1. Dissertation Proposal
The emergence of Green Clusters:
the case study of Bio-jet-Fuel
By Nicoletta Di Norscia
The International University of Monaco 2013

2. Contents
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Problem statement
• Research question
• Field of research
• Methodology
• Research procedure
• Status of the research
• Findings, Limitations, Further research
2

3. Introduction
What are Clusters?
“Clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies,
specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and
associated institutions (e.g., universities, standards agencies, trade
associations) in a particular field that compete but also cooperate” (Porter,
1998)
What are green Clusters?
Green clusters are a new form of economic network in the domain of
environmental-friendly businesses, as a cooperation strategy for companies in
a specific region (Stephen M. et al. 2012)
What is Bio-Jet-Fuel?
Bio-Jet-Fuel is one form of biofuel (fuel made from sustainable resources) used
for aircraf (IATA, 2011)
3

4. Abstract
• The aim purpose of this thesis is to develop a methodology to analyze the
process clusters emergence
• In particular it focuses on the emergence of green clusters
• In order to conduct this investigation the model of Brenner and Mühlig
(2012) (Factors and Mechanisms Causing the Emergence of Local Industrial
Clusters) is applied
• The new methodology will be tested using the case study of the Bio-Jet-
Fuel industry
• .
4

5. Literature Review
• The aim of this section is to summarize the most appropriate theoretical
approaches for studying the green clusters emergence:
• How is this topic treated in the literature?
• Clusters definition
• Clusters emergence
• Green clusters
• Bio-Jet-Fuel
• Literature review: critical remarks

6. Literature review: how is this topic treated in the literature?
§ Case studies:
§ Study of emergence
§ Examination of success
§ Theoretical studies:
§ Mathematical: New Economic Geography
§ Conceptual: Various concepts
§ Spatial studies:
§ Spatial distribution of industries
§ Identification of clusters
(Brenner, 2008)
6

7. • Industrial districts and agglomeration theory (Marshal, 1890; Beccatini, 1990;
Rabellotti, 1998; Bellussi, 1999; Lissoni and Pagani, 2003; Hervás-Oliver et al.
2008; Brusco 1990; Sforzi 1990)
• Clusters and Diamond Model (Porter, 1990, 1998)
• Innovative Clusters (Tanţău et al. 2013; Nixon 2009; Camagni, 1995)
• Green Clusters (Stephen M. et al. 2012; Tanţău et al. 2013, 2012; Bohuslav et
al. 2011; Hsua, 2012; Yoon-Jun, 2001; Jing, R. & Yu, 2007; Berg,
2012)
7
Literature review: clusters definition
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8. Literature review: cluster emergence
• Cluster Life-cycle (Menzel and Fornhal, 2009)
• Evolutionary Economic Geography (Martin and Sunley; 2006 and 2010; Boshma and
Lambooy, 1999; Malmerg and Maskell, 2002; Feldman et al., 2005)
• Innovation is determinant for the emergence of clusters (Doloreux 2004; Tanţău et al.
2013, 2012; Engel and del Palacio 2009; McCauley et al. 2012.; Nixon 2009; Man 2004;
Jing and Yu 2007; Tuttles’s 1997; Linnanen 2002; Brown et al., 2008; Etzkowitz 2002; Ceglie,
2003)
• Regional Innovation System (Braczyk, et. al., 1998; Cooke 2010) and the Learning
Region (Cooke 1996, 2001; Cooke & Morgan, 1998)
• Triple Helix approch (Cooke 2010; Etzkowitz et al. 2002)
• Each local cluster is characterized by different prerequisites, different triggering events
and different self-augmenting processes. The development depend on the industry,
region and time (Brenner et al. 2012, 2004, 2008; Malmberg and Maskell 2002; Knight,
1921; Kirzner 1973; Feldman, et al., 2005; Carlsson,2004; Eola, 2012; Santiago, 2013)
• Spin-offs process (Klepper, 2007; Menzel and Fornhal, 2009; Cooke, 2010; Brenner, 2007;
CEC, 1999; DTI, 2004; Sölvell, et al, 2003; Porter, 2000; Dahl, 2011; Golman et al., 2013)
8

9. Literature review: green clusters
• Cleantech companies and cleantech network (Cleantech.com 2011; Burtis et al.
2006; Kaltschmitt et al. 2007; Nixon 2009)
• Green clusters are Innovative clusters (Stephen M. et al. 2012; Tanţău et al. 2013,
2012; Bohuslav et al. 2011; Hsua, 2012; Yoon-Jun, 2001; Jing, R. & Yu,
2007; Berg, 2012)
• Sustainable development is a key element for innovation and competitiveness
increasingly depends on sustainable economic growth that does not compromise
environmental quality and social progress (Nidumolu et al. 2011; Freel and Harrison
2006; Johnson and Suskewicz, 2009; Bohuslav, 2011; Martin, 2008; Knausede,
2012)
• The most relevant activities for the creation of green clusters are the transfer of
information, best practices, and know-how with organizations and institution.
Qualified human capital, R&D and innovation and government support are the primary
drivers for the creation of green clusters (Tanţău et al. 2013, 2012; Martin et al. 2008;
Milford et al. 2012)
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10. Literature review: Bio-Jet-Fuel
• In the aviation fuel consumption and fuel emission rates will continue to rise (IATA,
2011a)
• Bio-jet-fuel currently represents the only viable option for significantly reducing
aviation-caused emissions without cutting the number of flights (IEA, 2012)
• By 2020 the EU has to produce 2m of tones of Bio-Jet-Fuel (IEA, 2012)
• Implications and problems related to the production and commercialization of
Bio-Jet-fuel (Blakey, 2011; IATA, 2012; Garnham, 2011; Gudmundsson, 2012; Nilsson,
2007; SWAFEA, 2010)
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11. Literature review: critical remarks
• Most of the studies are ex post analyses that investigate processes in more mature
clusters (Dahl et al., 2005, Bresnahan & Gambardella, 2004; Orsenigo, 2001; Brenner,
2013, 2004; Fornahl et al. 2010; Suire and Vicente, 2009b)
• There is a limited understanding of how innovative clusters emerge. Ex-ante
analysis (Feldman et al., 2005)
• Scientifics work on green clusters is still scarce (Tanţău et al. 2013, 2012)
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12. Problem statement
1. The cost for producing Bio-jet fuel and the availability of vegetable oil feedstock
are the major implications for the development of the industries (Blakey, 2011; IATA,
2012; Garnham, 2011; Gudmundsson, 2012; Nilsson, 2007; SWAFEA, 2010)
2. More studies about emerging clusters are needed in order to understand how these
processes are initiated (Feldman et al. 2005)
3. The vast majority of cluster emergence models reported in the literature were
developed by analyzing well established successful clusters (Boschma et al.,
2002; Dahl et al., 2005, Bresnahan at al., 2004; Brenner, 2008; Martin et al.2011;
López, 2013)
4. There is not any general methodology for studying emerging clusters while they
are still emerging (Stoerring, 2007)
5. Measures for the development of green clusters need to be reinforced. More
studies are necessary to take the strategic decision of cooperating or not within a
green clusters (Tanţău et al. 2013)
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13. Research Question?
How do green clusters emerge, and in particular, what
are the prerequisites, triggering events and self
augmenting process?
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14. Field of Research
Management: the aim of this dissertation is to develop a methodology
that enables managers to understand:
1. The process of cluster emergence
2. The policies that help the emergence of green clusters
3. The drivers for successful cluster collaboration
4. The development and management of cluster initiatives
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15. Methodology: Triangulation
• This technique involves the use of multiple complementary
methodologies to study the same size analysis of a research project,
ensuring more reliable results (Campbell and Fiske, 1959; Webb et all.,
1966; Denzin, 1978)
• The benefit of triangulation is validating qualitative results by quantitative
research studies when the research phenomenon under investigation has
little theoretical underpinnings (Yeasmin & Rahman, 2012)
• Green clusters is a new field of study that has little theoretical
underpinnings
15
Qualitative Research
Quantitative
Research
‘Triangulation’

16. Methodology
• Qualitative Methodology
• Documentary analysis
• Interviews
• Case Study
• Quantitative Methodology
• Survey: The survey will be designed following the model of
Brenner and Mühlig (2012) and it is based on the major success
factors identified in the model
• Sample: 70 green clusters in the EU
• Data Collection: Qualtrics (an online survey software)
• Data Analysis: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
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17. 17
Prerequisites
105 Qualified Labour and strong networks between actors are the
most important in the development of the cluster
78 Networks
70 Renowned universities and public research centers
Trigger events
62 Founding of a leading firm
53 Specific policy measures
52 Historical event
Self augmenting
process
116 Accumulation of human capital
87 Cooperation among firms
83 Choice of co-locations
!
Why this model?
It provides a comprehensive list of the main driving forces described in the
literature. This model focuses on how clusters emerge and how industrial
clusters differ in time, space and industry
Three major success factors are identified for the emergence of clusters
Methodology: Model of Brenner and Mühlig (2012)

18. Research Procedure
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Introduction
Primary
Goal
Secondary
Goal
Literature Review
Emerging Clusters
Green Clusters
Bio-Jet-Fuel
P
r
o
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
Model of Brenner and Mühlig
(2012)
Methodology
Triangulation
Qualitative
Method
Quantitative
Method
Results Conclusion
New
Methodology
Analysis
What are the main driving forces
causing the emergence a green
clusters?
Clusters concept
D o c u m e n t a r y
analysis
Interviews
Survey
Case Study:
Bio-Jet-Fuel
Test

19. Status of the research
19
RESEARCH PAPER ABOUT BIO-JET-FUEL
INDUSTRY; THE RESEARCH PAPER ANALYZE
OPPORTUNITIES AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE
INDUSTRY.
THIS PAPER HAS BEEN PRESENTED AT THE:
• International Renewable Energy in Tokyo
2012 (December 2012)
WILL BE PRESENTED AT THE:
• European Biodiesel 2013 in Lisbon
(13th June 2013)
ARTICLES
• Fogher, C., Di Norscia, N., Tommasini S.,
(2011). Developing tobacco’s potential as a
novel, high-yielding, renewable energy plant.
Inform, vol 22 (10)
• Di Norscia, N. (2013). “Energy Tobacco” in
the Bio-Jet-Fuel Industry: An integrated value
chain approach. Biofuels International
Magazine (July/August)
Introduction
Primary
Goal
Secondary
Goal
Literature Review
Emerging Clusters
Green Clusters
Bio-Jet-Fuel Background
P
r
o
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
s
Model of Brenner and Mühlig
(2012)
Methodology
Qualitative
Method
Quantitative
Method
Results Conclusion
New
Methodology
Analysis
What are the main driving forces
causing the emergence a green
clusters?

20. Findings, Limitations, Further research
Findings
The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the discussion on
the cluster emergence process by developing a methodology that enables
managers to better analyze clusters during the process of its emergence
Limitation
A qualitative and quantitative study will be conducted in the green clusters
in Europe. The driving forces for the emergence of a cluster are connected
to the location where the green cluster emerge. We expect other contextual
factors may also be important in other countries. In addition, the field of the
industry analysis is green clusters
Further Research
Further research could focus on testing the methodological framework in
other countries and others field
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21. 21
Thank you
Questions?
Nicoletta Di Norscia
Nicoletta.dinorscia@gmail.com