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針扎及血體液暴露
2021/4/9
高醫感染內科 黃崇豪
前言
針頭和尖銳物刺傷(needle and sharp injuries)是醫療工作環境中最常
見的職業傷害之ㄧ。
醫療照護工作人員 (healthcare worker, HCWs)平均每人每年約有 0.2-
4.7 次的扎傷事件發生。
除了醫療臨床工作人員外,還包括其他如清潔人員等支援工作人員,
也有風險。
扎傷及血液、體液暴觸之感染控制措施指引 2021/03/15
容易發生針頭、刀具及其他尖銳物品扎傷之狀況
• 針具器械操作過程中,因注意力不集中或遇到病人躁動不安時所致。
• 針具器械操作過程完成,仍手持尖銳物品時,因處理不慎所致。
• 未依標準操作程序處理使用後的針頭。
• 已使用過的尖銳物未適當丟棄,導致後段處理人員遭受扎傷。
• 器械清潔過程中,處理不慎所致。
扎傷及血液、體液暴觸之感染控制措施指引 2021/03/15
相關法規
• 在亞洲,臺灣是第一個為扎傷預防及通報立法的國家。
• 2010 年公告並實施《勞工安全衛生設施規則》第二百九十七條之
二第二項扎傷事故,指定衛生福利部評鑑等級為醫學中心及全國
公立醫院應通報期限、方式及格式 。
• 2011 年《醫療法》第五十六 條修訂: 醫療機構應依其提供服務之
性質,具備適當之醫療場所及安全設施,並於執行接觸體液和血
液之醫療處置時全面使用安全針具 。
安全針具
• 使用可回縮(retractable needle)或有護套(shielded needle)的拋棄式
空針。
• 國內針扎事件常見於一般拋棄式空針,目前已有具安全設計的針
器,醫療機構可在考量成本、效能與使用方便性下, 選擇適當的
安全針器,以避免工作人員發生針扎意外。
扎傷及血液、體液暴觸之感染控制措施指引 2021/03/15
安全針具種類之比較
種類 簡介 缺點 成本(美元)
傳統單次注射
器
無安全設計
可被重複使用
尖銳廢棄物
0.03~0.04
預防重複使用
注射器
下壓活塞注射時啟動 安全裝置,使活
塞無法再被拉回,無法被重複使用
若使用時刻意避免啟動 安全
機制,則仍可被重複使用
尖銳廢棄物
無銳器傷害保護功能
0.04~0.08
銳物保護功能
注射器
在針頭上加裝塑膠保護蓋,避免使用
者汙染過的針頭扎傷
安全裝置由使用者啟動
各廠牌設計啟動方式 不一致
0.13~0.25
手動針頭回縮
注射器
活塞可將針頭拉回至 針筒內。使用者
在下 壓活塞後,需手動將 活塞拉回至
針頭完全沒入針筒中
安全裝置的啟動高度依賴使
用者動作與配合度
對使用者來說非所有廠牌的
啟動方式皆顯而易見
0.08~0.10
自動針頭回縮
注射器
原理與手動針頭回縮 注射器相同,但
在裝 置內加裝彈簧等裝 置,可自動將
針頭完 全彈回針筒中
針內藥物需完全注射完畢才
能啟動安全裝 置
0.15~0.39
針扎職業危害預防策略成效 評估研究勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所
針扎職業危害預防策略成效 評估研究勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所
針扎職業危害預防策略成效 評估研究勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所
針扎職業危害預防策略成效 評估研究勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所
針扎職業危害預防策略成效 評估研究勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所
防範血液、體液暴觸原則
• 照護病人時確實依循標準防護措施(standard precaution) 執行
作業,遵從手部衛生與配戴適當防護器具(如口罩、 護目鏡、隔
離衣、防護衣、防水圍裙等)。
• 清洗含血液、體液之器械物品時應有適當防護。
• 血液注入容器應輕輕推入,切勿用力過猛,以防噴濺。
• 使用真空採血器取代多次分裝動作。
扎傷及血液、體液暴觸之感染控制措施指引 2021/03/15
防範尖銳物品扎傷原則:
• 減少不必要的注射行為。
• 避免病人於注射過程中或注射完成時突然的移動。
• 不做回套、彎曲針頭、從收集容器內取物等危險動作; 如果必須
回套針頭,以單手回套。
• 尖銳物品不可隨意放置或丟棄。
扎傷及血液、體液暴觸之感染控制措施指引 2021/03/15
防範尖銳物品扎傷原則:
• 儘快處理使用過的尖銳物品; 以防滲漏、防穿刺且可封口的容器收集使
用過的尖銳物品,收集容器的放置位置並應儘可能接近尖銳器械的使
用地點。
• 已經封口的尖銳物品收集容器勿再開啟,也不要嘗試取出內裝的尖銳
物品,或清理重複使用收集容器。
• 集滿尖銳物品廢棄物的容器應送到安全的地點作後續的消毒處理。
• 以從容不迫的態度處理尖銳物品。
扎傷及血液、體液暴觸之感染控制措施指引 2021/03/15
血體液傳播疾病
扎傷及血液、體液暴觸之感染控制措施指引 2021/03/15
暴露後被感染的機率
HIV1
• have a very low rate of infection ( 0.3%)
• 57 documented occupational infections in U.S. health care workers, 138
possible infections
Hepatitis C2
• 1-2% of health care workers infected (same as general population)
Hepatitis B3
• 400/year in 1995 compared to 16,000/yr in 1983
1. CDC AIDS Surveillance Report mid-year 2000
2. CDC Recommendations fro Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
3. EpiNet data (www.hsc.virginia.edu/epinet/estimates.html
暴露的定義 – 暴露程度
針扎 (needle stick)
較不嚴重:
實心針 (solid needle),
表皮傷口 (superficial injury)
較嚴重:
大口徑的空心針(large-bore hollow needle),
深度扎傷 (deep puncture),
可見血的器械 (visible blood on device),
針具直接使用在病人的血管 (needle used in patient’s artery or vein )
暴露的定義 – 暴露程度
黏膜和不完整的皮膚 (mucous membrane and nonintact skin)
少量: 幾滴體液 (few drops)
大量: 大量血體液噴濺
使用手套可減少血量的暴露
注射時的扎傷風險小於抽血時的扎傷
HIV
暴露後預防性投藥 - 血體液傳播
(post exposure prophylaxis, PEP)
Health care workers put themselves at risk in their work. (醫療工作者工作本
身存在風險)
Prevention of exposures is critical. (預防暴露是重要的)
Appropriate treatment, including PEP, after exposures reduces risk. (暴露後預
防投藥可減少感染風險)
Awareness of post-exposure options may allay fears of caring for infected
patients. (了解暴露後的處置可以減少照顧病人的恐懼)
扎傷及血液、體液暴觸之感染控制措施指引 2021/03/15
需要檢驗項目
• 暴露來源者檢驗項目包括:
• B 型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)
• C 型肝炎抗體(Anti-HCV)
• 愛滋病毒(Anti-HIV)
• 梅毒(VDRL,有必要時再做 TPHA)
• 受暴露人員檢驗項目包括:
• B 型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg); B 型肝炎抗體(Anti-HBs)
• C 型肝炎抗體(Anti-HCV)
• 愛滋病毒(Anti-HIV)
• 梅毒(VDRL,有必要時再做 TPHA)
• AST 與 ALT
B型肝炎
B型肝炎
B 型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg ) 陽性,就是
感染初期或帶原者
B型肝炎病毒的傳播B型肝炎病毒在乾掉的
血液中室溫下可以存活至少一個禮拜
HBV暴露
• 如果經評估須施打 HBIG,應於暴露後儘速施打(最好是 24 小時內),
如果在暴露超過 7 天後才施打,是否還具有保護效果則無法確知。
• 如果經評估須施打 B 肝疫苗,也應於暴露後儘速施打(最好是 24
小時內),而且可以和 HBIG 同時施打,但應施打在不同部位。
B 型肝炎疫苗(Hepatitis B vaccine)
• 醫療照護工作人員經檢驗未具 B 型肝炎表面抗原 及表面抗體者,應提供 B 型肝炎 3
劑完整的疫苗注射,注射期程分別為第 1 劑注射,間隔 1 個月接種第 2 劑、滿 6 個
月接種第 3 劑
• 完成 3 劑疫苗注射後 1~2 個月內,抽血檢測 B 型肝炎 表面抗體(Anti- HBs),以瞭解是
否產生保護力,後續因應措施:
• 如 B 型肝炎表面抗體效價高於 10 mIU/ ml(陽性反應), 表示已產生免疫力
• 如 B 型肝炎表面抗體效價低於 10 mIU/ ml(陰性反應), 建議可追加 1 劑 B 型肝炎疫苗,並於 1
個月後抽血檢驗, 若表面抗體仍為陰性(< 10 mIU/ml),可以採「0-1-6 個月」 之時程,接續完
成第 2、3 劑疫苗,並於第 3 劑疫苗完成注 射後 1~2 個月內,再抽血檢測 B 型肝炎表面抗體
(Anti- HBs):
1、如 B 型肝炎表面抗體 Anti- HBs 呈陽性反應,表示已有 免疫力。
2、依據衛生福利部傳染病防治諮詢會「預防接種組」(ACIP) 建議,如經再次補接種仍無法產生抗體者,則
無需再接 種,但仍應採取 B 型肝炎之相關預防措施,並定期追蹤 B 型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)之變化。
C型肝炎
C型肝炎
• C型肝炎病毒,急性感染約20-30%患者有臨床症狀,可能
出現發燒、疲倦、厭食、腹部不適、噁心、嘔吐或黃疸等
症狀。
• 約70%-80%會演變成慢性肝炎,在慢性C型肝炎患者中,約
5-20%於20-30年間可能演變為肝硬化,約1-5%死於慢性肝
炎的併發症。
• 目前無C型肝炎疫苗。
• 目前C型肝炎藥物治癒率高(95%以上)
診所人員未落實手部衛生
疑似重複抽用單次 使用之針
劑藥瓶
且未於乾淨區製備針劑藥物
6位新診斷
4位慢性
HCV暴露
• 當暴觸來源為 HCV 陽性時,應先檢測受暴露者的 anti- HCV 及
SGPT 基礎值(baseline data)資料。
• 如果希望提早診斷受暴露者被 HCV 感染的情況,可以考慮提前在
暴露後 4-6 週進行 HCV 的 RNA 檢驗。
• 目前並無對暴觸來源為 HCV 陽性者提供免疫球蛋白或抗病毒藥劑
的預防性投藥建議。
HIV
HIV 的治療
• 「高效能抗愛滋病毒治療」(Highly Active Antiretroviral
Therapy, HAART ),俗稱「雞尾酒療法」, 可以有效控制
感染者體內的病毒量 ,並減少愛滋病毒傳播。
• 高效能抗愛滋病毒治療已將愛滋病毒感染,變成長期、
可處理的慢性病。不過目前仍然沒有辦法治癒。
HBV, HCV 和HIV 的比較
HBV HCV HIV
疫苗 有 無 無
暴露後
追蹤
追蹤至六個月 追蹤至六個月 追蹤至六個月至
一年
暴露後
感染率
10-40%
(看e抗原是否
陽性)
3-10% 0.3-0.4% 針頭扎
傷,割傷
0.09%: 黏膜或皮
下損傷
總結
• 醫療工作人員需要知道自己B型肝炎及C型肝炎的狀態
• 安全針具的使用
• 標準防護措施的落實
• 機構內建置針扎及血體液暴露的流程
• 了解暴露後預防的時效性
Thanks

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1100409-針扎及血體液暴露