2. REPORTED SPEECH - INDEX
1. WHAT IS IT?
2. CHANGES
1. Tenses
2. Modals
3. Other expressions
3. TYPES OF SENTENCES
1. Statements (that clauses)
2. Questions (?)
3. Orders (to – infinitive)
4. Suggestions (that clauses, & -ing clauses)
4. REPORTING VERBS
3. 1. What is it?
Transmit the information that somebody has said.
Examples:
DIRECT SPEECH
Peter: “I work as a journalist”
INDIRECT SPEECH
A) Same time & same space.
Lisa: “Peter says that he works as a journalist”
B) Different time & different space.
Lisa: “Peter said (that) he worked as a journalist”
4. 2. CHANGES
NO CHANGES: a general truth
Peter: “The Earth is round”. (Direct Speech)
Peter: “I am from Spain”. (D.S.)
Peter says that the Earth is round. (Indirect Speech)
Peter says that he is from Spain. (I.S.)
CHANGES: different time & different space BACKSHIFT
Peter: “I want to go to the cinema next weekeend”. (D.S.)
Peter said that he wanted to go to the cinema
the following weekend. (I.S.)
5. 2. CHANGES
2.1. TENSES: backshift
Present simple past simple
Present continuous past continuous
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
________________________________________________
Past simple Past Perfect Simple
Past continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Simple =
Past Perfect Continuou =
6. 2. CHANGES
2.2. MODALS:
Will
Can
shall
May
Must / have to
Would
could
should
might
Must / had to
=
=
=
=
=
- “They can’t be here now”
- “We couldn’t go out yesterday”
She said that they couldn’t go out yesterday.
She said that they couldn’t be there then.
7. 2. CHANGES
2.3. OTHER EXPRESIONS :
A) TIME
Now then
Today that day
Tomorrow the following
day / the day after / the next day
Yesterday the previous day
/ the day before
Last week the previous
week / the week before
A month ago the previous
month / the month before
Next week the following week
/ the week after
Next Thursday the following
Thursday
B) PLACE
• Here there
C) DEMONSTRATIVES
• This that
• These those
D) PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(I, you, he…/me, you, him…) and
possessive adjectives (my,
your, him…)
• It depends on the person being
referred to.
8. 3. TYPES OF SENTENCES
3.1. STATEMENTS (that clause):
1 sentence = 2 clauses
[He told me][ that he had been in Europe last summer.]
subordinate clause = (that)
He told me (that) he had been in Europe last summer.
Reported verbs:
Tell sbIC
Say (to sb)IC
He said (tome) (that) he had been in Europe last summer.
9. 3. TYPES OF SENTENCES
3.2. QUESTIONS (?):
A) Yes/ no questions
• The answer is ‘yes’ or ‘no’
• Reported verb: ask (sb) + if/whether
Example: Mary asked:“Were you at home last night?”
B) Wh-questions
Mary asked (me) if/whether I had been at home the previous night.
• What/which/who/where/when/why/whose/how/how long…
• wh-word (D.S.)wh-word (I.D.)
Example: Mark asked: When have you bought this tv?
Marked wanted to know when I had bought that tv.
