3. Why is the coast valued?
• The coastal zone contains a wide range of climatic, geographical and
oceanographic regions, which accommodate a rich store of biological diversity:
– Good source of food
– Rainfall
– Land is suitable for a wide range of uses (incl strategic)
– Climate
– Demand for coastal real estate
– Transport
– Leisure
– Energy and manufactured water production
– Free-rider principle embraced
• Close to half the world’s population live on or near the coast and this could grow
to 2/3’s by 2030.
• Much of human economic activity is intrinsically linked to coastal margins (e.g.
Martinez et al. estimate that the coast produces 77% of total global ecosystem
services, valued at $US25.8 trillion (2007 dollars)).
• Increasing development and population growth is placing increasing dependency
on coastal resources.

6. Total Economic Value
Raybould (2006) Adapted from Bateman and Langford (1997) and Turner (1999)

8. Year / Location Type Value Context
1973, Hawaii Market approximation $US13M p/a Estimated annual expenditure, including medical
1984-1998, California Market approximation $US300,000 Mitigation for loss of surf break
1990-1999, California Non-market (travel cost) $US16M p/a Lost recreation opportunities from oil spill
1999, Mt Maunganui Non-market (willingness to $NZ500,000 p/a 50 new surfers each time the wave breaks
pay)
2001, Pleasure Point, Non-market (travel cost $USD6.2M University study
California
2001, Cornwall Market approximation £21M p/a User survey to estimate value of surfing to
Cornwall
2004, Geraldton Future market value $AUD1.3M p/a Estimated value of proposed artificial surf break
to town
2006, Costa Rica Inbound visitor survey $US400M p/a Survey of total expenditure of surf related visitors
2007, North Narrabeen Market approximation $3.9M p/a Estimated expenditure from 145,000 visits p/a
2007, Mundaka Economic impact $US3M p/a Estimated economic impact of surf break to town
2008, Florida Construction cost $US12M + land + Annual membership at RonJon Surfpark =
permits $US3,000
2008, Trestles Market impact $US8-12M p/a Economic benefit to San Clemente
$US10-55Mp/a Economic value to San Clemente
2009, Portugal Market estimate €150-200M p/a Estimated national economic impact
2009, Mavericks Economic value $US24M p/a Economic and cultural value

9. Approx. value
Location Year Item
(euros)
Gold Coast 2007-8 Expenditure (incl equipment) €10 - 16
American Trader Travel Cost Method (economic value) used to
(USA)
1999 calculate loss of amenity resulting from an oil spill €17
Expenditure (excl accommodation & equipment)
Orewa (NZ) 2004 based on a new surfing reef €24
Trestles (USA) 2007-8 Expenditure (excl equipment) €31
RonJon Surfpark
(USA)
2007 Entrance fee (excl all other costs) €23-46
Mavericks (USA) 2009 Travel Cost Method (economic value) €40
Estimated expenditure (incl travel + gear hire) on a
Geraldton (Australia 2004 new surfing reef €91
Expenditure (incl accommodation, unlikely to include
Costa Rica 2006 equipment) €94
Pleasure Point (USA) 2001 Travel Cost Method (economic value) €94

10. Predicted
Estimated
Year Location Study type annual Methods Reef size
B/C ratio
spend
60:1 (70:1 in
1998 Gold Coast B:C N/A Desktop 70,000m3
2007)
Mt Economic Survey – 6,000m3
1999 N/A $NZ0.5M p/a
Maunganui impact approx 140 (incomplete)
10M image
Economic 25,000m3
B:C, economic value + 3M
2000 Bournemouth 21:1 impact approx.
impact direct income
assessment (incomplete)
p/a
Survey of
Market approx 140
2004 Geraldton N/A $AU1.5M p/a N/A
expenditure surfers + 90
general public
$US191,000
Brevard Desktop,
2008 B:C 4:1 ; 0.33:1 (best case 23,000m3
County interviews
scenario)

12. Adapted from Google Maps

13. Location Percentage of Value
total (to nearest million euros)
Duranbah 10 €7 - 12
Worth considering together
Snapper 11 € 8 - 13
Rainbow Bay 3 €2-4
Greenmount / Coolangatta 4 €3-5
Kirra 2 €1-3
Bilinga / Tugun / Flatrock 2 €1-2
Currumbin / Alley 12 € 8 - 13
Palm Beach (Lacey’s Lane to Tallebudgera) 6 €3-7
Burleigh Heads / beach 14 € 8 - 13
Miami / Nobby / Mermaid 7 €4-6
Broadbeach / Surfers 2 €1-2
Narrowneck 3 €3-5
Main Beach / Southport 3 €3-5
Spit 6.5 €5-8
South Stradbroke Island 14.5 € 11 - 17
Total 100 € 68 - 125

14. Source No. of surfers Estimated no. of Total estimated
sessions expenditure p/a
Estimation Strategy 1 65,000 6,7M p/a €68 million*
Estimation Strategy 2 75,000 7,8M p/a €80 million*
Estimation Strategy 3 120,000 12,5M p/a €125 million*
* Annual per capita estimate = €1,064

15. Location Gold Coast (n=471) Trestles (n=973)
Method Web + face-to-face survey Web-survey
Average age 54% = 36 years or less 35.6 (of those over 18)
Gender 90% male 92% male
Education (% college or above) 35% 65%
Income (€2011) €32,000 - €47,000 €40,000 - €56,0000
(median household) (median individual within range)
Unemployed 2% 1%
Fully Employed 21% 76%
Experience level 43% advanced 84% high level of experience
Number of surfing sessions per week 2.5 3
Distance travelled to surf (one way) 60% = 10km or less 36.8km (average)
Surf sessions per year 104 109
Expenditure per trip (€2011) €201 €322
Expenditure range per visit (€2011) €15-25 €18-32
1 Annual expenses divided by number of sessions per year 2 Revealed preference based on last trip

16. Surfers' environmental perceptions (n=460)
90%
80%
The surf industry cares more
Percentage of respondents
70% about the environment today
than they did 10 years ago
60%
Surfers give more back to the
50%
planet than other recreational
user groups such as hikers or
40%
mountainbikers
30% There are no rules for surfing
so I shouldn’t have to worry
20% about environmental or social
issues
10%
0%
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
disagree agree

17. Motivation for Surfing (n=800 - 830)
80%
70%
60%
Percentage of respondents
50%
Srongly Disagree
Disagree
40% Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
30%
20%
10%
0%
Relax Outdoors Solitude Family Sport Competition Fitness Bond with
(N=828) (N=831) (N=821) (N=824) (N=818) (N=800) (N=824) Nature
(N=821)
Multiple response options mean that values add up to more than 100%

19. Typology of Surfing Capital
Planning / legislative
Item Description
context
Dominant local view of how the •Federal / State / Local
wave breaks Government Coastal Policies
Wave Quality
Both beauty and physical form are •Regional Plans
assessed •Outdoor Recreation Policies
‘Surfable’ waves measured against and Plans
Wave frequency
and accepted standard •Development Applications
•Environmental Impact
Environmental or biophysical Statements
Environmental
conditions that may mitigate •Social Health Reports
factors
against a surfers’ physical health
•Tourism strategies
•Business development plans
Socio-cultural and societal •Socio-economic reports
Experiential factors conditions surrounding the surfing •Marine planning legislation
experience
•Water quality issues

20. Thank You
Merci
Gracias
Neil.Lazarow@anu.edu.au