This document summarizes a presentation about how teacher knowledge, confidence, beliefs, and culture impact their adoption of technology in the classroom. It discusses how these four key variables can both inhibit and facilitate teacher change according to the literature. It also presents results from a survey of teachers that show differences in their levels of knowledge, confidence, and beliefs regarding technology use. Finally, it concludes that changing teachers' mindsets to recognize the appropriate role of technology in effective teaching is an important milestone.

1. Teacher Technology Change:
How Knowledge, Confidence,
Beliefs, and Culture Intersect
Peggy A. Ertmer and Anne T. Ottenbreit-Leftwich
2010

2. Presenters

3. Agenda
Introduction
Literature overview
Key variables
School survey
Recommendations for facilitating teacher change
Academic discussion
Summary of discussion
Conclusion
Comment on SlideShare

4. Introduction
 Comparison to other professions
“It is no longer appropriate to suggest that teachers’ low-level uses of technology
are adequate to meet the needs of the 21st-century learner” (Ertmer & Ottenbreit-
Leftwich, 2010, p. 257).
 Teachers have increased their use of ICTs in the classroom, however data shows
that technology is mostly used for “teacher-directed instruction” (Ertmer &
Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010, p. 256).

5. Literature Overview
 Teachers need to change to “use technology to facilitate learning” (Ertmer &
Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010, p. 258).
 Ertmer and Ottenbreit-Leftwich (2010, p. 258) discuss four variables that inhibit
teachers from embracing technology.
 Ertmer and Ottenbreit-Leftwich (2010) believe that these variables can also be used
to influence teachers to embrace the use of ICT in the classroom. They provide ways
to promote teacher change within both pre-service teachers and practicing teachers.

6. Literature Overview - Variables
Knowledge
Confidence and
self-efficacy
Beliefs
Culture

7. Literature Overview - Knowledge
 “To use technology to support meaningful student learning,
teachers need additional knowledge of the content they are
required to teach, the pedagogical methods that facilitate
student learning, and the specific ways in which technology can
support those methods” (Ertmer & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010,
p. 260)

8. School Survey - Knowledge
2. Do you feel that you have the level of knowledge and awareness
about ICTs that you require for your teaching role?
Yes 22 65%
No 12 35%

9. Literature Overview – Confidence
 Teachers need to feel confident to use technologies to
“achieve student learning objectives” (Ertmer and
Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010, p. 261).

10. School Survey - Confidence
4. What is your level of confidence when using and teaching with
ICTs?
1 0 0%
2 5 15%
3 11 32%
4 3 9%
5 4 12%
6 3 9%
7 3 9%
8 4 12%
9 1 3%
10 0 0%

11. Literature Overview - Beliefs
 Angers and Machtmes (2005), Hermans et al. (2008) and Windschitl and Sahl
(2002) have suggested that “belief systems influence how teachers use technology in
the classroom” (as sited in Ertmer & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010, p. 262).
 Teachers’ beliefs about ICT “are based on whether or not they think technology can
help them achieve the instructional goals they perceive to be most important”
(Ertmer & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010, p. 263).
 Belief that it is a valuable tool = more likely to use it.

12. School Survey - Beliefs
6. Do you believe that teaching is not effective without the
appropriate use of ICT resources to facilitate student learning?
Yes 14 41%
No 20 59%

13. Literature Overview - Culture
 School culture and environment can have both positive and negative effects.
 Positive: observing positive results by teachers who use technology in lessons can
influence teachers to try new things.
: “changes in beliefs about technology use occurred more readily among
teachers who were socialized by their peers to think differently about computer use”
(Ertmer & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010, p. 264).
 Negative: teachers are less likely to adopt innovation if it “deviates too greatly from
existing values, beliefs, and practices of the teachers and administrators in the
school” (Ertmer & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010, p. 264).

14. School Survey - Culture
8. How does the school environment and culture effect your use of
ICT ?
Positively 11 32%
Negatively 0 0%
Both positively
23 68%
and negatively

15. School Survey
10. What could be done to influence you to embrace ICT more?
Time
PD
More iPads
Winning response:
“If God were to give me more time, more will and more reason to
embrace ICT in my work, I would happily obey. Good luck with Masters”

16. Recommendations
for Facilitating
Teacher Change
(Ertmer &
Ottenbreit-
Leftwich, 2010, p.
266).

17. Discussion questions
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Lv5HFhOii7tWs0aK0RByK5P631rFdPG2fEe8HISDLr8/edit?usp=sharing
Common question for everyone:
“Reio and Lasky (2007) suggested that schools should create change oriented environments
supporting experimentation and innovation, as well as include teachers in the decision-making
processʺ (Ertmer & Ottenbreit-Leftwich, 2010, p. 276).
How does the use of ICTs in the classroom relate to the above statement?
Group expertise questions (The implications of the four key variables):
Group 1 Los Conocedores (The knowers) What are the implications of the key variable
Knowledge to further create a change oriented environment in our school?
Group 2: Los Eficaces (The Effectives) What are the implications of the key variable
Confidence to further create a change oriented environment in our school?
Group 3: Los Creyentes (The Believers) What are the implications of the key variable Beliefs
to further create a change oriented environment in our school?
Group 4: Los Cultos (The Cultured) What are the implications of the key variable Culture to
further create a change oriented environment in our school?

18. Summary of discussion
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Lv5HFhOii7tWs0aK0RByK5P631rFdPG2fEe
8HISDLr8/edit?usp=sharing

19. Conclusion
“Once teachers’ mindsets have changed to include the idea that teaching is not
effective without the appropriate use of ICT resources to achieve student learning
outcomes, we will have reached a significant milestone” (Ertmer & Ottenbreit-
Leftwich, 2010, p. 278).

20. SlideShare Comment
 Please comment on our SlideShare.
Remember: