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1. Interaction Design
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2. Interaction Design
Introduction to ContextualIntroduction to Contextual
ResearchResearch

3. Interaction Design
Human Centred DesignHuman Centred Design
• Involves using information about users and their
tasks to inform design
• Studying people in the context in which the new
software will work reveals a lot of insights other
techniques do not
• In addition to studying users, HCD techniques may
also involve users in the design process

4. Interaction Design
Why Involve Users?Why Involve Users?
• Expectation Management
– Ensure realistic expectations on the part of the
user
– Ensures there are no surprises when the
software is delivered
– Important when a new system is being
introduced that changes existing work practices
• Ownership
– Feel they have a stake in the product which may
help with acceptance.

5. Interaction Design
Studying ContextStudying Context
• People use technologies to perform activities
or tasks in specific contexts.
• To design usable and useful interactive
systems we need to understand the
variability in People, Tasks, Technology and
Contexts.

6. Interaction Design
PeoplePeople
• Individuals differ on a number of dimensions some
of which are important for interaction design.
– Variation in senses; e.g. colour blindness
– Cognitive Ability; e.g. memory and attention span
– Domain Expertise; e.g. novice and expert users
– Frequency in use of computers – primary, secondary
and tertiary users
– Age
– Culture
– Physical abilities and disabilities

7. Interaction Design
TasksTasks
• The nature or characteristics of the activities
to be performed with the system
– Temporal: task frequency, time pressures,
interruptions.
– Cooperation: carried out alone or with others?
– Complexity: vague or well defined?

8. Interaction Design
TechnologiesTechnologies
• Input devices
– How people enter data and instructions to the system
• Output devices
– Characteristics of different displays
• Communication
– Between people and devices needs to be considered
• Content
– Concerns the data in the system and the form it takes.

9. Interaction Design
ContextsContexts
• Physical Environment
– Where the activity takes place, e.g. on the move
• Social Context
– Social norms affect the acceptability of designs
• Organisational Context
– The specific work context, e.g. large
multinational, health service, SME.

10. Interaction Design
ActivityActivity
Group A
• A small multimedia
start-up company
Group B
• An insurance
company call centre
What contextual factors might you consider in
designing a customer database for the following
clients?

11. Interaction Design
Researching the Context ofResearching the Context of
UseUse
• Ethnographic methods
– Observation, interviews etc
– Explicit design methods
• Contextual Design (Holtzblatt and Beyer
2000)
– Practical design method the focuses on
uncovering how people work so that new
software meets their needs and supports their
key activities.

12. Interaction Design
Contextual DesignContextual Design
• A method for the design of generic
products
• Keeps data focus on the client
• Supports the collection of contextual data
and the distillation of common elements
• Intended to be used by a team
• Not really suitable for small projects or
individual projects

13. Interaction Design
The Role of a ContextualThe Role of a Contextual
DesignerDesigner
• To make sense of real life situations
– Identify stakeholders and their attributes
– Model the usage environments
• To uncover Implicit knowledge
– Identify activities and critical success factors
• To design a system that matches its users’
needs

14. Interaction Design
Contextual Design ProcessContextual Design Process
Contextual Interview
Interpretation &
Work Modelling
Flow Cultural Sequence Physical Artefact
Affinity
Notes
Consolidation and
Affinity DiagramVisioningStoryboarding
User Environment
Design

15. Interaction Design
Contextual InterviewContextual Interview
• Focused interview and Observations
– Observe how work is actually undertaken
– Retrospective explanations (e.g. I noticed you
checking the delivery address against bill
address why was that?
– Master-apprentice model
– Two or three people in each work role should be
interviewed

16. Interaction Design
Key PrinciplesKey Principles
• Understand user needs in the context of
their work
• Work with users as partners
• Create a shared understanding of what is
going on by interpretations with the user.
• Probe for information from a clearly defined
focus

17. Interaction Design
SummarySummary
• Involving and understanding users and their
needs:
– Leads to more appropriate software
– Helps manage user expectations
– Gives a sense of ownership and aids acceptance
• Contextual Design method provides models
and techniques for gathering contextual data
and representing this in a form to assist
design