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第5回支配の諸類型と権力・暴力装置(配布用)
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第5回支配の諸類型と権力・暴力装置(配布用)
1.
第5回 支配の諸類型と権力・暴力装 置 2013年5月17日 担当:中川 翔平
2.
「プロテスタンティズムの 倫理と資本主義の精神」 • 視点の転換 :
方法的個人主義 ☆ヴェーバーの問い なぜ合理的な産業資本主義が西欧にだけ現 れたのか? → 人々(大衆[プロテスタト]信徒)が 禁欲的・合理的な職業生活に励んだため。
3.
禁欲 =すべての欲望をなくすことではなく、一 定の方向にエネルギーを集中させること。 ☆ 目的のために、余計なことや無駄を廃 して合理的に行為すること。 禁欲的プロテスタンティズム 神は超越的存在であり、神の意志は人間 には測り知れないものであるから、現世の 人為は神の救いを得るためにはなんら関係 ないと考える。 或る個人が救われるか否か は、神によってすでに決定されているが、 それは人間には知ることができない。
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宗教的達人(カルヴァン1など)には、こ うしたきびしい教義を耐えることができた が、 一般信徒はそうではなかった。そし て、なんらかの救いの確証を求めた。した がって、ひたすら神の道具として地上に神 の栄光を実現するよう努めることで救いの 確信を得ようとした。 =【職業(天職)】に励むこと。信仰に誠 実な民衆が産業資本主義の担い手となっ た。 1 Jean
Calvin, 1509-1564。フランスの宗教改革運動の指導者。ジュネーブを中心に宗教改 革を指導,神政政治といわれるように,市民生活を信仰にもとづいて厳格に 統制した。 カルヴァンの教えを信者はイギリスではピューリタンと呼ばれ,フランスではユグノー
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「下から」社会を見る視点と は? ☆ 社会階層 → 身分制度、宗派、職業等に着目 ☆
カソリック/プロテスタント → 伝統的な身分制社会では,僧侶,宮廷 貴族,騎士など,収入をえるために働くこ とが必要でない人々が尊ばれ,実際に職業 をもって働く人々はいやしい身分とみなさ れた。
6.
小括 「近代資本主義」は、従来の資本主義とは大いに異なっている。 「自由な労働の合理的組織」「家政と経営の分離」「合理的な簿記」 の三点を挙げる。 1.「自由な労働の合理的組織」・・・カルヴァン派の個人主 義的職業観は、身分制やギルドを支えたカソリックや他の宗教 とは正反対である。このプロテスタンティズムは、【自由競 争】と【個人の努力】を推奨するものである。 2.「家政と経営の分離」 3.「合理的な簿記」・・・「合理的な経営」に不可欠なのが、 「家政」からの独立である。簿記上で計算される経営上の支出 は、家計簿の収支から分離されるのである。「合理的な簿記」 の上での分離は不可欠なものとなる。
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合理性と「支配」について • 支配=上からの一方的な強制だけでは維 持できない。 • 【上位者】と【下位者】との相互作用
が 不可欠。ヴェーバーは、特に【下からの 支持】に注目した。
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• 支持根拠=正当性(Legitimitaet) (「正統性」の訳語は誤解を招くので、社会学では多くの場合「正当 性」の方を使用する。) 「支配」とは、その定義からして、特定の (またはすべての)命令に対して、挙示しうる 一群のひとびとのもとで、服従を見出しうる チャンスをいう。したがって、他人に対して 「権力」や「影響力」をおよぼしうる て「支配 はない。 ≪中略≫ すべての支配は、その「正当性 、 いかなる種類の正当性が要求されるかに応じ て、服従の類型も、この服従を保証すること を任務としている行政幹部の類型も、支配の 行使の性格も、根本的に異なったものになっ てくる。 マックス・ヴェーバー(世良晃志郎訳)『支配 の諸類型』創文社,1970.
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支配の類型 • 【伝統的支配】 或る行為が過去から一貫してされてきたこと に正当性を持つ支配。 • 【合法的支配】 正当な手続きにより定められた法律により支配 や権威の正統性が担保されるとするもの。 •
【カリスマ的支配】 個人的資質(パーソナリティ)により大多数の大 衆の心を捉え、大衆的帰依による圧倒的な支持と賛 同を集めたカリスマ的為政者によって支配や権威の 正統性を担保するものである。
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合法的支配 • 制定規則による【合法的支配】。 形式的に正しい手続きで定められた制定規則 によって、任意の【法】を創造し、変更しうる という観念による。 最も純粋な型は、【官僚制的支配】。継続的 な仕事は、主として官僚制的な力によって行わ れるが、最高権力者は、君主(世襲カリスマ的 支配)であるか、国民によって選ばれた大統領 (カリスマ的主人)であるか、議会団体によっ て選挙されるかである。
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※官僚制への注意点 • 官僚制は「訓練を受けた専門的労働の特殊化・権 限の区画・勤務規則及び階層的に段階付けられた 服従関係」と定義されている。 • その優秀さから、官僚制は合理化を追求する資本 主義社会の申し子といって良い。だが、逆転させ れば、官僚制は【「隷従の檻」(iron
cage)】を容易 に作り出す。冷酷な非人間性は、形式合理性を貫 徹するその性格から明白である。官僚制は、形式 的に万人の平等に規則を適用するが、恣意的観点 から「正義」を主張する実質合理性と対立し、 個々の欲求を抑圧していく。 • 「隷従の檻」は人々から“創造性”をうばっていく →創造性の喪失
12.
国家と“暴力装置” 2010年の出来事 2010年11月18日の参院予算委員会で仙谷由 人官房長官(当時民主党衆議院議員)が 「暴力装置でもある自衛隊」と発言した。 『日経QUICKニュース』2010年11月18日「仙谷官房長官 「自衛隊は実質上、軍事組織」暴力装置発言に」 〈http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASFL1809Y_Y0A111C100 0000/〉(2013年5月16日アクセス)
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国家とは、或る特定の地域―この「地域」 ということが特徴なのですが―の内部で、 【正当な物的暴力性の独占】を要求する (そして、それが成功した)人間共同体で ある。というのは、国家の側が自分以外の すべての団体または個人に許す範囲でしか 物的暴力性の権利を認めないということ、 つまり、国家が暴力性の「権利」の唯一の 源泉と看做されているということ、これが 現代の特徴だからであります。 マックス・ヴェーバー著,清水禮子、清水幾太郎訳『職業としての政 治』 河出書房『世界の大思想 23』
所収 p387 1965年=1919年
14.
“暴力装置”のあいまいさ • 前項書では国家の「暴力の独占」に ついて説明されていている • しかし、
“暴力装置”とは翻訳の際に 意訳されたもの(比喩表現としての “装置”)。 • ちなみに前項での“暴力”の説明の際に 【善/悪の価値判断は含まれていな い】
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前述の発言を解きほぐす ☆自衛隊は国家の暴力装置である。 さらに「暴力の独占」する方向性には 1. 「外向きの暴力」=軍隊 2. 「内向きの暴力」=警察 となる。 ☆日本では主として歴史的経緯によりこの両者 が相当明確に区別されている(憲法上軍隊を放 棄しているしね。日本国憲法第9条2項の『陸海 空軍その他の戦力は、これを保持しない』)。
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暴力と文民統制 • シビリアン・コントロール(civilian control
of the military) 職業軍人でない【文民(政治家・官僚)】が、 軍隊に対して最高の指揮権を持ち、軍部の政治 への介入を抑制し、民主政治を守るための原 則。 日本の場合、防衛省のトップ防衛大臣は内閣総 理大臣が指名した議員・民間人閣僚が務める。 防衛省には「背広組(国家公務員)」と「制服 組(主に防衛大学校卒業者)」がある。
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近年のシビリアン・コントロール の例 田母神俊雄航空幕僚長の解任・定年退 職 航空幕僚長としての日本の侵略行為を正当 化する論文を発表。 上記の行為は自衛官(一般的には軍人) として【政治的・思想的中立性】を放棄 していると言える。 要は、現職自衛官は政治的・思想的な活動 を行なってはならないという原則に抵触 したため(国家公務員法第102条)
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結びにかえて:近代社会の盲目 近代社会は宗教などを非科学的・非合理的とみなし、「脱呪術化」を推進した。真実や法則は「技術 と予測」により何でも知ることが出来るようにしました。 しかし、こうした「主知化・合理化」の危険性として、 (1) 「専門人」への依存・・・専門家の知識への依存が進行する。医者、技術者、科学者、あらゆ る専門家の 力が増大していく (2) 「主知化」と「進歩」は表裏一体であり、人間は満足して死ぬことがない。将来の更なる進歩 への【欲望】 は飽くなきものとなるので、欲望が満たされることはない。もはや人生の意義が失われる。 (3)
「自己決定」が重視され、最終的な責任は【個人】に課される。安楽死を例にとれば、「専門 人」である医 者は診断できても、患者の生死の決定は本人や家族に委ねられる。 ヴェーバーは近代という時代を発見した一人であるが、それは際限なき個人主義を推し進めた。 この結果、個々の責任倫理の重要性が増すことになる。 あらかじめ【(説明)責任】をしっかり考えに入れて相手に心をくばる
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