Investigating Missouri Per Pupil Expenditure as a Function of Median Household Income Adam Geller University of Missouri – St. Louis

Two Main Data Sets Median Household Income United States Census 2000 Per Pupil Expenditure Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education

Median Household Income

United States Census 2000

Per Pupil Expenditure

Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education

Wealth concentrated in urban areas 2000 Median Household Income

Wealth concentrated in urban areas

Spending has no clear pattern Pockets of high spending in low income areas as well as in high income areas 2007 Per Pupil Expenditure

Spending has no clear pattern

Pockets of high spending in low income areas as well as in high income areas

Full Data Set

Full Data Set R 2 = 0.00127 On the whole, median income does not serve as a predictor of PPE

R 2 = 0.00127

On the whole, median income does not serve as a predictor of PPE

Urban or Rural? All school districts geographically touching an urban census area were selected, in entirety, as urban districts. This groups the metropolitan area as urban rather than only districts of cities proper

All school districts geographically touching an urban census area were selected, in entirety, as urban districts.

This groups the metropolitan area as urban rather than only districts of cities proper

Map uses same color brackets as previous state-wide map. Clearer concentration of wealth with mix of lower income areas Median Income of Urban Districts

Map uses same color brackets as previous state-wide map.

Clearer concentration of wealth with mix of lower income areas

Urban Districts PPE

Urban Districts PPE R 2 = 0.0701 In urban districts, median income does not serve as a predictor of PPE

R 2 = 0.0701

In urban districts, median income does not serve as a predictor of PPE

Rural Districts PPE

Rural Districts PPE R 2 = 0.0131 In rural districts, income does not serve as a predictor of PPE

R 2 = 0.0131

In rural districts, income does not serve as a predictor of PPE

Median Income Brackets Missouri median household income was $43,266 566 districts in data set 139 districts above median income 427 districts at or below median income

Missouri median household income was $43,266

566 districts in data set

139 districts above median income

427 districts at or below median income

Median Income ≤ $43,266

Median Income ≤ $43,266 R 2 = 0.0027 When median income is less than $43,266, PPE is not correlated to median income

R 2 = 0.0027

When median income is less than $43,266, PPE is not correlated to median income

Median Income > $43,266 R 2 = 0.1940

Very Top End May Skew The Relationship “ Clustering” begins below median income of these five districts PPE Median Income District Name $10,134 $79,257 KIRKWOOD $9,262 $84,437 PARKWAY $7,676 $87,537 ROCKWOOD $15,248 $101,410 CLAYTON $11,984 $109,160 LADUE

“ Clustering” begins below median income of these five districts

$43,266 > Median Income < $75,000 R 2 = 0.0399

What does this mean? From this analysis, it is not clear whether any of these results are a “statistically significant” relationship A multi-variable relationship is more likely to explain how PPE is affected Free and reduced lunch population Special education population Limited English proficiency population

From this analysis, it is not clear whether any of these results are a “statistically significant” relationship

A multi-variable relationship is more likely to explain how PPE is affected

Free and reduced lunch population

Special education population

Limited English proficiency population

Sources Median Income by school district http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/bat 2007 School District Boundaries http://www.msdis.missouri.edu/datasearch/VectDisplayResults.jsp?currDispPageNum=1 Per Pupil Expenditure http://dese.mo.gov/schooldata/ftp/finance.xls

Median Income by school district

http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/bat

2007 School District Boundaries

http://www.msdis.missouri.edu/datasearch/VectDisplayResults.jsp?currDispPageNum=1

Per Pupil Expenditure

http://dese.mo.gov/schooldata/ftp/finance.xls

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This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.

To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/

Or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.