11. 分布式发电和微电网
Distribution Generation and Micro-Grid
分布式发电的定义
分布式发电的定义:分布式发电(Distributed Generation,简称DG):
分布式发电通常是指发电功率在几千瓦至数十兆瓦的小型模块
化、分散式、布置在用户附近的,就地消纳、非外送型的发电
单元。主要包括:以液体或气体为燃料的内燃机、微型燃气轮
机、热电联产机组、燃料电池发电系统、太阳能光伏发电、风
力发电、生物质能发电等。
国家能源局“分布式发电管理办法”中给出了分布式发电的概念:
“分布式发电,是指位于用户附近,装机规模较小,电能主要
由用户自用和就地利用的可再生能源、资源综合利用发电设施
或有电力输出的能量梯级利用多联供系统,并网电压等级在
110千伏及以下”。
12. 发展分布式光伏发电的理由
The Reasons to Develop Distribution PV Generation
1. The characteristics of solar resources;
2. 90% PV projects are in grid-tied market;
3. LS-PV power plants face the problems in grid
connection due to very few loads locally and have
to be transmitted to the load-center far away;
4. Limited by grid capacity in long distance
transmission of PV power.
光伏发电大规模发展的主要障碍 ?
Main Barrier for Large Scale PV Utilization ?
电网接入 !
这个障碍需要靠电网企业和光伏企业共同
解决。
14. 接入配电网的光伏发电系统 - Micro-Grid
本身就在负荷中心;
不需要提高电网的送出能力;
分布式储能容易解决;
可以做到高穿透率 ( > 80%)
很容易成为电网友好型的分布式发电
◆: 困难 ◆: 容易
Standard for the PV power plants connected
to low and medium voltage grid.
(380V – 66kV +)
Chinese Standard for PV
Power Plants .
16. 分布式光伏发电是光伏应用的主流
数据来源:Trends in
Photovoltaic Applications:
Survey report of selected IEA
countries between 1992 and
2010, www.iea-pvps.org
至2010年底,分布式系统的累计装机容量约有23.4GW,占光伏累计装机容量的66.8%。
其中德国14.9GW、日本3.5GW、美国1.7GW、意大利1.5GW和法国0.8GW,中国分
布式光伏系统累计装机容量仅有256MW。
美国2010年分布式光伏装机超过82%
数据来源:National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in the United States 2010
21. 1.3 微网分类
联网型微网
具有并网和独立两种运行模式。在并网工作模式下,一般与中、低压
配电网并网运行,互为支撑,实现能量的双向交换。在外部电网故障情况
下,可转为独立运行模式,提高了供电可靠性。通过采取先进的控制策略
和控制手段,可保证微网高电能质量供电,也可以实现两种运行模式的无
缝切换。
独立型微网
不和常规电网相连接,利用自身的分布式电源满足微网内负荷的需求
。当网内存在可再生能源分布式电源时,需要配置储能系统以抑制这类电
源的功率波动。这类微网更加适合在海岛、边远地区等地为用户供电。
微电网工程示范
Micro-Grid Demonstration
During the 12th 5-year plan(2011-2015),
Chinese government plan to build 30 Micro-
grid demonstrations.
In fact, there are already some micro-grid pilot
projects are completed。
22. International Study Tour
(Europe)
Denmark
Germany
Greece
RISO-DTU Lab. For Smart-grid and Micro-Grid
RISO实验室(SYSLAB)的主要设备:
光伏发电: 7kW
Gala 风机: 11kW
Bonus 风机: 55kW
柴油发电机:60kVA
4个可控负荷:180kW
背靠背逆变器:30kW
智能办公室:20kW
全矾液流电池:15kW/120kWh
旋转双向电机:30kW
电动汽车:9kWh
电容堆:46kVAr
400V交流总线,所有设备通过高速以
太局域网实施控制。
23. Can supply power to grid at fixed power level
Not control In Control
红色负荷曲线:大约只有1.5kW;
灰色线:全矾液流电池的充放电功率曲线,纵轴以下是充电,纵轴以上是放电;
蓝色线:电网曲线,纵轴以下是供电状态,纵轴以上是吸收状态;
绿色线:风力发电曲线,只有11kW的风机工作,最高输出也才只有5kW左右;
最上面的灰色线:光伏发电曲线,日照很好,接近满功率7kW。右侧的跌落是云层干扰
PowerLab DK Pilot Project for Micro-Grid
热电联产机组(CHP):总
功率35MW,可以燃煤也可以
烧生物质燃料。 如果全部发
电,可以发35MW,如果供
热,则发电功率仅为16MW。
孤岛运行时由CHP建网;
燃油机组:34MW;
燃油蒸汽发电机组:25MW;
风力发电机组:30MW;
光伏发电:计划2011-2012年
建成2MW分布式光伏发电系
统,最终要建成5MW光伏发
电;
沼气发电:2MW。
24. Isolated Micro-Grid at Kythnos Island, Greece
根据频率平衡微网的供用
电,使微网稳定运行。
通过无线通信网控制到每一
户的负载设备
微电网通过48V/1000Ah铅酸蓄电池组和三台SMA的Sunny-Island 5048
(48V/5kW电压源双向逆变器)建立三相交流微电网,7套光伏系统,每套2kW
左右,分别安装在各个用户处,光伏系统通过SMA的Sunny-Boy(电流源并网逆
变器)与交流微电网并网运行。
National RE Center of Greece
2个多晶硅光伏方阵,4.4kW固定方阵,1.1kW双轴追日系统,各自通过单相并网逆变器
并入微网;一组 96V/400Ah铅酸蓄电池通过一台96V/9kW的三相双向逆变器并网;一组
60V/690Ah铅酸蓄电池通过三台SMA单相双向逆变器组成三相电源并网;一台三相
12.5kVA柴油发电机组;一套5kW质子交换膜燃料电池系统通过一台三相逆变器并网;
13kW三相平衡阻性负载、三相容性负载、2.2kW感性负载和2台单相水泵。
25. Micro-grid Demonstration at Hangzhou
Electronic-Tech University
Present by Japan:
(1)PV-120kW, DG-120kW,
Battery-50kWh;
(2)Grid-connected
operation;
(2)Input & Output Control-
able;
(3)Intentional Islanding
operation。
Wind-PV-Diesel-Battery Hybrid Micro-grid
at Dongfushan Island, Zhejiang Province
Diesel Generator: 250kW, Wind Turbines: 210kW,
PV: 100kW, Battery Bank: 980kWh
Voltage of the transmission line on the island: 10kV
26. Hydro-Power and PV Hybrid Micro-
grid,Qinghai Prov.
Location: Yushu, Qinghai Province
System Configuration:
(1)Hydro-power: 12MW; Complete Time:
(2)PV Plant: 2.0MW; Dec., 2011
(3)Battery: 15.2MWh.
中国的激励政策和政府项目
Incentive Policies and Government Project
27. Incentive Policies in China for RE
Highlights of PV Policies in China in 2011
1. Feed-in Tariff (FIT) for PV was released by NDRC in
July, 2011. 1.15 Yuan/kWh for the projects installed
before the end of 2011 and 1.0 Yuan/kWh for the
projects in 2012;
2. Surcharge for RE is doubled from 0.4 cents/kWh to
0.8 cents/kWh. 20-24 billion Yuan can be collected
from whole China annually; Plus about 10 billion RE
Specific Fund, 30-34 billion RMB available annually.
3. Targets of PV for 2015 and 2020 increased
significantly: 15GW for 2015 and 50GW for 2020.
28. National - wide
FIT for PV was
released in July,
光 2011.
伏
1、1.15 Yuan/kWh
标 for the projects
杆 finished before the
end of 2011;
电
2、1.0 Yuan/kWh for
价 the projects
出 finished after Dec.
31, 2011;
台 2.2 GW of LS-PV was
installed in China in
2011.
Double Surcharge for RE
Document Issued by Price
Bureau of NDRC
(Nov. 29, 2011)
The surcharge for RE is doubled
from 0.4 cents/kWh to 0.8
cents/kWh.
(All of above is in effective from
Dec. 1st, 2011)
20-24 billion Yuan can be
collected every year to support
RE power generation.
29. Incentive Policies in China for RE
Large-Scale PV Power Plants
Phases Capacity Feed-in Tariff
1st Phase 2009 2 projects,20MW FIT = 1.0928 Yuan/kWh
2nd Phase 2010 13 projects,280MW FIT = 0.7288-0.9907 Yuan/kWh
2011年 2200 MW FIT = 1.15 Yuan/kWh
2012年 3000 MW ? FIT = 1.0 Yuan/kWh
Financial Source Surcharge for Renewable Energy
PV Building Project
Phases Capacity Subsidy to Capital Inv.
1st Phase 2009 111 projects,91MW BIPV 20, BAPV 15
2nd Phase 2010 99 projects,90.2MW BIPV 17, BAPV 13
3rd Phase 2011 108 projects,120MW BIPV 12元/W
4th Phase 2012 150-200 MW BIPV 9, BAPV 7.5
Financial Source Special Fund for Renewable Energy
Golden-Sun Program
Phases Capacity Subsidy to Capital Inv.
1st Phase 2009 98 projects,201MW PV Building 14.5,off-grid 20
2nd Phase 2010 50 projects,272MW PV Building 11.5,off-grid 16
3rd Phase 2011 140 projects,690MW C-Si 9.0, a-Si 8.5
4th Phase 2012 About 1000 MW PV Building 7.0,off-grid >7.0
Financial Source Special Fund for Renewable Energy
欧洲的电力市场