Maple Syrup Industry Feels the Heat from Global Warming

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Maple Syrup Industry Feels the Heat of Global Warming

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Vermont Maple Syrup Industry Feels Heat

Global warming is beginning to take a toll on Vermont's signature product -- maple syrup -- and the
farmers and their families who produce it.

Tim Branon, the eldest brother of an extended family that has made syrup for five generations inside
the sugar house over a boiling process. But know they are doing in a gleaming stainless steel
extractor made in nearby Rutland. It boils the sap, removing moisture and concentrating the maple
sugar. He says he can show a production of 14,000 gallons of syrup this year. His brother is incharge
of the farm. Tim is very well known of the preparation and he is the only person who opens the tap.

"It's totally changed," said Tom. "In the '50s, '60s and even '70s we tapped by hand and used buckets,
gathering by hand and using horse-drawn sleighs with wood fired evaporators."

Tim and his wife spends most of the time tramping through the snow-covered hills on their farm, and
checking there 50,000 trees.

He says the season for syrup has to actually start in the month of March where as this year it has
ended up in march . He also says the reason behind this would be the global warming.

~

Global Warming may alter Maple Syrup industry Forever

The crisp March air is fragrant with woodsmoke and sap. Snow crunches underfoot as we haul metal
pails of the translucent liquid to a squat wooden building, where my uncle tends the fire. His job is to
ensure that the sap doesn’t boil down too far, but he always makes time to dribble fresh maple syrup
onto the snow, where it turns into a gooey, sugary mess.

With this taffy sticking to my teeth (and keeping me quiet), my uncle tells stories about growing up
on an Ontario farm during the Great Depression and sings along to a scratchy Louis Armstrong
eight-track.

These are my childhood memories of spring, of sharing in an intrinsically Canadian tradition that
dates back centuries, when maple syrup season was seen by First Nations as a time of rebirth for the
Earth. Canada produces about 85 percent of the world’s maple syrup, a product valued at more than
$354 million in 2009, with the vast majority coming from Quebec. The United States is both
Canada’s largest export market and the world’s only other major producer.

But these statistics and this rite of springtime are at risk as a changing climate impacts the health of
sugar maples and our ability to efficiently harvest their sap.

There’s no immediate cause for concern. In Quebec, 2009 was a banner year, an anomaly with nearly
double 2008’s maple syrup production. But 2010’s production will likely dip below the 2008 level
($212 million was the national total that year), and taking a long-range view, Kevin Pelletier is
worried.

For 80 years, his family has been making syrup in the Saint-Pamphile area east of Québec, near the
Maine border. They’ve been producing syrup commercially for 18 years as Ferme Vifranc Inc. and
keep a logbook in the sugar shack to determine when to start tapping. But such predictions have
become problematic.

“Spring is coming sooner than expected,” says Pelletier. “We normally start at the end of March, but
this year, we started March 7.”

The story is the same in Ontario. Wayne Horne, whose family has been making maple syrup near
Orillia, Ont., for more than 100 years, says “we’ve seen radical season changes. Either winter
weather in spring or summer weather in spring.”

Indeed, 2010 was wonky. Some producers began tapping as early as January. Yet in several recent
years, the sap has barely run. Moreover, Ferme Vifranc’s records show a decline in sap production
over the past five years, from about 1.4 kilograms per hole to about 1 kilogram. And that’s despite
the array of high-tech help, such as vacuum pumps and reverse-osmosis techniques, now commonly
used to increase production.

All of this begs the question: Why? To produce sap, sugar maples need nights below freezing,
followed by warm days, but this once consistent springweather pattern is becoming erratic.

Changing snowfall patterns also have an impact. Under a reduced snowpack, the ground freezes
deeper and takes longer to thaw, which delays the flow of sap. Snow cover also moderates the rate at
which the ground thaws, which can create a longer “sugaring period.”

Acid rain, which changes soil composition, is also a factor. In acidic soil, sugar maples produce
fewer seedlings that survive and mature, and more adult trees die as well. Smog, drought and severe
heat are additional stresses that can reduce the amount of sugar a tree produces. And without the cold
winters of my uncle’s childhood, the pests and diseases that harm maples are more likely to
proliferate.

The only thing that producers can do is be reactive to these changes. “We can’t control how maple
sap is produced by the trees,” says Horne. In other words, people can better time their tapping, use
high-tech techniques, tap more trees and seed the soil with pellets to reduce acidity, but without
conditions close to the ideal temperature swing from -5°C nights to 5°C days, those efforts could be
moot. In the United States, maple syrup producers face bigger challenges.

As temperatures gradually increase, the climatic range that maples need in order to grow is shifting
north.

But maples prefer deep, fertile, well-drained sandy loam, which isn’t found farther north. “In the
long term, maples could become extirpated from parts of the United States,” says Tim Perkins,
director of the University of Vermont’s Proctor Maple Research Center. “It’s possible that the
industry will disappear in the United States and that only a few hobbyists will remain.”

Considering that much of Vermont lies north of prime sugar maple territory in Ontario, that’s a cause
for concern on this side of the border too.

~

Maryland's Maple Syrup Industry and Global Warming

Did you know that Maryland has a maple syrup industry? When I was a kid, we would see
demonstrations in the Catoctin mountains at Cunningham Falls State Park, and they are still doing
them every year. Western Maryland still has some commercial maple syrup industries, and I
discovered that you can buy the syrup up at Catoctin Mountain Orchard's farm stand on 15. I was
excited, because I will add it to the gift box that my mom is making for our soon-to-be in-laws in
Bogota, Colombia. Maple syrup is only produced in the Northeast US and Southeast Canada. Cool,
huh?

The maple syrup industry in Maryland is threatened by Global Warming. According to the Maryland
Climate Action Plan, prepared by the Maryland Commission on Global Warming that was appointed
by the Governor, The maple-beech-birch forest of Western Maryland is likely to fade away, and pine
trees will become more dominant in Maryland’s forests:

As the changing climate after the last Ice Age resulted in the northward shift in the distribution of
tree species in eastern North America, 21st century warming will very likely result in the northward
sift in the range of trees and forest types currently that exists in Maryland. Trees that need cold
winter conditions (for example, sugar maples) or are susceptible to diseases or pests under warmer
conditions will retreat northward, possibly replaced by species currently found south of Maryland.
Plant hardiness zones for horticultural plants have recently been revised to take account of the
changes in the potential ranges of garden plants that have already taken place...
Under a doubling of CO2 concentrations—likely to be experienced in the latter half of the century
under the low-emissions scenario—the maple-beech-birch forests of Allegany and Garrett counties
are likely to disappear, replaced by oak-hickory forests. The oak-hickory forest type that presently
characterizes most of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain west of the Chesapeake is likely to transition to
an oak-pine forest.

I was quoted in the Frederick News-Post about the changes in hardiness zones a few weeks ago
because I also write a blog about global warming and Maryland called "local warming", and one of
the commenters called me an idiot:

Shannon Moore said "Global Warming is already being felt. "Our climate is warmer," she said.
"Where we used to get snow, we get rain. We've changed our hardiness zones. That affects
everything." I guess this idiot didn't hear the weather forecast for our area this weekend. I'm also
guessing she wasn't present for the past couple winter storms we've already had this FALL. Maybe

she didn't even see the latest on the scam produced by Al Gore about Global Warming... Maybe if
she paid more attention in her science classes and not to her political party of choice she would have
a better understanding of how the Earth and Weather goes through cycles. This is nature people. It
happens.
Suffice to say, I have paid a lot of attention to my science classes! I thought this was funny and didn't
take it personally. But it does remind me that there are many people out there who do not believe that
Global Warming is occuring, and this mindset does an extreme disservice to our ability to address it.
The reality is that our climate is shifting, and that will affect the industries in our region that produce
our food.

~

Maple Hardwoods Declining

Another recent study reported in PNAS (2008, vol. 105, pgs. 4197-4202) documents that in the past
40 years maples and other hardwoods in Vermont have been declining in their traditional growing
areas, and marching to higher elevations in response to local warming of about 2°F. Marching
upslope is fine as long as you don’t run out of mountaintop, which is destined to happen. In fact,
models that link maples to their required climate indicate that the new center of the maple syrup
industry is on the move not just upslope, but north, to Canada.

~

Decline and loss of the maple syrup industry

While certainly not a core part of New Hampshire’s forest industry, maple syrup production is an
important niche market, and a critical part of the state’s identity. Visits to maple sugaring operations,
ranging from small backyard operations to mid-sized commercial facilities, are a “rite of spring” in
New Hampshire, and provide economic benefit to landowners and support the cultural fabric of the
state.

Over the past decade (from 1996 to 2005), maple syrup production has been on a downward trend in
New Hampshire. Assuming that the current trend is related to changes in the climate, and that this
trend continues as it has over the past decade, maple syrup production in New Hampshire will cease
around 2046.

~

Effects of global warming on the Sugar Maple

At first glance, statistical analyses show that northeastern forests are doing quite well. For example,
northeastern forest cover equals about 40% of the land as compared with the national average of
33%.

Similarly, 90% of the monitored plant and animal species in northeastern forests are faring well as
compared with 67% nationally.30 Based on these numbers, the United States Forest Service

maintains that “the region’s forests are healthy and productive.” Despite the rosy outlook that these
numbers present, there is cause for concern. The devastating effects of global warming on
northeastern forests, and specifically on the sugar maple, are already quite apparent. If the trends of
warming and increasing carbon dioxide emissions continue unchanged, the complete loss of the
northeastern sugar maple and the resulting economic fallout are inevitable consequences that will
paralyze the New England community in the very near future.

Even by the federal government’s conservative estimates, “greenhouse gas buildups are already
having serious consequences [on northeastern forests] . . . [s]pecies are shifting range, forest density
is increasing, and disturbance regimes are changing.” Further, the Forest Service notes the following
problems that global warming may have on northeastern forests: “longer growing season[s], [m]ore
atmospheric carbon dioxide, spurring plant growth, [s]pecies change . . . [including] less maple,
[m]ore frequent extreme weather events, unseasonable freezes or thaws, droughts, ice storms, more
wildfires, greater incidence and severity of insect and disease attacks, [and] shifts in bird
populations.”

Although the preceding list is a starting point for discussion of the threat that global warming poses
to northeastern forests, a more in-depth analysis of the particularized effects of global warming on
the sugar maple will provide a better understanding of how these threats truly impact a species on the
ground level.

From a scientific standpoint, the sugar maple faces a multifaceted attack from global warming. First,
climatic warming threatens the continued existence of the sugar maple. Warming annual
temperatures result in northward redistribution of sugar maples, pushing the species out of New
England and into Canada over time. Since 1895, New England has warmed by 0.7°F with winters
warming more than summers. The greatest observed warming in the region has occurred in the
northernmost states of New Hampshire and Vermont. The New England Regional Assessment,
published in 2001, suggests a likely warming of 6 to 10°F over the next century in the northeastern
United States.

Warmer winters, which are shorter temporally because of increasing temperatures, directly affect the
sugar maple’s ability to survive because the species is genetically adapted to specific temperatures
and growing season lengths.

Further, “mild[er] temperatures allow insects and diseases to flourish and permit the introduction of
exotics not previously found in the region.”

This is exemplified by the recent increase in the prevalence of pear thrips and forest tent caterpillars,
which attack sugar maple foliar buds and affect the tree’s photosynthesis process.

Thus, the sugar maple is rapidly being forced to evolve to meet new temperature demands in order to
survive altered growing seasons, while simultaneously having to combat the increased numbers of
insects, diseases, and exotic species.

Although slowly-occurring evolution is inevitable, climate-forced evolution is detrimental to the
sugar maple because the species is not equipped to adapt to the rapid changes in the surrounding
environment.

The demands on the sugar maple resulting from new plant and animal species moving into the sugar
maple’s territory also make it difficult for the sugar maple to survive in its historical range.

In addition to increasing temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns are harming the sugar
maple’s ability to regenerate its stands.

Sugar maples, like many other tree species, depend on relatively stable precipitation from year to
year for growth and for consistent photosynthesis.

Due to global warming processes, however, annual precipitation rates in the Northeast are no longer
stable.

In 1988, a severe drought affected sugar maple health for two years because of the lack of actual
precipitation and also because drought presents the opportunity for secondary insect attacks leading
to extended pest outbreaks.

Alterations in snow and ice patterns are also of concern because less snow cover leads to more
severe root injury during freezing periods in the winter.

Ice storms, which are becoming more common in the Northeast, cause extensive damage to sugar
maples because of the tree’s inflexible branches.

In 1998, for example, ice storms caused “moderate to severe damage on 22% of northeastern sugar
maples . . . includ[ing] direct structural damage” on many of the observed trees.

As the sugar maple attempts to cope with more unstable annual precipitation levels, it must also
adapt to the higher incidence of “extreme weather events” such as droughts, ice storms, and floods,
which are becoming much more frequent due to global warming.

Lastly, observable changes in many indirect climatic mechanisms threaten the sugar maple’s
continued existence.

Air quality, for example, has a great impact on forest health generally and on sugar maple health
specifically because warmer, drier summers lead to higher amounts of ground level ozone that can
damage leaves.

Acid precipitation presents a different problem whereby calcium and magnesium are leached from
the soil allowing harmful elements such as aluminum to damage a sugar maple’s root system.

As discussed briefly above, increased levels of salt used on roadways to melt ice and the associated
runoff is detrimentally affecting sugar maple health as the forest soils near roads are becoming less
nutrient-rich.

Therefore, the sugar maple faces a steep uphill battle in order to survive given the rapid
environmental consequences of global warming.

If the species fails to outpace climatic alterations, which is likely considering the gradual pace of
evolution, New England could be the setting of a cultural and economic shock in the very near
future.

How significantly will global warming affect the forest-based economies of northeastern states?
Starting with the maple syrup industry, the current trends show the sharp decline of maple syrup
production in the northeastern United States as a percentage of worldwide production from 80% in
the 1950s to 20% today.

As warming increases, the range of the sugar maple will push farther northward into Canada,
resulting in even larger declines in the United States syrup market. A “successful maple syrup season
in New England depends on the proper combination of freezing nights, with temperatures below
25°F, and warm daytime temperatures, with temperatures greater than 40°F.”48 In the past decade,
however, warming attributed to global warming has led to much earlier season starts for tapping the
sugar maples, leading to “reduced sap flow, a shorter tapping season, and a lower grade product.”

Typical tapping seasons last for thirty days with good sap runs for up to twelve days, but recently
some tapping seasons have been whittled down to fifteen days with good sap runs for only two to
three days.

According to “current modeling efforts . . . changes in climate could potentially remove the sugar
maple from the New England region.”

This climatic and economic crunch is being felt by those involved in the sugar maple industry as
northeastern farmers are noticing the heavy devastation of global warming on their livelihood.

If this trend continues unabated, the maple syrup industry and its cultural way of northeastern life
will be lost forever.

Global warming will have substantial impacts on other sectors of the northeastern economy in
addition to the maple syrup industry. The timber manufacturing industry in the Northeast accounts
for 90,000 jobs and $15.5 billion in annual revenue. Although precise estimates of the sugar maple’s
timber value are not available, the sugar maple is an important hardwood used for sawtimber and its
disappearance would result in significant job loss and reduction in revenue.53 Similarly, the tourism
and recreation industries will be directly affected as fall colors continue to diminish in quality.

The decline in leaf color quality has already begun, which is evidenced by the lack of vivid reds,
oranges, and yellows in a “mediocre 2004, terrible 2005, and pretty bad 2006.”

If global warming continues at current rates, experts warn that the region’s once glorious autumnal
forest leaf displays could disappear altogether in as little as 100 years.” Leaf viewing tourism brings
3.4 million visitors to Vermont each year and results in $364 million of local revenue, but these

numbers are likely to decline as the gorgeous hues dwindle. Although complete destruction of the
northeastern sugar maple is not inevitable, current scientific data illustrates the need to act quickly to
protect this important species. The loss of the sugar maple would be tragic for many reasons.

First, this loss would result in the disappearance of a species that predominates healthy northeastern
forests and provides an invaluable habitat for other plants and animals.

Second, it would trigger the collapse of the maple syrup industry and place severe economic
strain on the timber, tourism, and recreation industries.

Lastly, it would result in the complete destruction of the picturesque and idyllic New England way
of life.

~

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http://www.backyardaquaponics.com
http://books.google.com/books?id=da1fPgAACAAJ
Backyard Aquaponics: A Guide to Building an Aquaponic System; by Joel Malcolm

Backyard Aquaponics Magazine
http://backyardaquaponics.com

Aquaponics Journal
http://aquaponicsjournal.com

~

ORGANIC HEIRLOOM SEEDS
localharvest.org - search "organic seeds"

~

For more information, please contact local gardeners and farmers who specialize in Organic
gardening, Permaculture gardening, Biodynamic gardening, Japanese Kyusei Nature gardening -
Shizen Nouhou, Biointensive gardening, Heirloom gardening-Heritage Seeds, Lasagna gardening,
Square Foot gardening, Vertical gardening, Wall and Fence gardening, Roof Top and Balcony
gardening, Indoor gardening with LED Grow Lights and Ssolatube.com, Micro Greens gardening,
Windowsill gardening, Container gardening, Keyhole gardening, Organic Aquaponics gardening,
African Bag Gardens, No Dig gardening, Agroforestry gardening, Israeli Greenhouses Technology
for Hot Climates, Organic Hydroponics gardening and Gardening Therapy.

Gardening is micro-climate specific. These means that local gardeners might know of gardening
techniques and resources which are helpful for the location you live in.

Keep researching, reading, refining your gardening methods and experimenting with different
growing techniques.

Organic Gardening technology is changing and improving all the time. Also, as the climate changes,
you may need to learn other gardening techniques for various climates.
http://localharvest.org

~

VEGETABLE OIL CARS
Plant Drive
http://plantdrive.com

Greasecar Vegetable Fuel Systems
http://www.greasecar.com

Convert Used Cooking Oil into Diesel Fuel
http://calameo.com/books/00062505380583956a8bb

Details of Using Vegetable Oil Cars
Converting your Diesel Engine to Vegetable Oil

http://calameo.com/books/0006250539dafd6734dd3

Veg Powered Systems
http://vegpoweredsystems.com

Golden Fuel Systems
http://goldenfuelsystems.com

Good Grease
http://www.goodgrease.com

Veg Power
Power from Vegetable Oil
http://www.vegpower.com

ELSBETT Diesel Technology
http://elsbett.com

Veg Oil Motoring
http://vegoilmotoring.com

Bio Car
http://biocar.de

Enviofuel
Straight Vegetable Oil Products
http://www.enviofuel.com

FRYBRID
The Future of Vegetable Oil Technology
http://frybrid.com

Vegie Cars
http://vegiecars.com

Organic Mechanic
http://www.theorganicmechanic.org

Fattywagons
http://www.fattywagons.com

DVD: S.V.O. Seminar 2006 http://www.goldenfuelsystems.com
DVD: Greasy Rider http://plotkinproductions.com/greasyinfo.html
DVD: Liquid Gold 2 http://www.goldenfuelsystems.com
use search engines to locate dvd's

DVD: FUEL
http://thefuelfilm.com

Grease University
http://greasology.org

~

JOURNEY to FOREVER
http://journeytoforever.org

~

book: Super Power Breathing: For Super Energy, High Health & Longevity, by Patricia Bragg
http://calameo.com/books/000621631bae3952d4ca7

~

Your Local FOOD BANK Needs You
Please help. Thank YOU!
http://foodbank77.insanejournal.com
http://nielzekock.insanejournal.com
http://food2bank.insanejournal.com

GLEANER GROUPS
Please setup a Gleaner Group in your Local area for Foodbanks and Soup Kitchens, etc.
http://glean4food.insanejournal.com

~

Praise God ~ Be Thankful ~ Forgive ~ Receive the Blessings ~ Give God the Glory

~

Proverb:

A good person leaves an inheritance to their children’s children.

What kind of inheritance are you leaving?

~

Please email this web site to friends and others who are concerned about our children's future and our
grandchildren's future.

Thank you for all of your help.

~

Maple Syrup Industry Feels the Heat from Global Warming

Maple Syrup Industry Feels the Heat from Global Warming

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