This document discusses various classes of drugs including quinolones, antifungal agents, and antiamoebic drugs. Quinolones are used to treat various bacterial infections from UTIs to tuberculosis. Common side effects include GI issues, CNS effects, and tendon damage. Antifungal azoles like fluconazole treat fungal infections and have side effects of liver damage and sexual dysfunction. Antiamoebic nitroimidazoles like metronidazole are used to treat intestinal and extra-intestinal amoebiasis and other parasitic infections.

1. Dr.Arul Amuhan
MMMC, Manipal
Quinolones,
Antifungal agents,
Antiamoebic drugs

2. Quinolones:
Nalidixic acid,
Norfloxacin, cirofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin
Nor, cipro, o, pef, lome, levo, spar, gati, moxi – floxacin
Uses of quinolones:
1. Urinary tract infections by gram negative bacterias
2. Bacterial prostatitis (drug accumulate in prostate)
3. Bacterial diarrhoeas
4. Typhoid fever

3. 5. STD - gonorrhoea, chancroid
6. Skin, soft tissue and bone infections, diabetic foot
7. Respiratory infections - sinusitis, bronchitis,
Pneumonia
8. Anthrax
9. Tuberculosis – combined with other drugs
10. ENT infections – otitis media
Uses of quinolones……..

4. Adverse effects of quinolones:
1. GIT- nausea, vomiting
2. CNS – dizziness, insomnia, confusion, convulsion
3. Hypersensitivity reactions – skin rashes, itching, urticaria,
photosensitivity
4. Teratogenicity – C/I in pregnancy
5. Tendonitis, tendon rupture

5. Antifungal agents:
 Azoles – ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole,
fluconazole, itraconazole
 Other drugs – amphotericin B, griseofulvin, flucytosine
Uses of azoles :
1. Candidasis (candida infections) in oral, pharyngeal,
vaginal, skin
2. Dermatophytic infections (Tinea infections) –
T.pedis, T.cruris, T.corporis, T.versicolor.
3. Systemic mycosis

6. Uses of azoles………
4. Kala azar, dermal leishmaniasis
5. Cryptococcal meningitis
6. Blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis,
aspergillosis
Adverse effects of azoles:
 Gynaecomastia, oligospermia, loss of libido, impotence,
menstrual irregularity, amenorrhoea.
 Hepatic damage, hypersensitivity skin reactions, vomiting
 Local application – irritation, itching, burning,

7. ANTIAMOEBIC DRUGS:
Amoebiasis - Entamoeba histolytica

8. Drugs used in amoebiasis:
 Nitroimidazoles – Metronidazole, Tinidazole,
Secnidazole, Satranidazole,Ornidazole.
 Other drugs – Chloroquine, Diloxanide furoate

9. 1. Amoebiasis : both intestinal, extra intestinal
2. Giardiasis : Giardia lamblia
3. Trichomonas vaginalis : vaginitis, male partner also
4. Anaerobic bacterial infection : brain abscess,
endocarditis, after appendectomy
Uses of nitroimidazoles (metronidazole):

10. 5. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis :Clostridium difficile
6. Ulcerative gingivitis
7. Helicobacter pylori (peptic ulcer):
with amoxicillin & omeprazole
A/E of Metronidazole:
 Anorexia, metallic taste, nausea, abdominal cramps,
dry mouth, headache
 Long term – peripheral neuropathy, seizures