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Ch02 a,chemistry.mission
- 1. Human
Anatomy
& Physiology
SEVENTH EDITION
Elaine N. Marieb
Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Vince Austin,
Bluegrass Technical
and Community College
C H A P T E R
2
Chemistry
Comes Alive
P A R T A
- 2. Matter
The “stuff” of the universe
Anything that has mass and takes up space
States of matter
Solid – has definite shape and volume
Liquid – has definite volume, changeable shape
Gas – has changeable shape and volume
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- 3. Energy
The capacity to do work (put matter into motion)
Types of energy
Kinetic – energy in action
Potential – energy of position; stored (inactive)
energy
PLAY Energy Concepts
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- 4. Forms of Energy
Chemical – stored in the bonds of chemical
substances
Electrical – results from the movement of charged
particles
Mechanical – directly involved in moving matter
Radiant or electromagnetic – energy traveling in
waves (i.e., visible light, ultraviolet light, and
X-rays)
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- 5. Energy Form Conversions
Energy is easily converted from one form to
another
During conversion, some energy is “lost” as heat
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- 6. Composition of Matter
Elements – unique substances that cannot be
broken down by ordinary chemical means
Atoms – more-or-less identical building blocks for
each element
Atomic symbol – one- or two-letter chemical
shorthand for each element
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- 7. Properties of Elements
Each element has unique physical and chemical
properties
Physical properties – those detected with our
senses
Chemical properties – pertain to the way atoms
interact with one another
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- 8. Major Elements of the Human Body
Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
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- 9. Lesser and Trace Elements of the Human Body
Lesser elements make up 3.9% of the body and
include:
Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K),
sulfur (S), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), magnesium
(Mg), iodine (I), and iron (Fe)
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- 10. Lesser and Trace Elements of the Human Body
Trace elements make up less than 0.01% of the
body
They are required in minute amounts, and are
found as part of enzymes
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- 11. Atomic Structure
The nucleus consists of neutrons and protons
Neutrons – have no charge and a mass of one atomic
mass unit (amu)
Protons – have a positive charge and a mass of
1 amu
Electrons are found orbiting the nucleus
Electrons – have a negative charge and 1/2000 the
mass of a proton (0 amu)
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- 12. Models of the Atom
Planetary Model – electrons move around the
nucleus in fixed, circular orbits
Orbital Model – regions around the nucleus in
which electrons are most likely to be found
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- 13. Models of the Atom
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Figure 2.1
- 14. Identification of Elements
Atomic number – equal to the number of protons
Mass number – equal to the mass of the protons
and neutrons
Atomic weight – average of the mass numbers of
all isotopes
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- 15. Identification of Elements
Isotope – atoms with same number of protons but a
different number of neutrons
Radioisotopes – atoms that undergo spontaneous
decay called radioactivity
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- 17. Identification of Elements: Isotopes of Hydrogen
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Figure 2.3
- 18. Molecules and Compounds
Molecule – two or more atoms held together by
chemical bonds
Compound – two or more different kinds of atoms
chemically bonded together
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- 19. Mixtures and Solutions
Mixtures – two or more components physically
intermixed (not chemically bonded)
Solutions – homogeneous mixtures of components
Solvent – substance present in greatest amount
Solute – substance(s) present in smaller amounts
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- 20. Concentration of Solutions
Percent, or parts per 100 parts
Molarity, or moles per liter (M)
A mole of an element or compound is equal to its
atomic or molecular weight (sum of atomic
weights) in grams
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- 21. Colloids and Suspensions
Colloids (emulsions) – heterogeneous mixtures
whose solutes do not settle out
Suspensions – heterogeneous mixtures with visible
solutes that tend to settle out
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- 22. Mixtures Compared with Compounds
No chemical bonding takes place in mixtures
Most mixtures can be separated by physical means
Mixtures can be heterogeneous or homogeneous
Compounds cannot be separated by physical
means
All compounds are homogeneous
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- 23. Chemical Bonds
Electron shells, or energy levels, surround the
nucleus of an atom
Bonds are formed using the electrons in the
outermost energy level
Valence shell – outermost energy level containing
chemically active electrons
Octet rule – except for the first shell which is full
with two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to
have eight electrons in their valence shell
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- 24. Chemically Inert Elements
Inert elements have their outermost energy level
fully occupied by electrons
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Figure 2.4a
- 25. Chemically Reactive Elements
Reactive
elements do
not have their
outermost
energy level
fully occupied
by electrons
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Figure 2.4b
- 26. Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
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- 27. Ionic Bonds
Ions are charged atoms resulting from the gain or
loss of electrons
Anions have gained one or more electrons
Cations have lost one or more electrons
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- 28. Formation of an Ionic Bond
Ionic bonds form between atoms by the transfer of
one or more electrons
Ionic compounds form crystals instead of
individual molecules
Example: NaCl (sodium chloride)
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- 29. Formation of an Ionic Bond
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Figure 2.5a
- 30. Formation of an Ionic Bond
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Figure 2.5b
- 31. Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of two
or more electrons
Electron sharing produces molecules
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- 32. Single Covalent Bonds
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Figure 2.7a
- 33. Double Covalent Bonds
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Figure 2.7b
- 34. Triple Covalent Bonds
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Figure 2.7c
- 35. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Electrons shared equally between atoms produce
nonpolar molecules
Unequal sharing of electrons produces polar
molecules
Atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons are
electronegative
Atoms with one or two valence shell electrons are
electropositive
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- 36. Comparison of Ionic, Polar Covalent, and
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
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Figure 2.9
- 37. Hydrogen Bonds
Too weak to bind atoms together
Common in dipoles such as water
Responsible for surface tension in water
Important as intramolecular bonds, giving the
molecule a three-dimensional shape
PLAY Hydrogen Bonds
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- 39. Chemical Reactions
Occur when chemical bonds are formed,
rearranged, or broken
Written in symbolic form using chemical equations
Chemical equations contain:
Number and type of reacting substances, and
products produced
Relative amounts of reactants and products
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- 40. Examples of Chemical Reactions
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- 41. Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Combination reactions: Synthesis reactions which
always involve bond formation
A + B AB
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- 42. Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Decomposition reactions: Molecules are broken
down into smaller molecules
AB A + B
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- 43. Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Exchange reactions: Bonds are both made and
broken
AB + C AC + B
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- 44. Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Reactants losing electrons are electron donors and
are oxidized
Reactants taking up electrons are electron
acceptors and become reduced
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- 45. Energy Flow in Chemical Reactions
Exergonic reactions – reactions that release energy
Endergonic reactions – reactions whose products
contain more potential energy than did its reactants
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- 46. Reversibility in Chemical Reactions
All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible
A + B AB
AB A + B
If neither a forward nor reverse reaction is
dominant, chemical equilibrium is reached
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- 47. Factors Influencing Rate of Chemical Reactions
Temperature – chemical reactions proceed quicker
at higher temperatures
Particle size – the smaller the particle the faster the
chemical reaction
Concentration – higher reacting particle
concentrations produce faster reactions
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- 48. Factors Influencing Rate of Chemical Reactions
Catalysts – increase the rate of a reaction without
being chemically changed
Enzymes – biological catalysts
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