Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."
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Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life and promoting health through the organized
efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and
private, communities and individuals." It is concerned with threats
to health based on population health analysis. This definition
highlights the role played by members of the community in
improving health and in defining what is socially and publicly
acceptable.
There are three main features of public health that define the field
and also provide a contrast to the related field of medicine. Public
health and medicine often have the similar goals of reducing the
impact of disease and improving health and quality of life, but
there are some notable differences between the two in the
methods of reaching these goals. The primary features of public
4. Brief SummaryBrief Summary
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health are a (1) a view that all people should have healthcare
access, regardless of social position, (2) a focus on the health of
populations rather than individuals, and (3) a focus on prevention.
The use of social media in public health is taking shape as Twitter
and other forms of social media are leveraged to identify potential
outbreaks. Public health data is rapidly increasing from all
sources. Sensors, formerly found only in hospital ICUs, are now
portable and be used at home, and even sometimes while
walking. The potential for persistent public health monitoring may
be realized through introduction of machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications, embedded computing/wireless, and related
technologies.
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This report evaluates the impact of social media, Big Data and
analytics, and the so called "Internet of Things (IoT)" on public
healthcare. The report evaluates specific companies, solutions,
and applications. The report includes analysis of Big Data and its
anticipated use in public health.
Report Benefits:
• Identify the tenants of "Public Health 2.0"
• Identify specific companies, solutions, and applications
• Identify the role of Participatory Epidemiology in public health
• Understand the confluence of Infodemiology and Infoveillance
• Understand the role of data-mining, Big Data, and public health
• Understand the role and importance of social media in public
health
• Understand the evolution and future direction of healthcare
technology
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Target Audience:
• Healthcare service providers
• Healthcare insurance providers
• Healthcare technology companies
• Social media and networking companies
• Policy makers, regulatory bodies, and government
• Consultants and systems integrators for healthcare technology
• M2M, Internet of Things (IoT), and general telecommunications
companies
• Public health institutions including CDC, NIH, FDA, CMS, NRHA,
WHO, and others
7. Table of ContentsTable of Contents
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5
2 INTRODUCTION 7
3 HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH 9
4 PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE 13
4.1 The U.S. Public Health System 14
4.2 Public Health at the Federal Level 14
4.2.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 15
4.2.2 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 15
4.2.3 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 15
4.2.4 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) 16
4.3 Public Health at the State and Local Levels 16
5 PUBLIC HEALTH DATA 17
5.1 Surveillance 18
5.2 Secondary Data 19
5.2.1 The Census 19
5.2.2 Vital Statistics 20
5.2.3 Survey Data 22
5.2.4 Registries 24
5.2.5 Reporting Systems 24
5.2.6 Medicare and Medicaid 26
5.3 Studies 26
5.3.1 Observational Studies 28
5.3.2 Experimental Studies 30
5.3.3 Screening 32
5.4 Epidemiology 34
5.4.1 Basic Epidemiological Measures 35
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6 DATAMINING SOCIAL MEDIA, THE INTERNET OF THINGS AND BIG DATA 38
6.1 Data Mining 38
6.1.1 Preprocessing 39
6.1.2 Data Mining and Analysis 40
6.1.3 Text Mining 41
6.2 The Internet of Things 42
6.3 Big Data 44
7 SOCIAL MEDIA, DATAMINING, AND BIG DATA IN PUBLIC HEALTH 47
7.1 Public Health 2.0 48
7.2 Twitter 49
7.2.1 Influenza and Food Poisoning in New York 50
7.2.2 Post-Partum Depression 52
7.2.3 H1N1 in Germany 53
7.2.4 Seasonal Allergies 54
7.3 Mining the Web 55
7.3.1 Datamining News Stories to Predict Cholera Outbreaks 55
7.3.2 Data Mining Downloaded Recipes to Study Dietary Habits 56
7.3.3 Datamining Online Web Searchs to Predict Influenza Outbreaks 57
7.3.4 Online Physician Ratings 58
7.4 Participatory Epidemiology 58
7.4.1 FrontlineSMS 59
7.4.2 Ushahidi 59
7.4.3 GeoChat 59
7.4.4 Asthmapolis 60
7.4.5 The GPHIN Project 60
7.4.6 The HealthMap Project 62
7.4.7 Outbreaks Near Me 63
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7.4.8 Biocaster 64
7.4.9 Sickweather 64
7.4.10 The EpiSPIDER Project 65
7.5 Reality Mining 66
7.6 Infodemiology and Infosurveillance 67
7.6.1 Google Flu Trends 69
7.6.2 Google Dengue Trend 69
7.6.3 Flu Detector 70
7.6.4 Mood of the Nation 70
7.7 Big Data and Public Health 71
7.7.1 Kaiser Permanente HealthConnect 72
7.7.2 Blue Shield of California and NantHealth 73
7.7.3 AstraZeneca and HealthCore 73
8 THE INTERNET OF THINGS AND THE MOVE TO INDIVIDUALS IN PUBLIC HEALTH 75
8.1 Population vs. Individual Thinking 75
8.2 Internet of Things 77
8.2.1 Diabetes 78
8.2.2 ECG and Heart Monitoring 80
8.2.3 Vital Signs 81
8.2.4 Asthma 83
8.2.5 Medical Compliance 84
8.2.6 Smartphone Lab 85
9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 87
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the-Future-of-Public-Health/