Malnutrition

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MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition
DEFINITION:
 Malnutrition is the condition or state in which a body do not get proper nutrition or get
over nutrition ( imbalanced nutrition ) and as the result a deficiency or excess or
imbalanced of energy.
 Malnutrition is an acute or chronic condition where a deficiency or imbalance of energy,
protein and other nutrients cause measurable and adverse effects on body composition,
function and clinical outcomes.
 nutrients cause measurable and adverse effects on body composition, function and
clinical outcomes.
 Lack of essential nutrients
 Malnutrition is a broad term commonly used as an alternative to under nutrition but
technically it also refers to over nutrition .
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines malnutrition as "the cellular imbalance
between the supply of nutrients and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure growth,
maintenance, and specific functions."
Types of malnutrition
Two typesof Malnutrition
1) Over Nutrition
2) UnderNutrition
( 1) OVERNUTRITION
• Overnutrition is a form of malnutrition in which the intake of nutrients is oversupplied.
The amount of nutrients exceeds the amount required for normal growth, development,
and metabolism.
• Overnutrition can develop into obesity, which increases the risk of serious health
conditions, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and type-2 diabetes.
Overnutrition is frequent or habitual overconsumption of nutrients by eating too much food to
the point that it becomes dangerous to health. Nutrients are all compounds necessary for
bodily function, including minerals, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Although most
nutrients can be harmful in excess, the danger of overnutrition relates mostly to carbohydrates

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and fats. Overeating differs conceptually from overnutrition, although they are essentially the
same thing in action;
whereas overeating is a compulsion considered a psychological disorder, overnutrition is
volitionally choosing to eat more food than you need, even if you don't realize it.
Alsocalled Protein-energy malnutrition( PEM )
Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) or protein–calorie malnutrition refers to a form of malnutrition where
there is inadequate calorie or protein intake.
Types include:
 Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition predominant)
 Marasmus (deficiency in calorie intake)
Marasmic Kwashiorkor (marked protein deficiency and marked calorie insufficiency signs
present, sometimes referred to as the most severe form of malnutrition)
PEM is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and accounts for 6 million deaths
annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is predominantly seen in hospitals, is associated with
disease, or is often found in the elderly.
Note that PEM may be secondary to other conditions such as chronic renal disease or cancer
cachexia in which protein energy wasting may occur.
Protein–energy malnutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake.
The few rare cases found in the developed world are almost entirely found in small children as
a result of fad diets, or ignorance of the nutritional needs of children, particularly in cases
of milk allergy.
( 2 ) Undernutrition
What happens when you are undernutrition?
Undernutrition is the opposite of overnutrition, meaning that it is a nutrient deficiency from not
eating enough food or not getting rich nourished food or getting poor food and as the result
the body became weak and suffering from differents diseases.
A person who is undernutrition , he or she can not work properly and affects on their
physiological and mental status . Undernutrition usually affects the balance of all the nutrients
in our body. Nonetheless, problems relating to a deficiency in carbohydrates and fats will
manifest first and most acutely. Initially, the body starts using its glycogen -- or sugar --

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reserves, stored water and body protein. Then, your body consumes stored fatty acids and lean
muscle. Short-term undernutrition is possible if you inexplicably lose at least 10 percent of your
body weight over three to six months.
Names of the countries who are under the risk of Undernutrition
Country Number of Undernourished (million)
India 217.05
China 154.0
Bangladesh 43.45
Pakistan 35.2
Ethiopia 31.5
Tanzania 16.1
Philippines 15.2
Brazil 14.4
Indonesia 13.8
Vietnam 13.8
Thailand 13.4
Nigeria 11.5
Kenya 9.7
Sudan 8.8
North Korea 7.9
Yemen 7.1
Zimbabwe 5.7
Zambia 5.1

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TYPES OF NUTRIENTS
There are twomaintypesof nutrientswhichare veryimportantforthe personwhois
undernourishment.
1) Macronutrients
2) Micronutrients
(1) Macronutrients
Nutrients are environmental substances used for energy, growth, and bodily functions by
organisms. Depending on the nutrient, these substances are needed in small amounts or larger
amounts. Those that are needed in large amounts are called macronutrients.
There are three macronutrients required by humans:
carbohydrates (sugar), lipids (fats), and proteins. Each of these macronutrients provides energy
in the form of calories.
For example:
• In carbohydrates, there are 4 calories per gram
• In proteins, there are 4 calories per gram
• And in lipids, there are 9 calories per gram
(2) Micronutrient
Micronutrients are the materials which are needed to our the body in small amounts.
For example Calcium , copper , zinc , iodine , vitamins , iron etc. Deficiency of these nutrients
created a big problem in the body. As a result , cause different types of diseases in the body.
The diseases caused by micronutrients deficiency is called Micronutrient malnutrition .More
than 2 billion people in the world today may be affected by Micronutrient malnutrition.
Malnutrition diseases
Diseases frequently implicated in disease-related malnutrition include cystic fibrosis, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney failure, chronic heart
failure, cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. Certain treatments can also have a negative
effect on nutrition.

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Types of malnutrition diseases
 Calcium. Osteoporosis. Rickets. Tetany.
 Iodine deficiency. Goiter.
 Selenium deficiency. Keshan disease.
 Iron deficiency. Iron deficiency anemia.
 Zinc. Growth retardation.
 Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Beriberi.
 Niacin (Vitamin B3) Pellagra.
 Vitamin C. Scurvy.
Causes
There are many types of malnutrition, and they have different causes. Some causes include:
 Poor diet
 Starvation due to food not being available
 Eating disorders
 Problems with digesting food or absorbing nutrients from food
 Certain medical conditions that make a person unable to eat
Sometimes malnutrition is very mild and causes no symptoms. Other times it can be so severe
that the damage it does to the body is permanent, even though you survive.
Poverty, natural disasters, political problems, and war can all contribute to malnutrition and
starvation, and not just in developing countries.