2. A-RHYTHM
Def- Arrhythmia is deviation of heart from normal RHYTHM
RHYTHM
1) HR- 60-100
2) Should origin from SA Node
3) Cardiac impulse should propagate through normal conduction
pathway with normal velocity
4. Types of cardiac tissue
AUTOMATIC/ PACEMAKER/ CONDUCTING FIBRES (Ca++ driven tissues)
ā¢ Includes SA node, AV node
ā¢ Capable of generating their own impulse
ā¢ Normally SA node acts as Pacemaker of heart
NON-AUTOMATIC MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILE FIBRES (Na+ driven
tissues)
ā¢ Can not generate own impulse
ā¢ Includes atria and ventricles
7. Action potential in Pacemaker Cells Action potential in Myocardium
ā¢Prepotential :
ļ§Slow Naāŗ(funny channels)
ļ§CaĀ²āŗ influx (through T-type CaĀ²āŗ
channels)
ļ§Decrease in Kāŗ efflux
ā¢Action potential :
ļ§Depolarization(phase 0): increase
in CaĀ²āŗ influx through L type CaĀ²āŗ
channel
ļ§Repolarization(phase 3): increase
in Kāŗ efflux
Phase Name Cause
0 Initial rapid
depolarization
and overshoot
Opening of Naāŗ
Channels
1 Initial rapid
repolarization
Efflux of Kāŗ
Closure of Naāŗ
channels
2 Plateau CaĀ²āŗ influx (L
type)
and Kāŗ efflux .
3 Repolarization Closure of CaĀ²āŗ
channels
Kāŗ efflux through
various type of Kāŗ
channels
4 Resting
membrane
potential
9. 1. Abnormal impulse generation:
ā¢ Enhanced automaticity
2. Triggered activity (after depolarization):
ā¢ Early after depolarization
ā¢ Delayed after depolarization
3. Re-entry phenomenon
10. Enhanced Automaticity
ā¢ Cell other than SA node take control as pacemaker
ā¢ Results due to pathological increase in phase 4 slope -
accelerated pacemaker rate
ā¢ May result from current of Injury
ā¢ Ischemia, high sympathetic tone, electrolyte imbalance
ā¢ Example: ectopic atrial tachycardia, ventricle tachycardia
following MI
11. Triggered Activity (After Depolarization)
ā¢ A normal AP interrupted/followed by
a abnormal depolarization
ā¢ Delayed After Depolarization: ā due
to Ca++ overload
ā¢ After attaining RMP
ā¢ Caused by Digoxin toxicity,
Myocardial Ischaemia or Adrenergic
stress or Heart failure
Source: Goodman Gilman 13th edition
12. Early Afterdepolarization
ā¢ Interrupting phase 3 repolarization
ā¢ Multiple ion channels and transporters can
contribute to EADs
ā¢ Membrane potential oscillates
ā¢ Frequently associated with long Q-T
interval
Source: Goodman Gilman 13th edition
13. Reentry
ā¢ Primarily due to abnormality of conduction
ā¢ Impulse may recirculate in the heart
ā¢ Repetitive activation without the need for any new impulse
Circus movement reentry (anatomically defined circuit): WPW
syndrome, PSVT
ā¢ Permanently cured by radiofrequency catheter ablation
23. Supraventricular Tachycardia
Aim: prevent propagation to
ventricle
1. Blocking AV node
i. CCB: as depolarization occur
due to calcium
ii. Block sympathetic system
iii. Adenosine
iv. Parasympathomimetic drug:
digoxin
2. Control rhythm
i. Na+ blocker
ii. K+ blocker
24. Treatment of SVT/PSVT
1. Acute attack: short acting drug
ā¢ DOC: adenosine(I.V)
1. Prophylaxis: long acting AV node blocking drugs
ā¢ Ī² blocker: decrease sympathetic system
ā¢ CCB: verapamil/diltiazem
ā¢ Digoxin (parasympathomimetic activity)
25. Atrial fibrillation/flutter
1. Acute attack:
ā¢ TOC: Cardioversion
ā¢ DOC: Ibutelide
2. Long term
1. Rate control
ā¢ Block AV node
ā¢ DOC: Ī² blocker
2. Rhythm control
ā¢ Na+ channel blocker
ā¢ K+ channel blocker
Source: Google Images
26. Ventricular tachycardia/ fibrillation
Aim : suppress myocardial tissue
i. Na+ channel blocker (lignocaine)
ii. K+ channel blocker (amiodarone)
iii. Ī² blocker (propranolol)
Source: Google Images
28. Classification
Class Actions Drugs
I Membrane stabilizing agents
(Na+ channel blockers)
A. Moderately decrease dv/dt of 0 phase Quinidine, Procainamide
B. Little decrease in dv/dt of 0 phase Lidocaine, Mexiletine
C. Marked decrease in dv/dt of 0 phase Propafenone, Flecainide
II Antiadrenergic agents (Ī² blockers) Propranolol, Esmolol
III Agents widening AP (prolong repolarization and
ERP)
Amiodarone, Dronedarone,
Dofetilide, Ibutilide, Sotalol
IV Calcium channel blockers Verapamil, Diltiazem
29. Class 1a Class 1b Class 1c
Na+ channel Block Block Block
Duration of block 1-10 sec < 1 sec >10 sec
State of Na+
channel
Open Inactivated Open
K+ channel Blocker Opener Blocker (negligible
effect)
Effect on QT
interval
Increased Decreased No effect
Additional property AV Node blocker
Anticholinergic
effects
AV Node blocker
34. ā¢ Derivative of procaine
ā¢ No anticholinergic action
ā¢ No Ī±-blocking action unlike quinidine
ā¢ Action similar to quinidine
Adverse effects:
ā¢ SLE
ā¢ Higher doses can cause hypotension (due to ganglion block)
ā¢ Heart block and QT prolongation
Procainamide
35. ā¢ Block Na+ channel in open state
ā¢ Most potent sodium channel blocking effects
ā¢ Marked delay channel recovery
ā¢ Markedly block A-V conduction
ā¢ Prolong refractoriness (normal as well as accessory pathways)
ā¢ Negligible effect on K+ channels
SUBCLASS I C
36. ā¢ Maximum proarrhythmic property
ā¢ Drugs: Flecainide, Propafenone
Used: only for refractory and life threating condition
ā¢ Atrial flutter & fibrillation
ā¢ Ventricular tachycardia & fibrillation
ā¢ Flecainide: DOC for acute therapy of WPW syndrome
SUBCLASS I C
37. ā¢ Block Na+ channels
ā¢ More in the inactivated than in the open state
ā¢ Do not delay channel recovery (channel recovery time < 1S)
ā¢ K+ channel opener (ā QT)
ā¢ No effect on AV node
ā¢ Lidocaine (Lignocaine) and Mexiletine
ā¢ Mexiletine is an orally active lignocaine derivative with all the
properties of lignocaine
SUBCLASS IB
38. ā¢ Most prominent action is suppression of automaticity in ectopic foci
ā¢ Useful in acute ischemic ventricular arrhythmias
ā¢ Depolarized/damaged fibers are significantly depressed
ā¢ Lidocaine is inactive orally
ā¢ High first pass metabolism (so loading dose given)
ā¢ Main toxicity is dose related neurological effects
lignocaine
39. Dose and preparation
ā¢ Lidocaine is given only by i.v. route
ā¢ 50ā100 mg bolus followed by 20ā40 mg every 10ā 20 min or 1ā3
mg/min infusion
ā¢ XYLOCARD, GESICARD 20 mg/ml inj
40. ā¢ Local anaesthetic
ā¢ Inactive orally
ā¢ Given IV for antiarrhythmic action
ā¢ Na+ channel blockade which occurs
ā¢ Only in inactive state of Na+ channels
ā¢ CNS side effects in high doses
ā¢ Action lasts only for 15 min
ā¢ Inhibits purkinje fibres and ventricles but
ā¢ No action on AVN and SAN
ā¢ Effective in Ventricular arrhythmias only
41. CLASS II
ā¢ Suppress adrenergic mediated ectopic activity
ā¢ Impedes A-V conduction
ā¢ Increase PR interval
ā¢ Prolong AV refractoriness
ā¢ Marked decrease in the slope of phase-4 depolarization
ā¢ Decrease automaticity occurs in SA node
ā¢ Propranolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol
42. Uses
ā¢ Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia
ā¢ Ventricular premature beats
ā¢ Congenital long QT syndrome(long term management)
ā¢ Cathecholamine induce arrhythmia
ā¢ Pheochromocytoma
ā¢ Exercise
ā¢ Emotional
ā¢ Rate control in atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation
ā¢ Termination of acute attack PSVT: Esmolol IV
43. Dose
Propranolol
ā¢ For rapid action, propranolol may be injected i.v. 1 mg/min
(max. 5 mg) under close monitoring
ā¢ Maintenance dose is 40ā80 mg 2ā4 times a day
Esmolol (for acute attack only)
0.5 mg/kg in 1 min followed by 0.05ā0.2 mg/kg/min i.v. infusion
44. Class III drugs
ā¢ K+ channel blocker
ā¢ Delay in repolarization
ā¢ ERP increases
ā¢ Increase QT interval
ā¢ Causes torsade de pointes
ā¢ Maximum: ibutilide
ā¢ Minimum: amiodarone
ā¢ No effect: vernakalant
Source: Katzung & trevors 11th edition
46. Amiodarone
ā¢ Widest spectrum anti arrhythmic drug
ā¢ Block: K+, Na+, Ca++, alpha and Ī² receptor
ā¢ Least risk of QT prolongation
ā¢ High volume of distribution(loading dose given)
ā¢ Long duration of action: t1/2: 3-8 weeks
ā¢ Uses: VT, VF, AF, Atrial flutter
47. Dose
ā¢ Amiodarone is mainly used orally 400ā600 mg/day for few
weeks, followed by 100ā200 mg OD for maintenance therapy
ā¢ 100ā300 mg (5 mg/kg) slow i.v. injection over 30ā60 min
ā¢ Preparation: CORDARONE, ALDARONE, EURYTHMIC 100, 200
mg tabs, 150 mg/3 ml inj.
48. Side effects of amiodarone:
ā¢ Dose-related and increase with duration of therapy
ā¢ Pulmonary fibrosis
ā¢ Goitre, hypothyroidism and rarely hyperthyroidism
ā¢ Fall in BP, bradycardia
ā¢ Myocardial depression
ā¢ Liver damage
ā¢ Photosensitivity
ā¢ Corneal microdeposits
49. Dronedarone
ā¢ Noniodinated congener of amiodarone
ā¢ Less toxic
ā¢ Also less effective
ā¢ Used only as a substitute to amiodarone
ā¢ T1/2= around 24 hours
ā¢ Food increases absorption
50. Sotalol
ā¢ Nonselective Ī² blocker having prominent Class III action
ā¢ It is a racemic mixture; the d-isomer has pure class III property,
while the I-isomer is a Ī² blocker
ā¢ Used:
ā¢ Polymorphic VT
ā¢ WPW arrhythmias
ā¢ Maintaining sinus rhythm in AF/AFI
51. Ibutilide
ā¢ Structural analog of sotalol (but no Ī² blocking property)
ā¢ Shortest acting K+ blocker
ā¢ Used for acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter
ā¢ I.V. route
ā¢ Only antiarrhythmic agent currently approved by FDA for acute
conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm
ā¢ Other drugs used in atrial fibrillation are for controlling ventricular
rate
52. Dofetilide
ā¢ Pure class III antiarrhythmic
ā¢ A potential K+ channel blocker
ā¢ Uses: Atrial flutter & fibrillation
Vernakalant
ā¢ Multiple ion channel (Na+, K+, Ca++ blocker)
ā¢ Does not cause QT prolongation
ā¢ Use: Atrial fibrillation
53. Class IV drugs
ā¢ Calcium channel blocker
ā¢ Major effect on nodal tissue
ā¢ Verapamil and diltiazem is used
ā¢ No reflex tachycardia(as in Dihydropyridines)
ā¢ Cause AV nodal delay
ā¢ Suppresses automaticity and re-entry dependent on slow
channel response
ā¢ Suppress both early & delayed afterdepolarizations
54. ā¢ Effects in a calcium-dependent
cardiac cell in the AV node
ā¢ Reduce inward calcium current
during the AP and during phase 4
ā¢ Conduction velocity is slowed in
the AV node
ā¢ Refractoriness is prolonged
Source: Katzung & trevors 11th edition
55. Uses:
ā¢ Terminate PSVT
ā¢ Acute attack: verapamil 5 mg i.v. over 2ā3 min is effective
ā¢ For preventing recurrences of PSVT, verapamil 60 to 120 mg
TDS may be given orally
ā¢ Control ventricular rate in atrial flutter or fibrillation
57. Route: IV rapid infusion/ close to heart(jugular vein)
ā¢ Rapidly taken by cellular adenosine uptake protein
ā¢ Shortest action
Side effect:
ā¢ Vasodilation: flushing
ā¢ Bronchoconstriction: dyspnea
ā¢ So contraindicated in asthma and COPD
58. Drug interaction
1. Theophylline cause failure (adenosine receptor antagonist)
2. Dipyramidole causes toxicity (blocking cellular uptake)
Uses
ā¢ PSVT: Administered by rapid i.v. injection (over 1ā3 sec) either as
the free base (6ā12 mg) or as ATP (10ā20 mg)
ā¢ Diagnosis of tachycardias dependent on A-V node
59. Magnesium
Mechanism of action is unknown but calcium channel blocking
property is possible mechanism
Use
ā¢ Acute treatment of long QT syndrome(both congenital and
acquired)
ā¢ As Calcium channel block trigger K+ opening which cause
repolarization
60. Atropine
ā¢ Stimulate heart
ā¢ SA node: increase heart rate
ā¢ AV node: increase conduction
Uses
ā¢ Sinus arrest
ā¢ Sinus bradycardia
ā¢ Inferior wall MI (vagal irritation Parasympathetic activity)
ā¢ AV nodal block reversal (digoxin toxicity)
61. Digoxin
ā¢ M.O.A: parasympathomimetic activity
ā¢ Block AV node
ā¢ Slow onset of action(not for acute condition)
Use
ā¢ Controlling ventricular rate in atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation