2. What auction means?
• An auction is a process of buying and
selling goods or services.
• An Auction is where property is sold at a
specific time and place to the highest
bidder.
• Auctions elicit information about how
much buyers are willing to pay.
• A public sale in which goods or property are
sold to the highest bidder.
5. Types of auction
• English auction : Participants bid openly against
one another, with each subsequent bid required
to be higher than the previous bid. Sometimes
the auctioneer sets a minimum amount by which
the next bid must exceed the current highest bid.
• Dutch auction : the auctioneer begins with a high
asking price for some quantity of like items; the
price is lowered until a participant is willing to
accept the auctioneer's price for some quantity of
the goods in the lot or until the seller's reserve
price is met.
6. Continued…
• Blind auction(sealed first price auction) : In this
type of auction all bidders simultaneously submit
sealed bids so that no bidder knows the bid of any
other participant. The highest bidder pays the
price they submitted.
• Vickrey auction(Sealed-bid second price auction)
This is identical to the sealed first-price auction
except that the winning bidder pays the second-
highest bid rather than his or her own.
8. Auction System
• Auction systems are a major component of the electronic
marketplace that allow users at any site to sell and buy
products.
• The sellers set up auctions for their products while the
purchaser who bids the highest amount wins the right to
purchase the product in an auction.
9. Agents
System uses three kinds of agents –
1. PurchaserAgent :- It requires bidding to buy and
suggests a proper bidding price by analyzing the bidding
history of the bidding competitor.
2. SellerAgent :- It provides the function of registering
goods for an auction to the sellers.
3. FacilitatorAgent :- It plays the role of an auctioneer and
enables a bidder to look at the other person’s auction
history while bidding for and buying a product.
10. Components
The software components that are a part of the auction system are
:-
• The Certification component is used to validate the user trying
to log into the system.
• A seller enters products into the system by using the
Registration Good component.
• Purchaser and Seller components manage information related to
the auctions of the purchaser and the seller.
• The Negotiation component manages the auction. If a bidder
arrives at the time of the auction close or a bidder who suggests
the highest price exists, the auction will be closed. When an
auction closes, the data record of the auction transfers to the
Management History Auction component.
11. Cont’d
• The Management History Auction component shows the
previous auction record of the auctioneer conducting the
current auction.
• The DataBase component saves the relevant data pertaining
to the current auction (e.g. the price of products and
contents) separately in the database.
• Purchaser decides the next bid after confirmation of the end
price that has been suggested so far from the DataBase
component using the Method of Bidding component.
14. Implementation of Auctions
StartUp Screen
Registration
Browsing Auction
Getting Details for an Auction
Creating New Auction
Ending of an Auction
Email Notification Of Seller/ Auction
18. Category Tree
Created dynamically upon the creation of client program and
contain all the auction categories.
Approach to create and populate tree :-
- Entry in the database contains id,category name, and no of
parent category.
- Rows are ordered by id so that first create basic category
and fill the tree with the leaves.
22. Ending of Auction
There is a column in the AuctionTBL which holds the state of
that current auction as a bool variable.
When auction is created,this variable is set to active.
The expired auction checking thread which is activated every
minute check the ending time of all active auctions against the
current time and changes their status appropriately.
Under this scheme,the next time the thread is scheduled to be
executed less auctions will need to be checked.
Additionally,upon the expiration of each auction the
conditions of the sale are checked and appropriate message are
sent to the seller.
The status field will also display ‘CLOSED’ to notify the
potential bidder that no bids will be allowed for that auction.
23. What is Agent
An agent is an entity that:
• Acts on behalf of others in an autonomous
fashion.
Performs its actions in some level of proactivity
and reactivity
Exhibits some levels of the key attributes of
learning, co-operation, and mobility
24. Software agent
Software agents are software entities that carry out
some set of operations on behalf of a user or another
program with some degree of independence or
autonomy, An agent is sometimes called a bot.
eg. Infogate-which alerts us about news on specified
topics of interest.
25. Function of s/w Agent
Software programs that continuously perform
three functions:
• They perceive dynamic conditions in the
environment;
• They take action to affect conditions in the
environment
• They use reasoning to interpret perceptions,
solve problems, draw inferences, and
determine actions.
27. Conti…
1. Autonomous-software agents can perform certain
tasks automatically according to the rules and inference
mechanisms given by the designer-
Goal orientation: Accepts high-level requests indicating
what a human wants and is responsible for deciding how
and where to satisfy the requests.
Collaboration: Does not blindly obey commands but can
modify requests, ask clarification questions, or even refuse
to satisfy certain requests.
Flexibility: the agent is able to dynamically choose which
actions to invoke, and in what sequence, in response to
the state of its external environment.
28. Conti…
2.Temoral Continuity-A software agent is a program
to which a user assigns a goal or task.
3.Reactivity-A software agent responds in a timely
fashion to changes in its environment
4.Goal Driven-An agent can accept high-level
requests specifying the goals of a human user (or
another agent) and decide how and where to satisfy
the requests.
30. Agent tayagent tpe Descripti
1. Collaborative agents They are “able to act rationally and autonomously in
open and time-constrained multi-agent
environments”
2.Interface agents They support and assist the user when interacting
with one or more computer applications by learning
during the collaboration process with the user and
with other software agents
3.Mobile agents They are autonomous software programs capable of
roaming wide area networks (such as WWW) on
behalf of its user.
4. Information/internet
agents
They are designed to manage, manipulate or collate
the vast amount of
information available from many distributed sources
5. Reactive agents They act/respond to the current state of their
environment based on a stimulus response scheme
6. Hybrid agents They combine two or more agent philosophies into a
single agent in order to maximise the strengths and
minimise the deficiencies of the most relevant
techniques
7. Smart Agents They are equally characterised by autonomy,
Agent type Description
31. Example of Software Agents
• Buying agents (shopping bots)
• User agents (personal agents)
• Monitoring and Surveillance agents (predictive agents)
• Data-mining agents
32. Application of s/w agents
1.Agents make less work for the end user and application
developer
2.The agent can adapt to its user preferences and habit over a
course of time.
3 It will intelligently get shared among the community.
4. Mobile agents manage the user‟s E-mail, fax, phone and
pager as well as linking the user to messaging and communica-
tion services such as America Online.
5. The most favorite area with respect to reactive agents is
games and entertainment industry .
6. merchandise, compare prices, place orders, etc.
33. Software Agents V/S Traditional
Software Programs
Characteristict Regular Software Software Agents
Nature static dynamic
focus Perform tasks; a solution
engineered by a
developer who has
analyzed a problem.
Work toward a goal; about
what to accomplish rather
than how to go about it.
Flexibility Never changes, unless
changed by a human or
an error in the program
Adapts, learns.
Temporal continuity Runs one time , then
stops to be run again .
when called
Persistent: Continues to
run over time
Local interaction Network Table (NTBL):
Accesses data across
network using client-
server architecture.
Can travel and interact
with local entities, such as
databases, file servers,
and stationary agent,
through message passing.
Type Software program Software Agents
