CTF 150 AND CTF 151, NATO‟S SNMG1, AND
EU‟S NAVFOR SOMALIA..
• MULTINATIONAL MISSION-ORIENTED TASK FORCES
DEDICATED TO COMBATING PIRACY.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

36. 3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS
• COMBINED TASK FORCES 151/150:
– THOUGH CTF 150 WAS INVOLVED IN COUNTER-PIRACY
BETWEEN 2006-08, ITS ORIGINAL MANDATE WAS
COUNTER-TERRORISM UNDER OPERATION ENDURING
FREEDOM.
– CTF-151 HAS DEDICATED COUNTER-PIRACY MANDATE,
COMMENCED OPERATIONS IN JANUARY 2009.
– BROAD INTERNATIONAL MEMBERSHIP; CURRENTLY
HEADED BY KOREAN REAR ADMIRAL.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

37. 3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS
• STANDING NATO RESPONSE FORCE MARITIME
GROUPS 1 & 2.
– THREE ITERATIONS NATO COUNTER-PIRACY MISSIONS:
• OP ALLIED PROVIDER (SEPT 2008)
– STOPGAP PROTECTION FOR WFP SHIPS.
• OP ALLIED PROTECTOR (MAR 2009)
– DETERRENCE AND DISRUPTION OF PIRATE ACTIVITY.
• OP OCEAN SHIELD (AUG 2009)
– REGIONAL CAPACITY-BUILDING IN ADDITION TO DETERRENCE.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

38. 3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS
• EU NAVFOR SOMALIA / OP ATALANTA.
– ESTABLISHED DEC 2008; EU‟S FIRST NAVAL
OPERATION.
– EIGHT EUROPEAN NATIONS MAINTAIN PERMANENT
CONTRIBUTIONS.
– MANDATE INCLUDES PROTECTION OF WFP VESSELS,
DETERRENCE/PREVENTION OF PIRATE ACTIVITY.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

39. 3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS
• WHAT TO DO WITH A
CAPTURED PIRATE?
– “CATCH & RELEASE”
– TRY IN REGIONAL COURT,
E.G. KENYA
– TRY IN OVERSEAS COURT
Source: Spanish Navy
– THE RUSSIAN METHOD....
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

40. 3. COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS
• ARE COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS MAKING A
DIFFERENCE?
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Actual and attempted attacks
between Jan-Mar (Q1): 20 12 5 6 62 35
Source: IMB
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

41. 4. STRAIT OF MALACCA – LESSONS LEARNED
Strait of
Malacca
MARITIME PIRACY Source: CIA World Factbook J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

42. 4. STRAIT OF MALACCA – LESSONS LEARNED
140
121
120
100 94
79
80
60 50
43
40
28
20 15
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Attacks attributed to Indonesian pirates
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

43. 4. STRAIT OF MALACCA – LESSONS LEARNED
• SOUTH-EAST ASIAN COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS CLOSELY
INTEGRATED :
– RECAAP: REGIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENT ON COMBATING
PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AGAINST SHIPS IN ASIA
– RECAAP PROPOSED IN 2001, ENTERS INTO FORCE IN 2006.
– RECAAP‟S THREE PILLARS:
1. INTELLIGENCE SHARING
2. OPERATIONAL COORDINATION
3. CAPACITY-BUILDING
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

44. 4. STRAIT OF MALACCA – LESSONS LEARNED
140 40
121 38
120 35
94 30
100 30
79 25
80 26
23 20
60 50
17 43 15
40
28 10
20 15
5
0 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Attacks attributed to Indonesian pirates vs. bi/multilateral counter-piracy agreements
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

45. 4. STRAIT OF MALACCA – LESSONS LEARNED
• SUCCESS IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA ABOUT
„DOING MORE WITH LESS.‟
• FORCE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION
ESSENTIALLY UNCHANGED; INSTEAD, SOUTH-EAST
ASIAN NATIONS LOOK TO MAXIMIZE EFFICIENT USE
OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES.
• JOINT/COORDINATED PATROLS AND EXERCISES –
BURDEN SHARING - PROVE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL IN
MALACCAN EXPERIENCE.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

46. 4. STRAIT OF MALACCA – LESSONS LEARNED
• CAN THE SUCCESS IN STRAIT OF MALACCA BE
REPLICATED IN THE GULF OF ADEN? YES AND NO.
• MALACCAN EXPERIENCE CANNOT BE DIRECTLY
TRANSLATED; VERY LIMITED REGIONAL MARITIME
SECURITY CAPACITY.
• PREMISES REMAIN APPLICABLE; BETTER
COORDINATION AND REGIONAL CAPACITY-BUILDING
HAVE PROMISE.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

47. 4. STRAIT OF MALACCA – LESSONS LEARNED
Puntland Coast Guard officers meet SNMG1 reps onboard NRP Alvares Cabral. Source: NATO.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

48. 5. CONCLUSIONS
• MARITIME PIRACY IS A TIMELESS ISSUE.
• PIRACY IN AND AROUND SOMALIA IS ROOTED IN
POVERTY AND CONFLICT.
• COUNTER-PIRACY EFFORTS ARE MAKING A
DIFFERENCE.
• LESSONS LEARNED FROM OTHER PIRATE-PRONE
REGIONS MAY BE USEFUL.
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010

49. Questions?
MARITIME PIRACY J.M. GILLIS
IN THE 21ST CENTURY 13 MAY 2010